A presente pesquisa tem por enfoque o processo de construção identitária a partir da articulação entre a esfera de trabalho e a esfera familiar, considerando que estes são espaços de socialização que permitem aos indivíduos assumir papéis sociais e a partir disso articular suas vivências. A problemática geral do trabalho, portanto, diz respeito aos processos de elaboração da identidade pelos próprios indivíduos, uma vez que as identidades são construções sociais e implicam a interação entre trajetória individual e os vínculos estabelecidos pela atuação em diversas esferas. Optamos aqui pela articulação entre a esfera familiar e profissional, uma vez que nossa unidade de análise empírica são trabalhadores, mais especificamente casais de uma empresa de grande porte do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, cidade de Carlos Barbosa, que tem como prática contratar vários membros da mesma família para o seu quadro de funcionários. A unidade de produção em questão possui 2.000 trabalhadores, sendo que dentre esses existem 300 casais, em sua maioria operários da produção. Para análise dos processos identitários, seguimos a idéia de que a identidade é fruto dos diversos processos de socialização nos quais o indivíduo está inserido. Junto da análise dos processos identitários ainda investigamos sobre a preferência da empresa por usuariamente contratar parentes das pessoas que nela já trabalham. As hipóteses deste estudo estão calcadas na idéia de que esta prática, denominada pela empresa de “valorizar a prata da casa”, é um recurso usado para controle dos trabalhadores entre si, visando a um maior controle dos mesmos pela empresa. Acreditamos também que as diferentes percepções e opiniões sobre a prática da empresa como um recurso para promover a ramificação do controle está associada a um determinado tipo identitário. Para o tratamento das informações e análise do material coletado através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, usamos a análise de conteúdo temática. As entrevistas desenvolvidas exploram duas áreas essenciais: “mundo vivido no trabalho” e “mundo vivido na família”. É pela intersecção desses campos que procuramos definir as identidades possíveis, uma vez que optamos por seguir as sugestões teóricas de Claude Dubar, apresentadas, sobretudo, na obra A Socialização: construção das identidades sociais e profissionais. Dubar determina que as configurações identitárias são resultantes de uma dupla transação entre, de um lado, o indivíduo e as instituições (principalmente a empresa em que trabalha/ dimensão relacional) e, de outro, o indivíduo confrontado com as mudanças, seu passado e sua trajetória pessoal (dimensão biográfica). Nesse sentido, ao longo da análise, no intuito de dar um norte a nossa interpretação das representações sociais dos entrevistados, procuramos trabalhar com as dimensões indicadas acima, relacional e biográfica, isto é, interpretar as representações dos sujeitos na sua relação com os outros e consigo mesmo. Por meio da compreensão das representações dos entrevistados sobre suas trajetórias pessoal e familiar, ou seja, das narrativas que buscam dar sentido a essas trajetórias, elaboramos três perfis identitários as – identidades possíveis – objetivando definir as identidades sociais dos casais pesquisados. / This research has focused on the process of identity construction as a product of the relationship between work and family sphere, considering that these are areas of socialization that enable individuals to take social roles upon and then articulate their experiences. Therefore, the general problem of work concerns the drawing up identity process of the individuals themselves since identities are social constructions and involve the interaction between individual course and the links established by the performance in different spheres. Here we choose the relationship between family and professional sphere, since our unit of empirical analysis is composed by workers, specifically couples from a large company in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, Carlos Barbosa city, which usually hire many members of the same family for its staff frame. The production unit in question has 2,000 workers and among these there are 300 couples, mostly workers of production. To analyse the identity processes, we follow the idea that identity is the result of many processes of socialization in which the individual is inserted. Besides the analysis of identity we still investigate cases about the company's preference in hiring relatives of its employees. The hypotheses of this study are based on the idea that this practice, called by the company "valuing our own staff”, is a resource used by workers to control themselves aiming a greater control of them by the company. We also believe that different perceptions and views on the company practice as a resource to promote control branching are associated to a particular type identity. For information processing and analysis of collected material through semi-structured interviews, we used the analysis of thematic content. The interviews carried operate two fundamental key areas: "world lived at work" and "world lived in family." It is through the intersection of these fields that we seek to define possible identities, since we choose to follow Claude Dubar’s theoretical suggestions, especially those of the work Socialization: construction of social and professional identities. Dubar establishes that identity constructions result from a dual transaction between, on one side, individuals and institutions (mainly the company in which he/she works/ relational dimension) and on the other the individual faced to the changes, his/her past and personal background (biographical dimension). In this sense, all over the analysis, in order to provide a direction to our interpretation of the interviewees’ social representations, we tried to work with the dimensions shown above, relational and biographical, that is, we tried to interpret the representations of the subjects in their relationship with others and with himself/herself. Through the understanding of the representations of those interviewed in relation to their personal and family trajectories, in other words, the narratives that seek to give effect to these trajectories, we made three identity profiles – possible identities – aiming to define the social identities of the surveyed couples.

A presente pesquisa tem por enfoque o processo de construção identitária a partir da articulação entre a esfera de trabalho e a esfera familiar, considerando que estes são espaços de socialização que permitem aos indivíduos assumir papéis sociais e a partir disso articular suas vivências. A problemática geral do trabalho, portanto, diz respeito aos processos de elaboração da identidade pelos próprios indivíduos, uma vez que as identidades são construções sociais e implicam a interação entre trajetória individual e os vínculos estabelecidos pela atuação em diversas esferas. Optamos aqui pela articulação entre a esfera familiar e profissional, uma vez que nossa unidade de análise empírica são trabalhadores, mais especificamente casais de uma empresa de grande porte do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, cidade de Carlos Barbosa, que tem como prática contratar vários membros da mesma família para o seu quadro de funcionários. A unidade de produção em questão possui 2.000 trabalhadores, sendo que dentre esses existem 300 casais, em sua maioria operários da produção. Para análise dos processos identitários, seguimos a idéia de que a identidade é fruto dos diversos processos de socialização nos quais o indivíduo está inserido. Junto da análise dos processos identitários ainda investigamos sobre a preferência da empresa por usuariamente contratar parentes das pessoas que nela já trabalham. As hipóteses deste estudo estão calcadas na idéia de que esta prática, denominada pela empresa de “valorizar a prata da casa”, é um recurso usado para controle dos trabalhadores entre si, visando a um maior controle dos mesmos pela empresa. Acreditamos também que as diferentes percepções e opiniões sobre a prática da empresa como um recurso para promover a ramificação do controle está associada a um determinado tipo identitário. Para o tratamento das informações e análise do material coletado através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, usamos a análise de conteúdo temática. As entrevistas desenvolvidas exploram duas áreas essenciais: “mundo vivido no trabalho” e “mundo vivido na família”. É pela intersecção desses campos que procuramos definir as identidades possíveis, uma vez que optamos por seguir as sugestões teóricas de Claude Dubar, apresentadas, sobretudo, na obra A Socialização: construção das identidades sociais e profissionais. Dubar determina que as configurações identitárias são resultantes de uma dupla transação entre, de um lado, o indivíduo e as instituições (principalmente a empresa em que trabalha/ dimensão relacional) e, de outro, o indivíduo confrontado com as mudanças, seu passado e sua trajetória pessoal (dimensão biográfica). Nesse sentido, ao longo da análise, no intuito de dar um norte a nossa interpretação das representações sociais dos entrevistados, procuramos trabalhar com as dimensões indicadas acima, relacional e biográfica, isto é, interpretar as representações dos sujeitos na sua relação com os outros e consigo mesmo. Por meio da compreensão das representações dos entrevistados sobre suas trajetórias pessoal e familiar, ou seja, das narrativas que buscam dar sentido a essas trajetórias, elaboramos três perfis identitários as – identidades possíveis – objetivando definir as identidades sociais dos casais pesquisados. / This research has focused on the process of identity construction as a product of the relationship between work and family sphere, considering that these are areas of socialization that enable individuals to take social roles upon and then articulate their experiences. Therefore, the general problem of work concerns the drawing up identity process of the individuals themselves since identities are social constructions and involve the interaction between individual course and the links established by the performance in different spheres. Here we choose the relationship between family and professional sphere, since our unit of empirical analysis is composed by workers, specifically couples from a large company in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, Carlos Barbosa city, which usually hire many members of the same family for its staff frame. The production unit in question has 2,000 workers and among these there are 300 couples, mostly workers of production. To analyse the identity processes, we follow the idea that identity is the result of many processes of socialization in which the individual is inserted. Besides the analysis of identity we still investigate cases about the company's preference in hiring relatives of its employees. The hypotheses of this study are based on the idea that this practice, called by the company "valuing our own staff”, is a resource used by workers to control themselves aiming a greater control of them by the company. We also believe that different perceptions and views on the company practice as a resource to promote control branching are associated to a particular type identity. For information processing and analysis of collected material through semi-structured interviews, we used the analysis of thematic content. The interviews carried operate two fundamental key areas: "world lived at work" and "world lived in family." It is through the intersection of these fields that we seek to define possible identities, since we choose to follow Claude Dubar’s theoretical suggestions, especially those of the work Socialization: construction of social and professional identities. Dubar establishes that identity constructions result from a dual transaction between, on one side, individuals and institutions (mainly the company in which he/she works/ relational dimension) and on the other the individual faced to the changes, his/her past and personal background (biographical dimension). In this sense, all over the analysis, in order to provide a direction to our interpretation of the interviewees’ social representations, we tried to work with the dimensions shown above, relational and biographical, that is, we tried to interpret the representations of the subjects in their relationship with others and with himself/herself. Through the understanding of the representations of those interviewed in relation to their personal and family trajectories, in other words, the narratives that seek to give effect to these trajectories, we made three identity profiles – possible identities – aiming to define the social identities of the surveyed couples.

A presente pesquisa tem por enfoque o processo de construção identitária a partir da articulação entre a esfera de trabalho e a esfera familiar, considerando que estes são espaços de socialização que permitem aos indivíduos assumir papéis sociais e a partir disso articular suas vivências. A problemática geral do trabalho, portanto, diz respeito aos processos de elaboração da identidade pelos próprios indivíduos, uma vez que as identidades são construções sociais e implicam a interação entre trajetória individual e os vínculos estabelecidos pela atuação em diversas esferas. Optamos aqui pela articulação entre a esfera familiar e profissional, uma vez que nossa unidade de análise empírica são trabalhadores, mais especificamente casais de uma empresa de grande porte do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, cidade de Carlos Barbosa, que tem como prática contratar vários membros da mesma família para o seu quadro de funcionários. A unidade de produção em questão possui 2.000 trabalhadores, sendo que dentre esses existem 300 casais, em sua maioria operários da produção. Para análise dos processos identitários, seguimos a idéia de que a identidade é fruto dos diversos processos de socialização nos quais o indivíduo está inserido. Junto da análise dos processos identitários ainda investigamos sobre a preferência da empresa por usuariamente contratar parentes das pessoas que nela já trabalham. As hipóteses deste estudo estão calcadas na idéia de que esta prática, denominada pela empresa de “valorizar a prata da casa”, é um recurso usado para controle dos trabalhadores entre si, visando a um maior controle dos mesmos pela empresa. Acreditamos também que as diferentes percepções e opiniões sobre a prática da empresa como um recurso para promover a ramificação do controle está associada a um determinado tipo identitário. Para o tratamento das informações e análise do material coletado através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, usamos a análise de conteúdo temática. As entrevistas desenvolvidas exploram duas áreas essenciais: “mundo vivido no trabalho” e “mundo vivido na família”. É pela intersecção desses campos que procuramos definir as identidades possíveis, uma vez que optamos por seguir as sugestões teóricas de Claude Dubar, apresentadas, sobretudo, na obra A Socialização: construção das identidades sociais e profissionais. Dubar determina que as configurações identitárias são resultantes de uma dupla transação entre, de um lado, o indivíduo e as instituições (principalmente a empresa em que trabalha/ dimensão relacional) e, de outro, o indivíduo confrontado com as mudanças, seu passado e sua trajetória pessoal (dimensão biográfica). Nesse sentido, ao longo da análise, no intuito de dar um norte a nossa interpretação das representações sociais dos entrevistados, procuramos trabalhar com as dimensões indicadas acima, relacional e biográfica, isto é, interpretar as representações dos sujeitos na sua relação com os outros e consigo mesmo. Por meio da compreensão das representações dos entrevistados sobre suas trajetórias pessoal e familiar, ou seja, das narrativas que buscam dar sentido a essas trajetórias, elaboramos três perfis identitários as – identidades possíveis – objetivando definir as identidades sociais dos casais pesquisados. / This research has focused on the process of identity construction as a product of the relationship between work and family sphere, considering that these are areas of socialization that enable individuals to take social roles upon and then articulate their experiences. Therefore, the general problem of work concerns the drawing up identity process of the individuals themselves since identities are social constructions and involve the interaction between individual course and the links established by the performance in different spheres. Here we choose the relationship between family and professional sphere, since our unit of empirical analysis is composed by workers, specifically couples from a large company in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, Carlos Barbosa city, which usually hire many members of the same family for its staff frame. The production unit in question has 2,000 workers and among these there are 300 couples, mostly workers of production. To analyse the identity processes, we follow the idea that identity is the result of many processes of socialization in which the individual is inserted. Besides the analysis of identity we still investigate cases about the company's preference in hiring relatives of its employees. The hypotheses of this study are based on the idea that this practice, called by the company "valuing our own staff”, is a resource used by workers to control themselves aiming a greater control of them by the company. We also believe that different perceptions and views on the company practice as a resource to promote control branching are associated to a particular type identity. For information processing and analysis of collected material through semi-structured interviews, we used the analysis of thematic content. The interviews carried operate two fundamental key areas: "world lived at work" and "world lived in family." It is through the intersection of these fields that we seek to define possible identities, since we choose to follow Claude Dubar’s theoretical suggestions, especially those of the work Socialization: construction of social and professional identities. Dubar establishes that identity constructions result from a dual transaction between, on one side, individuals and institutions (mainly the company in which he/she works/ relational dimension) and on the other the individual faced to the changes, his/her past and personal background (biographical dimension). In this sense, all over the analysis, in order to provide a direction to our interpretation of the interviewees’ social representations, we tried to work with the dimensions shown above, relational and biographical, that is, we tried to interpret the representations of the subjects in their relationship with others and with himself/herself. Through the understanding of the representations of those interviewed in relation to their personal and family trajectories, in other words, the narratives that seek to give effect to these trajectories, we made three identity profiles – possible identities – aiming to define the social identities of the surveyed couples.

In the digital era, e-commerce has gained significant traction, displacing traditional brick-and-mortar stores. However, this transition has raised concerns among consumers regarding e-privacy and e-security. Disclosing personal information on public e-commerce platforms exposes individuals to potential risks, such as data breaches. It is crucial to address and understand these concerns to foster consumer trust and ensure the sustained growth and success of e-commerce. Therefore, this research employs a qualitative deductive approach which is valuable in achieving the purpose of this paper, in exploring consumers' concerns in e-commerce when the private goes public. Thus, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight (8) participants to ensure the gathering of in-depth information.  The key findings of this study emphasise that despite their concerns, consumers continue to engage in e-commerce due to its convenience. Trust in reputable e-commerce platforms is critical in alleviating privacy concerns. Individual knowledge and past experiences shape consumers' concerns, highlighting the significance of utilising trusted platforms and third-party payment methods. However, there remains a lingering caution stemming from potential hidden costs and fears of data misuse. The study underlines the importance for businesses to prioritise privacy and security measures, enhance transparency, and build trust. Additionally, it recommends implementing more explicit privacy policies and increasing consumer education on these matters.

With more political and social discourse taking place online, particularly on social media, theorists have started labeling digital communicative realms as “online public spheres.” However, with the modern public sphere comes modern challenges to political communication; a core antagonist of which is political bots. Political bots are automated accounts that produce content and interact with individuals on political topics on social networks. In this thesis, I analyzed the presence of political bots on Twitter during the 2022 Swedish general election, and by examining the content posted by the bots, I investigated whether they jeopardized democratic functions of the online public sphere by publishing misrepresentation (i.e., artificially increasing the popularity of political actors and political ideas). The analysis uncovered significant bot presence during the 2022 Swedish general election; more than one-fifth of all election-related content was produced by bots, ~90% of which produced misrepresentation. I concluded that political bots jeopardized democratic functions of the online public sphere during the 2022 Swedish general election.

The relevance of the topic is due to the crisis state of the modern family, an increase in the number of problem families, multiplied by the number of manifestations of deviant behavior among children. The topic is socially significant and insufficiently studied. Object of study: the moral sphere of senior preschoolers. Subject of research: cognitive and emotional components of the moral sphere of older preschoolers, depending on the relationship with parents. Objective: to identify the relationship between the characteristics of relationships with parents and indicators of the moral sphere of senior preschoolers. The master's thesis consists of introduction, 2 chapters, conclusion, list of references (59 sources) and applications. The work consists of 71 pages, 6 tables and 9 figures. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, sets goals and objectives, defines the object and subject of research, formulates hypotheses, research methods and an empirical basis. The first chapter includes a review and analysis of the literature on the research problem, a description of the basic concepts. Psychological constructs are examined in detail: the moral sphere of older preschoolers, the style of parent-child interaction. The conclusions in the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the progress of the study and interpretation of the results. Based on the data obtained, conclusions on the relationship between the characteristics of the moral sphere and the characteristics of relationships with parents of older preschoolers are demonstrated. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, are summarized in general form, the practical significance of the study is substantiated. The study made it possible to verify that the characteristics of the moral sphere of the personality of older preschoolers are determined by the characteristics of the relationships in their families: rejection of the child, hypoprotection, and lack of responsibilities negatively affect the development of the moral sphere of older preschoolers, especially the characteristics of the cognitive and emotional components. Based on the materials of the master's thesis, an article was published in the collection of the 3rd Youth Convention: Multidimensionality of society: a digital turn in humanitarian knowledge: materials of the international student conference March 14–16, 2019. / Актуальность темы обусловлена кризисным состояние современной семьи, увеличением числа проблемных семей, умножающимся количеством проявлений девиантного поведения среди детей. Тема социально значима и недостаточно изучена. Объект исследования: нравственная сфера старших дошкольников. Предмет исследования: когнитивный и эмоциональный компоненты нравственной сферы старших дошкольников в зависимости от взаимоотношений с родителями. Цель исследования: выявление связи между особенностями взаимоотношений с родителями и показателями нравственной сферы старших дошкольников. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, 2 глав, заключения, списка литературы (59 источников) и приложений. Работа состоит из 71 страницы, 6 таблиц и 9 рисунков. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, ставятся цель и задачи, определяются объект и предмет исследования, сформулированы гипотезы, методы исследования и эмпирическая база. Первая глава включает в себя обзор и анализ литературы по проблеме исследования, описание основных понятий. Подробно рассматриваются психологические конструкты: нравственная сфера старших дошкольников, стиль детско-родительского взаимодействия. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание хода исследования и интерпретация результатов. На основе полученных данных продемонстрированы выводы о связи между характеристиками нравственной сферы и особенностями взаимоотношений с родителями старших дошкольников. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования. Проведенное исследование позволило убедиться в том, что характеристики нравственной сферы личности старших дошкольников обусловлены особенностями взаимоотношений в их семьях: отвержение ребенка, гипопротекция, отсутствие обязанностей негативно сказывается на развитии нравственной сферы старших дошкольников, в особенности на характеристиках когнитивного и эмоционального компонентов. По материалам магистерской диссертации опубликована статья в сборнике 3-го Молодежного конвента: Многомерность общества: цифровой поворот в гуманитарном знании: материалы международной студенческой конференции 14–16 марта 2019 года.

Un des aspects les plus intéressants des identités numériques du type "Me-Sphere" est sa variabilité : les usagers d’Internet utilisent les technologies de l’écriture et de l’image, les espaces privés/publiques des RS et les dispositifs de connectivité à Internet afin de transformer leurs identités numériques. Nous explorons ce développement hypermédiatisé de la Digital Identity. Notre hypothèse de recherche est : l’hypermédiatisation reconfigure les manières de produire et de percevoir des informations et des connaissances. Cela signifie que la production de contenus d'information a des implications logiques, esthétiques et éthiques liées à la pratique social de l'identité numérique. Mots-clés : Identité numérique (Digital ID), Réseaux socionumériques (RS), Interaction, Hypermédiatisation, Me-Sphere / One of the most interesting aspects of "Me-Sphere" digital identities is their variability: (a) Internet users employ the technologies of writing and images, (b) private/public areas of social network, and (c) connectivity devices of Internet, to transform their digital identities. We explore this hyper-mediatized development of Personal Identity. Our research hypothesis is: the hyper-mediatization reconfigures the production and information of knowledge. This means that the production of information contents has logical, aesthetic and ethical implications on the social practice of digital identity. Keywords Digital identity (digital ID), Social Networks (RS), Interaction, Hyper-mediatization, Me-Sphere

<p>U radu su istražene transformacije gradskog bloka tokom XX i početkom XXI veka. U cilju razumevanja ovih procesa i načina na koji arhitektonski sklopovi predstavljaju određene socijalne, društvene vrednosti kroz prostor, proučeni su različiti aspekti tih odnosa kao što su veze između određenih arhitektonskih i urbanističkih modela i društvenih okolnosti u kojima nastaju, kao i veze određenih modela življenja i prostornih sklopova kroz njihove uzore i tehnike nastajanja. Razumevanje odnosa između različitih prostornih nivoa, na vrstu i prirodu tranzicije između javnog, privatnog i kolektivnog, gde se gradski blok i njegove transformacije pojavljuju kao glavno mesto, polje tih odnosa čini značajan deo ovog rada.</p> / <p>This thesis explores the transformation of a urban block in the XX and at beginning XXI century. In order to understand these processes and the ways in which architectural assemblies represent certain social values through space, this thesis explores and identifies various aspects of these relations as links between specific architectural and urban models and social circumstances in which they occur, it also define relationship between certain models of living and spatial configarations through their ideals and techniques of becoming. Understanding the relationships between different spatial levels, the type and nature of the transition between the public, private and collective, where transformations of urban block apperes as the main place of these relationships is also important part of this thesis.</p>

This thesis investigates the affects of the French Revolution of 1789 and the Mexican Revolution of 1910 on gender roles in their respective societies. Women that contributed to political discourse challenged separations of public and private spheres, which dictated order in the late and postrevolutionary periods of France and Mexico. Given the deliberate acts by both postrevolutionary governments to send women to the periphery of their respective societies, it is vital to revisit the examples of female influence that shaped the early French and Mexican Revolutions. The understanding that comes from a detailed analysis of the parameters of gendered spaces before, during, and after revolution sheds light on the relationships between order and gender that determined the future of women in their respective postrevolutionary worlds.

Mechanistic studies on three different ruthenium-based catalysts have been performed. The catalysts have in common that they have been employed in hydrogen transfer reactions involving alcohols and ketones, amines and imines or both. Bäckvall’s catalyst, η5-(Ph5C5)Ru(CO)2Cl, finds its application as racemization catalyst in dynamic kinetic resolution, where racemic alcohols are converted to enantiopure acetates in high yields. The mechanism of the racemization has been investigated and both alkoxide and alkoxyacyl intermediates have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and in situ FT-IR measurements. The presence of acyl intermediates supports a mechanism via CO assistance. Substantial support for coordination of the substrate during the racemization cycle is provided, including exchange studies with both external and internal potential ketone traps. We also detected an unexpected alkoxycarbonyl complex from 5-hydroxy-1-hexene, which has the double bond coordinated to ruthenium. Shvo’s catalyst, [Ru2(CO)4(μ-H)(C4Ph4COHOCC4Ph4)] is a powerful catalyst for transfer hydrogenation as well as for dynamic kinetic resolution. The mechanism of this catalyst is still under debate, even though a great number of studies have been published during the past decade. In the present work, the mechanism of the reaction with imines has been investigated. Exchange studies with both an external and an internal amine as potential traps have been performed and the results can be explained by a stepwise inner-sphere mechanism. However, if there is e.g. a solvent cage effect, the results can also be explained by an outer-sphere mechanism. We have found that there is no cage effect in the reduction of a ketone containing a potential internal amine trap. If the mechanism is outer-sphere, an explanation as to why the solvent cage effect is much stronger in the case of imines than ketones is needed. Noyori’s catalyst, [p-(Me2CH)C6H4Me]RuH(NH2CHPhCHPhNSO2C6H4-p-CH3), has successfully been used to produce chiral alcohols and amines via transfer hydrogenation. The present study shows that the mechanism for the reduction of imines is different from that of ketones and aldehydes. Acidic activation of the imine was found necessary and an ionic mechanism was proposed.