Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Zollner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T16:04:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vilella_LuizFelipeNoraRosa_M.pdf: 1382640 bytes, checksum: d0c8bc891d04399e182ad18470fe85b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As vias aéreas superiores e inferiores constituem um sistema integrado, cuja interação é evidente na presença das doenças alérgicas, incluindo a rinite alérgica, que é co-morbidade relevante para o desenvolvimento da asma. Mecanismos já consolidados estão envolvidos, contudo o reflexo naso-brônquico, que consiste em um reflexo neural originado nas vias aéreas superiores causando impacto nas vias aéreas inferiores por meio da inflamação neurogênica foi sugerido em estudos experimentais. Evidências da presença deste reflexo em humanos baseiam-se em diferentes métodos que demonstraram prejuízo na função pulmonar após estimulação nasal, porém o monitoramento objetivo da permeabilidade nasal pela rinometria acústica associado ao estudo da função pulmonar por meio da espirometria, possibilita acessar respostas agudas nas vias aéreas após estimulação nasal, representando uma ferramenta promissora na investigação do reflexo naso-brônquico. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar alterações na função pulmonar após provocação nasal, visando identificar o reflexo naso-brônquico na rinite alérgica isolada. 33 voluntários com rinite alérgica persistente moderada/grave (grupo experimento) e 10 saudáveis (grupo controle) foram submetidos a avaliação inicial e protocolo de investigação composto por espirometria e rinometria acústica basais, seguidas por teste de provocação nasal com concentrações crescentes de histamina; após aplicação de cada concentração a rinometria acústica era novamente realizada passados 1, 4, 8 e 12 minutos, sendo considerada provocação positiva após 20% de obstrução em AST-2, determinando o PN20; por fim, imediatamente nova espirometria era realizada. Ao comparar os dados de função pulmonar antes e após provocação nasal, foi observada diferença significativa no grupo rinite para VEF1 (p=0,002), CVF (p=0,005) e PFE (p=0,005), entretanto não houve variação significativa para nenhum dos parâmetros analisados no grupo controle. O reflexo naso-brônquico foi identificado a partir da variação do VEF1, após a provocação nasal no grupo controle (média acrescida de dois desvios padrões), logo 18,2% dos indivíduos com rinite apresentaram reflexo naso-brônquico (queda > 3% em VEF1). Além disso, para estes verificamos correlação positiva entre as alterações observadas em VEF1 e FEF25-75% (p=0,002 / r=0,97), sugerindo envolvimento das vias aéreas de pequeno calibre. Considerando as vias aéreas superiores, o protocolo proposto demonstrou respostas similares nos dois grupos, sem diferença significativa entre os mesmos para dose de histamina (p=0,98), tempo para atingir PN20 (p=0,97) e porcentagem de obstrução nasal (p=0,97). As alterações observadas na função pulmonar após provocação nasal sugerem a presença do reflexo naso-brônquico no paciente com rinite alérgica persistente moderada/grave. O protocolo proposto apresentou reprodutibilidade, sem intercorrências e, diante dos resultados obtidos, propomos que deva ser pensado na prática clinica com objetivo de aperfeiçoar o diagnóstico da presença do reflexo naso-brônquico, relevante para os pacientes com hiperreatividade brônquica / Abstract: Upper and lower airways consists an integrated system and their interaction becomes evident in allergic diseases, highlighting allergic rhinitis, which is co morbidity to asthma onset. Consolidated paths are involved in this crosstalk, however the nasobronchial reflex, that represents a neural reflex originated in upper airways that causes lower airways impairments was suggested in experimental studies. Evidences for the presence of this reflex in humans are based in different methods that have demonstrated impaired pulmonary function after nasal challenge, although, utilizing objective monitoring of nasal patency by acoustic rhinometry in association with pulmonary function evaluation provided by spirometry, it is possible to access acute airways responses after nasal provocations, representing to be promising tools in nasobronchial reflex investigation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate changes in pulmonary function after nasal provocation, looking for nasobronchial reflex identification in subjects with isolated allergic rhinitis. 33 subjects with persistent moderate/severe allergic rhinitis and 10 healthy subjects underwent screening evaluation and investigation protocol consisting in baseline spirometric and acoustic rhinometry measurements, followed by histamine nasal provocation in increasing concentrations; after each histamine application, comparative acoustic rhinometry measurements were performed passed 1, 4, 8 and 12 minutes and positive provocation was considered after reached 20% of obstruction in MCA-2, determining the NPT20; finally, another spirometry was performed immediately NPT20 was reached. Comparing the pulmonary function before and after provocation in the rhinitis group, it was observed significant difference for FEV1 (p=0,002), FVC (p=0,005) and PEF (p=0,005), however in the same comparison for the control group no significant difference could be found for any of the analyzed parameters. Nasobronchial reflex was identified based on VEF1 percentage of variation after nasal provocation in control group (mean plus two standard deviations), 18,2% of rhinitis group presented nasobronchial reflex (> 3% fall in FEV1). Furthermore, for these ones we could verify positive correlation between VEF1 and FEF25-75% impairments (p=0,002/r=0,97), suggesting distal lower airways involvement. Considering upper airways, the proposed protocol demonstrated similar reactions in the two groups, with no significant differences between them for histamine dose (p=0,98), time to reach NPT20 (p=0,97) and percentage of nasal obstruction (p=0,97). Concluding, spirometric impairments showed here suggest the presence of nasobronchial reflex in patients with persistent moderate/severe allergic rhinitis. The proposed protocol proved to be reproducible, without intercurrences and, regarding results showed here, we propose that it should be thought in clinical practice, in order to improve the diagnosis of the presence of nasobronchial reflex, relevant to patients with bronchial hyperreactivity / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Orientadores: Mônica Corso Pereira, Ilma Aparecida Paschoal, Ivete Alonso Bredda Saad / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferraresso_Amanda_M.pdf: 1661408 bytes, checksum: 4e7bfa4f33f4937d9eb361e7a9a60e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) é uma desordem progressiva que envolve a degeneração dos neurônios motores em todos os níveis. A falência respiratória é a principal causa de morte nos pacientes com ELA e está diretamente relacionada com a disfunção muscular respiratória, em geral será tardia e precipitada por uma infecção respiratória. Objetivos: (1) Avaliar clínica e funcionalmente o comprometimento respiratório dos indivíduos portadores de esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) e sua evolução com um programa de exercícios respiratórios e orientações domiciliares. (2) Traduzir para a língua portuguesa e avaliar a reprodutibilidade mediata da aplicação do questionário Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R), em pacientes com ELA nascidos no Brasil. (3) Buscar a detecção precoce de distúrbios da deglutição por meio de questionários específicos e do exame salivograma. (4) A partir da análise dos desfechos clínicos (pacientes sem suporte pressórico, ventilação invasiva (VI) ou óbito), avaliar se alguma das medidas como capacidade vital forçada (CVF), pressões respiratórias máximas (PImax= pressão inspiratória máxima e PEmax= pressão máxima expiratória), pico de fluxo de tosse (PFT), questionários doença-específicos: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale revised (ALSFRS-R) e amyotrophic lateral sclerosis assessment questionnaire (ALSAQ-40), ajudariam na previsão do prognóstico da doença. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo de coorte prospectivo, não controlado. No período de maio de 2010 a dezembro de 2011, todos os pacientes com diagnóstico de ELA, que frequentavam o ambulatório de doenças neuromusculares foram considerados para participar do estudo. O questionário ALSFRS-R foi aplicado no início da pesquisa e após 15 dias, para o processo de tradução e avaliação do instrumento. Foram avaliadas trimestralmente as variáveis de CVF (sentado ? supino), PImax, PEmax, PFT, SpO2 e questionários doença-específicos (ALSFRS-R e ALSAQ-40), ao longo de um período de 18 meses, exceto o radiograma de tórax e salivograma, avaliados somente ao início da pesquisa. Na evolução dos pacientes que participaram do programa de exercícios respiratórios, os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos (F1 e F2), com maior e menor número de sessões de fisioterapia, respectivamente. Resultados: Foram considerados para inclusão na pesquisa 32 pacientes, sendo incluídos 14 indivíduos efetivamente. A um nível de 5% foi encontrada significativa correlação entre as notas obtidas no questionário ALSFRS-R (p=0,001) nos dois momentos, o que permitiu a validação da versão na língua portuguesa. Das variáveis comparadas entre os grupos F1 e F2 apenas o PFT foi diferente entre os grupos, com valores de 125 e 225 L/min respectivamente (p=0,03). O PFT também foi a única variável que mostrou diferença entre o grupo de VI ou óbito vs pacientes sem suporte pressórico, com valores de 140 e 225 L/min, respectivamente (p= 0,007). Conclusões: O PFT, um exame simples, de fácil manuseio entre os clínicos e de baixo custo, pode ter um papel na avaliação do prognóstico destes doentes, além de auxiliar a traçar condutas que poderiam beneficiá-los em uma fase de maior comprometimento funcional / Abstract: The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of motor neurons at all levels. Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death in patients with ALS and is directly related to respiratory muscle dysfunction, usually late and will be precipitated by a respiratory infection. Objectives : ( 1 ) To evaluate the clinical and functional respiratory impairment of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS ) and its evolution with a program of breathing exercises and guidance at home; ( 2 ) Translate to Portuguese and to assess the mediated reproducibility of the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale -Revised ( ALSFRS -R ) questionnaire, in patients with ALS born in Brazil; ( 3 ) Search for the early detection of swallowing disorders through specific interviews and salivagram examination; ( 4 ) iii) From the analysis of clinical outcomes data to assess whether lung function and disease specific questionnaires may help predict the prognosis of patients with ALS. Methods: we conducted a prospective cohort study, not controlled. From May 2010 to December 2011, all patients diagnosed with ALS, who attended the outpatient neuromuscular diseases were considered for the study. The ALSFRS -R questionnaire was administered at baseline and after 15 days for the translation process and evaluation of the instrument. Were evaluated quarterly variables FVC ( sitting / supine) , MIP, MEP , PCF , SpO2 and disease-specific questionnaires ( ALSFRS - R and ALSAQ - 40 ) over a 18 month period , except the chest X-ray and salivagram, evaluated only the beginning of research. The outcome of patients who participated in the program of breathing exercises, patients were separated into two groups (F1 and F2), with the highest and lowest number of physiotherapy sessions, respectively. Results: We considered for inclusion in the study 32 patients, including 14 individuals effectively. At a level of 5 % was found significant correlation between the scores obtained in the ALSFRS -R questionnaire (p = 0.001) in the two periods, which allowed the validation of the Portuguese version. Variables compared between groups F1 and F2 only the PFT was different between groups , with values of 125 and 225 L / min, respectively ( p = .03 ) . The PFT was also the only variable that showed a difference between the VI group of patients without or death vs. pressure support , with values of 140 and 225 L / min, respectively (p = 0.007). Conclusions : The PFT , a simple test , easy handling between the clinical and cost , may have a role in assessing the prognosis of these patients , and help to trace behaviors that could benefit them in a stage of greater functional impairment / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestra em Ciências

Pulmonary function testing is an important part when it comes to evaluating patients with or at risk for lung diseases. Measurement of the diffusing capacity with carbon monoxide (DLCO) of the lung is a very important parameter and reflects how well the gas exchange work. Traditionally the DLCO have been measured by the single breath (SB) method which requires a forcefully inhalation and a 10 second breath-hold. Not all patients are able to perform the method due to illness or related problems therefore it would be favourable if the ward could change to an easier method called intrabreath (IB). The IB method is not depending on a breath-holding manoeuvre, which should make it easier to perform. Eleven volunteers participated in the study. They all performed both DLCO techniques, starting with the SB followed by IB. The DLCO, when determined with the IB technique, had an excellent correlation to the SB technique. However, the IB systematically showed a lower value for DLCO, and can therefore not use the same references as SB. Before the ward can change from the SB- to the IB- method there are needs for further studies. New studies should include more volunteers so more trustworthy reference values can be made, they should also include sick patients as a check-up for the new reference values. For the moment the ward have to stay with the SB method.

BAKGRUND: Personer med cystisk fibros (CF) har bland annat på grund av tjockt slem i lungorna försämrad lungfunktion och lungkapacitet. Den nedsatta hälsan leder i många fall till en nedsatt livskvalitet.  SYFTE: Syftet med den här litteraturstudien var att ta reda på hur fysisk aktivitet påverkar lungfunktionen och livskvaliteten hos patienter med cystisk fibros. METOD: Sökningar i databaserna Pubmed, Cochrane och Cinahl utfördes för att hitta relevanta artiklar som tog upp sambandet mellan lungfunktion, fysisk aktivitet och livskvalitet. RESULTAT: Med regelbunden träning kan de olika måtten på lungfunktion och kapacitet förbättras. Vissa träningsformer ger bättre resultat på lungkapacitet, och vissa visar större resultat på FEV1. Deltagarna skattade även högre på enkäter om livskvalitet efter avslutat intervention. SLUTSATS: Fysisk aktivitet är positivt för patienter med cystisk fibros och bör rekommenderas för alla. Även om det i sällsynta fall sker en initial försämring kan det vända och bli positivt sedan. Ett roterande schema med olika typer av fysisk aktivitet kan ge patienterna en generell förbättring av sin lungfunktion. En ökad lungfunktion kan även leda till en ökad livskvalitet. / BACKGROUND: People diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a lower lung function and capacity partially due to thick mucus. The declining health can also lead to a lower quality of life. AIM: The aim with this review was to find out how physical activity affects the lung function and quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis. METHODS: Searches in the databases Pubmed, Cochrane and Cinahl were executed to find relevant articles that brought up the connection between lung function, physical activity and quality of life. RESULTS: With regular exercise the different variables measuring lung function and capacity can improve. Some forms of physical activity gave better results on lung capacity, while some showed bigger results on FEV1. The participants scored higher on questionnaires about quality of life after completed intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity is positive for all patients with cystic fibrosis and should be recommended for everyone. Even when there are rare cases that show an initial decrease in health in the beginning, the positive effects will come later. A rotating schedule of different types of exercise could give the patients an over all improvement of their lung function. An increase in lung function could also lead to an increased quality of life.

Orientador: Maria Luiza Moretti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T15:05:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Passos_AnaIsabelaMorsch_M.pdf: 2317515 bytes, checksum: 2a34cbc644c6ec0279e1f66cf58ccf4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A função pulmonar, em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), tem sido associada com a redução nos parâmetros de ventilação pulmonar. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo do tipo corte transversal para avaliar a função pulmonar de pacientes com aids atendidos em ambulatórios de doenças infecciosas. Foram avaliados dados de espirometria, pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx). Também foram coletados, através de prontuários médicos, dados clínicos, demográficos e laboratoriais. Resultados: Os dados de PImáx e PEmáx foram avaliados em 73 pacientes, o exame de espirometria foi avaliado em 54 pacientes. O tempo médio de infecção pelo HIV (em anos) foi semelhante para os homens (8,5 ± 5,1) e mulheres (10,4 ± 4,2, p = 0,13) e o tempo médio de utilização da terapia antiretroviral foi de 8,5 ± 4,1 anos para as mulheres e 7,7 ± 4,1 anos para os homens (p = 0,46). Os valores de PImáx e PEmáx foram abaixo do previsto em 38 (52%) e 25 (34%) pacientes, respectivamente. O uso do tenofovir e a presença de tosse, no momento em que o teste foi realizado, foram independentemente associados com PEmáx abaixo do valor previsto. Valores elevados de creatinoquinase foram associados com o uso prolongado de terapia antiretroviral (9,6 ± 4,1 anos versus 7,4 ± 3,9 anos, p = 0,05). Os valores de capacidade vital forçada (CVF) se apresentaram reduzidos em 14 (26,4%) pacientes e foi independentemente associado com risco cardiovascular intermediário ou alto (p = 0,002) e com murmúrio vesicular reduzido à ausculta pulmonar (p = 0,047). Os valores de volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) foram significativamente menores nos pacientes com tempo prolongado de tabagismo (p = 0,019) e risco cardiovascular intermediário ou alto (p = 0,003). A redução da relação VEF1/CVF foi associada com o tabagismo (p = 0,041). Conclusão: Nas medidas de PImáx e PEmáx, 38 (52,1%) e 25 (34,2%) pacientes apresentaram resultados abaixo do previsto. O exame de Espirometria foi considerado normal em 45 pacientes. Houve diagnóstico de distúrbio obstrutivo e restritivo em um (1,9%) e 8 (14,8%) pacientes. O uso de Tenofovir e a presença de tosse foram independentemente associadas à PEmáx abaixo do previsto. Pacientes com menores valores de CVF foram os com maior risco cardiovascular e murmúrio vesicular diminuído à ausculta pulmonar. Pacientes com menores valores de VEF1 foram aqueles com maior tempo de tabagismo e maior risco cardiovascular. A variável independentemente associada a valores reduzidos de VEF1/CVF foi tabagismo / Abstract: Background: Pulmonary function, in HIV infected patients, has been associated with reduction in pulmonary ventilation parameters Methods: We conducted a sectional study to evaluate the pulmonary function of AIDS patients cared for in the infectious diseases ambulatories. Maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures and spirometry were assessed. Clinical, demographic and laboratorial data were also evaluated. Results: MIP and MEP were assessed in 73 and spirometry in 54 patients. The mean time of HIV infection (in years) was similar for men (8.5+5.1) and women (10.4±4.2; p= .13) and the mean time of use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was 8.5±4.1 years for women and 7.7±4.1 years for men (p= .46). MIP and MEP values were not normal in 38 (52%) and 25 (34%) patients, respectively. The use of tenofovir (TVF) and presence of cough, by the time the test was performed, were independently associated MEP below the predictive value. Elevated CK values were associated with prolonged time ARV usage (9.6±4.1 years vs 7.4±3.9 years; p= .05). FVC was reduced in 14 (26.4%) patients and was independently associated with high and/or intermediate cardiovascular risk (p= .002), and those with reduced vesicular murmur in auscultation (p= .047). FEV1 was significantly lower in patients with prolonged time of smoking (p= .019) and high and/or intermediate cardiovascular risk (p= .003). Reduced FEV1/FVC ratio was associated with smoking (p= .041). Conclusions: In measurements of MIP and MEP, 38 (52.1%) and 25 (34.2%) patients had results below forecast. The spirometry test was considered normal in 45 patients. There was a diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive ventilation disorder in one (1.9%) and 8 (14.8%) patients. The use of tenofovir and cough were independently associated with lower than expected MEP. Patients with lower values of FVC had the highest cardiovascular risk and reduced breath sounds on pulmonary auscultation. Patients with lower values of FEV1 were those with longer duration of smoking and increased cardiovascular risk. The variable independently associated with lower values of FEV1/FVC was smoking / Mestrado / Ciencias Basicas / Mestre em Clinica Medica

This paper summarizes the problems of human thermoregulation and its measurement, with a focus on the method of indirect calorimetry in resting conditions at different ambient temperatures and during physical activity. It also introduces the issue of human thermal comfort and the methodology of its monitoring using thermal manikin. It describes PowerCube Ergo (Ganshorn, Germany) and Cardiovit AT-104 (Schiller, Switzerland), the diagnostic devices used to spiro-ergometry measurements. It introduces the options to export data. The work proposes the protocol for measuring the thermoregulation of the small group of volunteers, which is realized by the practical part. According to the same protocol is monitored thermal comfort of the thermal manikin. In MATLAB is created the application, allowing clear analysis of measurement records. The data are evaluated and discussed.

IntroduktionSpirometri är en vanlig undersökningsmetod för att bedöma en persons lungfunktion och lungkapacitet, där total lungkapacitet (TLC) är av stort värde. Kroppspletysmografi och kvävgasutsköljning är två metoder som mäter statiska lungvolymer, däribland TLC. Syftet med studien var att jämföra kroppspletysmografi med kvävgasutsköljning och se om det förelåg någon signifikant skillnad på mätresultaten mellan metoderna. Material och metod Studien bestod av 32 försökspersoner, varav 22 kvinnor och 10 män där samtliga undersökningar utfördes på Fysiologkliniken på Västmanlands sjukhus Västerås under februari och mars 2021. Variablerna TLC, funktionell residualkapacitet/intrathorakal gasvolym (FRC/ITGV) och vitalkapacitet (VC) uppmättes och beräknades. Resultatet jämfördes mot Hedenströms referensmaterial. Ett parat t-test med signifikansnivå p<0,05 användes för att se om det förelåg signifikant skillnad.  Resultat och slutsats Vid jämförelse av kroppspletysmografi och kvävgasutsköljning föreligger signifikant skillnad mellan samtliga variabler (p<0,001). Där kvävgasutsköljning uppmäter lägre volymer än kroppspletysmografi. / Introduction Spirometry is a commonly used examination method for validating pulmonary function and lung capacities, where total lung capacity (TLC) is of great value. Body plethysmography and multiple breath nitrogen washout are two methods that measure statical lung volumes, including TLC. The purpose of the study was to compare body plethysmography and multiple breath nitrogen washout to examine if there was a significant difference between the two methods. Material and method The study consisted of 32 test subjects, 22 women and 10 men, all examinations were performed at the Physiological Clinic at Västmansland´s Hospital Västerås between February and Mars 2021. The variables TLC, functional residual capacity/intrathoracic gas volume (FRC/ITGV) and vital capacity (VC) were measured and calculated. The result was compared against Hedenströms reference material. A paired t-test with significance level p<0,05 was used to evaluate if there was a significant difference.  Result and conclusion When comparing body plethysmography and multiple breath nitrogen washout, there is a significant difference between all variables (p<0,001). Where multiple breath nitrogen washout measures lower volumes than body plethysmography.

Introduktion: Spirometri är en av de vanligaste undersökningsmetoderna som utförs vid bedömning av lungfunktion. Vid en dynamisk spirometri mäts lungvolymsförändringar över tid vid detektion av obstruktiva lungsjukdom. Syftet med denna studie var att validera en konventionell spirometriutrustning, Jaeger MasterScreen PFT(Carefusion, Hoechburg, Tyskland), med en ny handhållen utrustning, COPD-6 mätare (Vitalograph COPD-6 400, Ennis, Irland), för att undersöka om det fanns statistisk signifikanta skillnader på mätresultatet mellan dessa två utrustningar.  Metod och material: 22 lungfriska testpersoner mellan åldrarna 20–33 år varav 17 kvinnor och 5 män deltog i denna studie som utfördes vid Örebro universitet. De spirometrivariabler som undersöktes för Jaegerutrustningen var den forcerade exspiratoriska volymen under första sekunden (FEV1), den forcerade vitalkapaciteten (FVC) samt hur stor andel av hela lungvolymen som en person kan andas ut på första sekunden (FEV1/FVC). Med COPD-6 mätaren mättes FEV1, den forcerade exspiratoriska volymen under sex sekunder (FEV6), samt kvoten av dessa (FEV1/FEV6). För att undersöka om det förelåg en statistisk signifikant skillnad användes ett parat t-test med signifikansnivån α=0,05. Resultat: Resultatet från denna studie visade att det förelåg en statistik signifikant skillnad mellan Jaeger MasterScreen PFT och COPD-6 mätaren med p <0,05 för samtliga undersökta variabler. Bland-Altmananalysen visade en spridning inom konfidensintervallet hos samtliga variabler. Slutsats: I denna studie påvisades en statisk signifikant skillnad mellan utrustningarna där COPD-6 mätare visade lägre mätresultat än Jaegerutrustningen för variablerna FEV1 samt FEV6 alternative FVC. Dock kan inte resultatet från denna studie vara representativt för en större population då endast ett få observationer gjordes. / Introduction: Spirometry is one of the most common examination methods performed when assessing lung function. In dynamic spirometry, changes in lung volume are measured over time for the detection of obstructive pulmonary disease. The purpose of this study was to validate a conventional spirometry equipment, Jaeger MasterScreen PFT(Carefusion, Hoechburg, Germany), with a new handheld equipment, COPD-6 screener (Vitalograph COPD-6 400, Ennis, Irland), to investigate whether there were statistically significant differences in the measurement result between these two equipments. Method and material: 22 lung-healthy test subjects between the ages of 20–33 years of whom 17 women and 5 men, participated in this study, which was conducted at Örebro University. The spirometry variables examined for Jaeger equipment were the forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV1), the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the percentage of total lung volume that a person can exhale at the first second (FEV1 / FVC). With the COPD-6 screener FEV1, forced expiratory volume for six seconds (FEV6), and the ratio of these (FEV1 / FEV6) were measured. To investigate whether there was a statistically significant difference, a paired t-test with the significance level α = 0.05 was used. Results: The results from this study showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the Jaeger MasterScreen PFT and the COPD-6 screener with p <0.05 for all variables examined. The Bland-Altman analysis showed a spread within the confidence interval for all variables. Conclusion: In this study, a statically significant difference was demonstrated between the equipments where COPD-6 screener showed lower measurement results than the Jaeger equipments for the variables FEV1 and FEV6 alternative FVC. However, the results from this study cannot be representative of a larger population as only a few observations were made.

The aim of this thesis is to present a complex information about the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and to further elucidate the function of the diaphragm as the external esophageal sphincter and as a part of the antireflux barrier in patients with GERD. The study included 87 patients with verified GERD. Patients were subjected to a set of postural and respiratory maneuvers - caudal position of chest, abdominal breathing and measuring of the maximal respiratory pressures, all performed on the basis of tolerance to position and maneuver. The high-resolution manometry (HRM) was chosen to record the changes in pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter and for the measurement of respiratory pressures was used the spirometric system MasterScope. It was found that postural and respiratory maneuvers, that activate the diaphragm, increase the pressure in the EGJ. The most significant increase occurred during the maximal inspiratory maneuver, which increased LES pressure up to 261.2 %. The results also show that patients with GERD have reduced the strength of respiratory muscles, especially inspirational muscles. Reaching only 66.5 % of predicted PImax. We have demonstrated that patients with GERD have significantly lower diaphragm muscle strength, what...

Introdução: a variabilidade clínica da fibrose cística (FC) levou ao desenvolvimento de diferentes sistemas de escores de avaliação de sua gravidade. Como nem sempre é possível fazer a monitorizarão do paciente com exames radiológicos, tomográficos, funcionais e clínicos simultaneamente, o entendimento das correlações entre esses métodos é um ponto importante para que a equipe multiprofissional dos centros de FC selecione o método mais adequado na sua rotina de atendimento. Objetivo: avaliar a gravidade das alterações clínicas, estruturais e funcionais de uma população de pacientes com fibrose cística por meio de escores clínicos, radiológicos, tomográficos e testes funcionais e analisar as correlações, por pareamento entre os escores de Shwachman-Kulczychi (E-SK), Brasfield (E. Brasfield), Bhalla (E. Bhalla), espirometria e teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M). Métodos: Estudo transversal prospectivo em pacientes com idade entre 3-21 anos. Foram realizados no mesmo dia: espirometria, TC6M, radiografia de tórax (RX), tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax e avaliação do estadio clínico. Utilizou-se a regressão linear (coeficiente de correlação de Spearman) para a análise das correlações entre os exames. Foi construída uma Curva ROC para avaliar o melhor ponto de corte para o valor de escore de Brasfield que indicaria a presença de bronquiectasias na TC. Resultados: 43 pacientes foram avaliados, 19F/24M, 10,5 ± 4,7 anos, com mediana de E. Bhalla, E. Brasfield e E-SK de 10, 17 e 70, respectivamente. Os valores médios (% previsto) de capacidade vital forçada (CVF), volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e fluxo expiratório forçado entre 25 e 75 % da capacidade vital (FEF25-75%) foram, respectivamente, 70,4 ± 26, 59,2 ± 26, 47,4 ± 35,8. Houve correlações significativas entre quase todos os parâmetros estudados. Apenas não houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre escore do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (Z-TC6M) e aprisionamento + mosaico (r = -0,35), VEF1 70% e E-SK (r = -0,04); VEF1 70% e E. Bhalla (r = -0,32), VEF1 70% e E. Brasfield (r = 0,14), VEF1 70% e Z-TC6M (r =0,14). Através da Curva ROC foi determinado o ponto de corte do escore de Brasfield de 18 como o de melhor sensibilidade (83%), especificidade (92%), valor preditivo positivo (96%) e valor preditivo negativo (71%) para detecção de bronquiectasias na TC de tórax. Conclusões: Nesta casuística de pacientes com fibrose cística houve uma ampla variação quanto à gravidade da doença quando avaliada por parâmetros clínicos, radiológicos, tomográficos e funcionais. Apesar desta variação, houve correlação significativa entre a maioria dos métodos utilizados no estudo. As correlações não foram significativas nos pacientes com função pulmonar normal ou com distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo leve, o que pode estar relacionado a uma menor capacidade discriminatória entre os diferentes métodos quando o acometimento pulmonar é de grau leve. Nessa amostra estudada, pacientes com escore de Brasfield menor ou igual a 18, tiveram uma probabilidade de 83% de apresentar bronquiectasias na TC de tórax. O teste da caminhada de seis minutos se mostrou como um método complementar alternativo que pode ser utilizado na avaliação da gravidade dos pacientes com FC / Introduction: The clinical variability of cystic fibrosis (CF) led to the development of different scoring systems to evaluate its severity. As it is not always possible to simultaneously assess CF patient with radiography, tomography, functional tests and clinical status, understanding the correlations between these methods is important for the multidisciplinary team of CF centers to select the most suitable method in their routine attendance. Objective: To assess the severity of the clinical, structural and functional characteristics of a population of CF patients by means of clinical scores, chest radiography (CXR), chest tomography (CT) and pulmonary functional tests and to analyze the correlations between Shwachman-Kulczychi score (SK), Brasfield score (Brasfield), Bhalla score (Bhalla), spirometry and six minute walk test (6-MWT). Method: A cross-sectional and prospective study including patients aged 3-21 years-old. Spirometry, 6-MWT, CRX, CT and evaluation of clinical status were performed on the same day. Linear regression (Spearman correlation coefficient) was performed to analyze the correlations between the tests. A ROC curve was constructed to assess the best value for the Brasfield score that would indicate the presence of bronchiectasis on CT. Results: A total of 43 patients were evaluated, 19F/24M, 10.5 ± 4.7 years, with median Bhalla, Brasfield and SK scores of 10, 17 and 70, respectively. Mean values (% predicted) forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%) were respectively 70.4 ± 26, 26 ± 59.2, 47.4 ± 35.8. There were significant correlations among almost all parameters studied. Only there was no statistically significant correlation between Z-6MWT and air trapping + mosaic perfusion (r = -0.35), FEV1 70% and SK (r = -0.04), FEV1 70% and Bhalla (r = -0.32), FEV1 70% and Brasfield (r = 0.14), FEV1 70% and Z-6MWT (r = 0.14). ROC curve determined that Brasfield score of 18 had the best sensitivity (83%), specificity (92%), positive predictive value (96%) and negative predictive value (71%) for detecting bronchiectasis on chest CT. Conclusions: These patients with cystic fibrosis had a wide variation in disease severity as assessed by clinical, radiographic, tomographic and functional scores. Despite this variation, there was a significant correlation between most methods used in the study. The correlations were not significant in patients with normal lung function or with mild obstructive lung disease, which may be related to a lower discriminate capacity between the different methods when pulmonary involvement is mild. In this study, patients with Brasfield score less than or equal to 18, had a probability of 83% to have bronchiectasis on chest CT. The six-minute walk test is a complementary method that can be used to assess the severity of patients with CF