A epidemia da aids afeta a vida de crianças e jovens, independentemente da presença do HIV/Aids, através do adoecimento, perda dos pais, estigma, discriminação, entre outros. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender o significado de ser órfão para jovens que perderam um ou ambos os pais em decorrência da aids e compreender os processos de estigmatização decorrentes dessa morte. Foram analisadas 19 entrevistas em profundidade realizadas com jovens órfãos, com idade entre 15 e 22 anos, residentes na cidade de São Paulo, entre os anos de 2005 e 2007. O sentido atribuído à morte e todo o ritual que a cerca é concebido como socialmente construído e a morte em decorrência da aids permeada pelo estigma que acompanha a aids desde o início da epidemia. Foram encontrados cinco significados associados à orfandade: dificuldade de falar sobre a orfandade ligada à aids; sentir falta do cuidado materno; o desafio de ser independente; não se sentir órfão e sentir tristeza em decorrência da morte. Os processos de estigmatização foram divididos em estigma sentido e efetivado e aconteceram na escola, na casa de amigos, na rua e com a namorada. Todos os relatos e cenas de estigma foram de estigma por associação, pois decorriam da causa da morte do(s) pai(s). Percebe-se que a orfandade em decorrência da aids impacta a vida dos jovens. Eles convivem com as adversidades com apoio da família, na maioria das vezes, materna. Não se conhece muito sobre os órfãos, principalmente se eles não viverem com HIV/Aids, pois os serviços de saúde perdem o contato a partir do momento que a pessoa da família que vive com aids morre. É importante que os programas de aids incorporarem as visões e as perspectivas destes jovens em seus projetos para garantir-lhes seus direitos. / The aids epidemic affects the life of children and youngs, not only because of the presence of HIV/Aids, but also because of the sickness, death of parents, stigma, discrimination, and others. This research had the main intention of understanding the meaning of being an orphan to young people that have lost one or both parents in result of aids and the stigma that is included in this process. Nineteen interviews were studied and the public included youngs between 15 and 22 years old, living in São Paulo, between 2005 and 2007. In this report, the meaning attributed to death and all the ritual involving it was concepted as social constructed and the death regarding aids was studied with the stigma that around aids since the beginning of the epidemic. It was pointed 5 issues related to orphanhood: difficulties related with speaking about parents death by AIDS; missing of mothers care; the challenges of being independent; do not feel as an orphan and feeling sadness because of death. The process of stigma was divided as felt stigma and enacted stigma and happened at school, at friends house, at the streets and with a date. All the stores and scenes of stigmas were courtesy stigma, because were related with parents death. With this report it is possible to realize that beeing an orphans in result of aids affects direct youngs living. They get used to live with adversity, family support, mainly by mothers family. Not too much is known about orphans, even less if they do not live with HIV/AIDS, because health services do not keep contact after the person in the family with AIDS dies. It is very important that aids programs includes the expectations and the way of seeing life of those people in their programs, so they can guarantee respect and theirs rights.

Thesis advisor: David Karp / This project focuses on a case study of a woman with the rare autoimmune disease Scleroderma. It is supplemented with data from in-person interviews and online support groups. The study explores the way a chronic illness (particularly, Scleroderma) impacts elements of identity. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology Honors Program. / Discipline: Sociology.

Este trabalho visou compreender a experiência da queimadura e a percepção de pacientes queimados sobre sua imagem corporal em relação aos padrões que regulam o ideal de corpo em nossa sociedade. Além disso, objetivou interpretar os significados atribuídos a um corpo que apresenta marcas de queimaduras. Recorreu à abordagem antropológica, à história de vida tópica e às técnicas de observação e entrevista. A pesquisa foi realizada com 10 pacientes de uma unidade de tratamento de queimados de hospital universitário do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados demonstram que os pacientes queimados percebem que seu corpo é estigmatizado de uma forma a afetar a identidade social do grupo focalizado. / This study aimed to understand the experience and perception of burn patients about their body image compared to contemporary standards, which regulate the body ideal in our society. The research aimed also interprets the meanings assigned to a body that has burn marks. In anthropological approach and topical history of life, the techniques used by research were observation and interview. The study was developed with 10 patients in a burn treatment unit of a university hospital in the state of São Paulo. The results point to the stigmatization of burn patients\' body in ways that affect the social identity of the group focused.

O estigma associado à tuberculose tem sido objeto de interesse em diversas regiões do mundo. O comportamento apresentado por pacientes em decorrência da discriminação social tem contribuído com o atraso no diagnóstico e o abandono da terapêutica, resultando no aumento dos casos de tuberculose e, ainda, da droga- resistente. A identificação de populações afetadas pelo estigma e sua mensuração pode ser avaliada com o uso de instrumentos válidos e confiáveis, desenvolvidos ou adaptados para a cultura alvo. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar culturalmente e obter propriedades psicométricas no Brasil da escala Tuberculosis-Related Stigma, para pacientes de tuberculose. A Tuberculosis-Related Stigma é uma escala específica de mensuração do estigma associado à tuberculose, para ser aplicada com os pacientes em tratamento da doença. Apresenta duas dimensões a ser avaliadas, denominadas de perspectivas da comunidade em relação à TB e perspectivas do paciente em relação à tuberculose. A primeira inclui 11 itens acerca do comportamento da comunidade em relação ao paciente de TB, e a segunda é composta por 12 itens relacionados a sentimentos como medo, culpa e mágoa no enfrentamento da doença. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico com delineamento transversal, realizado no município de Ribeirão Preto/SP. Após a tradução e retrotradução da escala, os dados foram coletados junto aos pacientes em tratamento da tuberculose nos ambulatórios de referência do município. Seguindo as diretrizes do Grupo DISABKIDS®, a validação semântica consistiu em assegurar a compreensão dos itens pelo público-alvo através das entrevistas realizadas com 17 respondentes selecionados para o estudo, entre os meses de setembro e dezembro de 2014. Por meio das análises descritivas, observou que os resultados encontrados nessa fase foram satisfatórios, demonstrando que a escala foi bem aceita e de fácil compreensão por parte dos participantes, com sugestões de mudanças para alguns termos coloquiais, sem modificação do item. Na sequência do processo de validação semântica, realizou-se o teste piloto com 83 pacientes de TB, a fim de obter as propriedades psicométricas iniciais da escala na versão em português do Brasil, permitindo simular o estudo de campo. Em relação às propriedades psicométricas, a escala apresentou consistência interna aceitável para suas dimensões, com valores >= 0,70, ausência dos efeitos floor e ceiling, o que é favorável para a propriedade de responsividade da escala, validade convergente satisfatória para as duas dimensões, com valores acima de 0,30 para estudos iniciais, e validade divergente com valores de ajustes diferente de 100%. Os resultados encontrados apontam que a escala Tuberculosis-Related Stigma poderá se constituir em um instrumento válido e confiável; no entanto, a realização do estudo de campo em futuras pesquisas poderá contemplar de fato aplicação dessa escala no contexto brasileiro / Stigma associated with tuberculosis (TB) has been an object of interest in several regions of the world. The behavior presented by patients as result of social discrimination has contributed to a delay in diagnosis and the abandonment of treatment, leading to an increase in the cases of TB and drug resistance. The identification of populations affected by stigma and its measurement can be assessed with the use of valid and reliable instruments developed or adapted to the target culture. The objective of this study was to culturally adapt and obtain psychometric properties of the Tuberculosis-related stigma scale in Brazil, for TB patients. The Tuberculosis-related stigma is a specific scale for measuring stigma associated with TB, to be applied to patients under treatment for this disease. It presents two dimensions to be assessed, namely community\'s perspectives in relation to TB and patient\'s perspectives in relation to TB. The first has 11 items regarding the behavior of the community in relation to TB, and the second is made up of 12 items related to feelings such as fear, guilt and sorrow in coping with the disease. A methodological study, with a cross-sectional design, was developed in the city of Ribeirão Preto, in the state of São Paulo. Once the scale was translated and back-translated, data were collected from patients under treatment for TB in reference outpatient clinics in the city. In compliance with the guidelines of the DISABKIDS® group, semantic validation consisted in ensuring the understanding of the items by the target population, by means of interviews with 17 respondents selected for the study, between September and December 2014. Descriptive analyses showed that the results found in this stage were satisfactory, demonstrating that the scale was well accepted and easily understood by part of the participants, with suggestions for changing some colloquial terms, but without modification of the items. Following the semantic validation process, a pilot test was conducted with 83 TB patients, in order to obtain the initial psychometric properties of the scale in the Brazilian Portuguese version, allowing to simulate the field study. As regards its psychometric properties, the scale presented acceptable internal consistency for its dimensions, with values >= 0.70, absence of floor and ceiling effects, which is favorable for the property of scale responsiveness, satisfactory converging validity for both dimensions, with values over 0.30 for initial studies, and diverging validity with adjustment values different from 100%. The results found show that the Tuberculosis-related stigma scale can be a valid and reliable instrument, however, only the development of a field study in future research can verify the application of this scale in the Brazilian context

A epilepsia representa a desordem cerebral crônica mais comum na infância, sendo mais incidente nos dez primeiros anos. Muitas das epilepsias infantis caminham para remissão das crises com tratamento apropriado. Porém, devido a estigmas e preconceitos, o diagnóstico de epilepsia favorece atitudes de exclusão, restringindo inclusive a participação em escolas regulares. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar como professores e familiares de crianças com epilepsia se referem e concebem a esta criança no cotidiano da educação escolar. E, ainda, como a própria criança aborda essas vivências. Para tanto, três crianças (10-11 anos), com diagnóstico de epilepsia, foram estudadas: uma freqüentando escola especial, uma classe especial, e, outra, classe regular. A seleção dos participantes foi feita a partir de crianças atendidas num ambulatório especializado. Realizaram-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os professores e as famílias. E, ainda, entrevistas com a criança, utilizando-se material lúdico de apoio. Paulo e Gabriel (nomes fictícios) têm 10 anos de idade, Isael tem 11. As crises de Paulo iniciaram-se, com um ano e um mês, e ele freqüenta escola especial, desde os dois anos. Freqüentou classe regular por três anos (5-8 anos), sendo depois reencaminhado para escola especial. As crises de Gabriel iniciaram-se aos onze meses, freqüenta classe especial desde os dois anos. Atualmente, o município agrupou todas as classes especiais num mesmo local. As crises de Isael iniciaram-se aos nove meses, freqüenta escola regular desde os oito anos, quando as crises cessaram, mediante tratamento cirúrgico. A análise qualitativa, baseada na perspectiva da Rede de Significações, foi conduzida por recortes temáticos das falas dos interlocutores, apreendendo-se significados relacionados ao processo educacional, à estigmatização da criança, às perspectivas futuras, dentre outros. Nos três casos, foram observadas limitações impostas às crianças devido às crises, havendo diminuição dessas restrições após remissão. Das entrevistas com as crianças, apreendeu-se poucos significados atribuídos ao ser uma criança com epilepsia, mas diversos quando se considera seu ambiente educacional. Nos três casos, as crises parecem se diluir em meio a outros aspectos. No caso de Paulo, o estigma não parece estar associado às crises epilépticas, e sim à sua vinculação com a APAE e às suas dificuldades de aprendizagem. No caso de Gabriel, o estigma parece mais relacionado ao comportamento da criança e suas dificuldades cognitivas. No caso de Isael, a estigmatização aparece, por um lado, pelas dificuldades de aprendizagem; e, por outro lado, pelo fato de que sua superação da doença o coloca como um escolhido por Deus. Verificou-se que, em termos escolares, ênfase dominante direciona-se às dificuldades de aprendizagem, trazidas tanto pelas escolas como pelas famílias. Não há consenso, no entanto, em nenhum dos casos, se aquelas dificuldades são decorrentes das crises. Evidenciamos, ainda, que o percurso escolar dessas crianças com epilepsia foi marcado pela segregação/exclusão. As escolas, de maneira geral, não demonstram aptidão/interesse em lidar com essas crianças. Além disso, o modo como cada município se estrutura em termos educacionais foi determinante na trajetória escolar de cada criança. Temos que considerar a luta de poderes e de práticas-discursivas que circunscrevem muitas das decisões/ações que envolvem a escolaridade dessas crianças. Devemos analisá-las de maneira situada, contextualizada, garantindo a análise da complexidade desses vários elementos. / Epilepsy represents the most common chronic cerebral disorder in infancy, which usually appears during the first ten years of life. Stigma and prejudice regarding epilepsy are understood as promoting exclusion attitudes, which can even restrict childrens entrance in regular schools. The aim of this study was to investigate, through a qualitative research, how teachers and parents conceive and refer to a child with epilepsy and his/her school education; and, how those children conceive their experiences. Three children with epilepsy, between ten and eleven years old were investigated. One of them was attending a special school; a second, a special class; and third child was attending a regular class. The participants selection was made among children who were attended in a specialized ambulatory. Empirical data was obtained by semi-structured interviews with teachers and families; interviews with play activities were carried out with children. Paulo and Gabriel (assumed names) are ten years old, Isael is eleven. Paulo and Isael had their crisis controlled when they were two and eight years old, respectively. Gabriel still has seizures. Paulo attended a special school since two years old and was sent to a regular class at 5-8 y.o., then went back to a special school. Gabriel attends a special class since he was two years old. Nowadays, the city where he lives has grouped all the special classes in a same building. Isael began attending a regular class when he was eight, when his seizures ceased after surgical treatment. Data collection and analysis were conducted based on the Network of Meanings perspective. Analysis of parents and educational professionals was conducted through the construction of thematic fields: attributed meanings regarding epileptic seizures; school trajectory; stigmatization of child; future perspectives, among others. Limitations are imposed to the children due to crises, there are less restrictions after the crises cease, in the three cases. Analysis of childrens interviews did not reveal many meanings related to be a child with epilepsy. They refer more frequently to questions related to their educational environment and experiences. In those three cases, the crises were not highlighted. In Paulos case, the stigma seems to come from attendance to a special school and from his learning disabilities. In Gabriels case, the stigma seems more related to his behavior and cognitive difficulties. In Isaels case, the stigmatization is linked to two paradoxical aspects: his learning disabilities and Gods will. In themes related to school, the learning disabilities are predominantly highlighted, both by families and schools. But there is no consensus that those difficulties derive from the crises. We showed that those childrens school trajectory is marked by exclusion; yet, the schools did not demonstrate interest/know-how to receive/accept them. Furthermore, the city educational system was determinant for the childrens school trajectory. We conclude that we must consider the social contradictory discursive practices present, which help to constrain many decisions/actions regarding these childrens school trajectories. Otherwise, prejudices, stigma and exclusion are only seen through individual lenses and as individual problems.

This thesis aims to understand how en-wheeled women engaged in hyperfemininity as a stigma management technique in order to diminish asexualization. Grounding my work in the tradition of Goffman and symbolic interaction, I argue that women who do hyperfemininity as a stigma management technique do so in an attempt to make their identity as a woman more salient then their identity as someone who is disabled. As most of the research surrounding disability focuses on masculinity and disabled women‘s heterosexuality it is imperative to continue the expansion of scholarship at the intersection of disability and gender. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Females diagnosed with a substance use disorder (SUD) may experience more stigmatization and need more social support than males. Traditional therapeutic services provide interventions and treatment that is uniform for males and females. The available research on female substance users does not address meaningful connections and relationships with others, and its effect on overall wellness. The objective of this study was to address the importance of social support, stigmatization, and wellness. A sample of 232 females diagnosed with SUD, at least 18 years of age, responded to three instruments and a demographic form. The results of this study indicate that income and age are predictors of overall wellness and explained 12% of the variance in wellness, when using a multiple regression analysis, (adjusted R^2 = .119, p = .000). Relationship status and relationship length demonstrated significance as predictors of social support, explaining 5.6% of the variance in social support, using a multiple regression analysis, (adjusted R^2 = .056, p = .001). Number of children, age, and relationship length demonstrated significance as predictors of stigmatization, accounting for 9.4% of the variance in stigmatization, (adjusted R^2 = .094, p = .000). Social support accounted for 4.1% of the variance in stigmatization using a multiple regression analysis, (adjusted R^2 = .041, p = .001). Social support explained 39% of the variance in wellness, (adjusted R^2 = .394, p = .000). Using a hierarchical regression analysis to control for stigmatization, social support explained 44% of the variance in wellness, (adjusted R^2 = .438, p = .000). Finally, social support mediates the relationship between stigmatization and wellness, when using path analysis. This study provided support for specific treatment for females in substance abuse treatment; particularly concerning social support, stigmatization, and wellness. These females with SUD reported that social support increased wellness, correlating with decreased stigmatization. Conversely, females who experienced increased stigmatization and decreased social support also experienced decreased wellness. Social support mediated the impact of stigmatization and wellness. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Social work is one of several professions closely associated with caring and femininity, and, as a result, often suggested as a non-traditional occupational choice for a man. Men’s generally poorer educational experience becomes more prominent when studying a subject associated with femininity such as social work (Severiens and ten Dam 2012). Men have more progression issues than women on English university social work courses (Hussein et al. 2008; Schaub 2015), and our understanding of how men experience social work education is limited. This thesis examines in-depth men social work students’ experience and progression, in order to determine the underlying reasons for men’s poorer progression. Twenty-one social work student men from seven English universities were interviewed using qualitative methods. The study found participants described a complex, layered set of experiential and progression challenges that are specific to men. These impediments appear to combine, for some men, with other non-gender specific difficulties, thereby increasing the likelihood of failure or withdrawal. Some men are able to manage these issues, but others find them more challenging, suggesting some men experience a cycle of academic struggle and disengagement closely linked to their identity as men training to become social workers. In order to understand their experience, several theoretical strands were applied. Theories of stigma, masculinities and student retention were used to provide explanations for the challenges found for the men interviewed. In addition to providing a voice for men social work students, this study makes recommendations for social work educators and programmes to support men to more successfully complete social work courses.

Att bilda familj är en stor del av livet och innebär många förändringar för de blivande föräldrarna. För kvinnorna som drabbas av postpartumdepression (PPD) blir vardagen väldigt annorlunda. PPD förekommer alltmer i världen och idag förväntas 10 – 15 % av mammorna utveckla sjukdomen. Mammans tidigare livserfarenheter samt det stöd hon får av sin närmsta omgivning avgör hur hon tar sig an den nya rollen som mamma. De flesta kvinnor som har PPD upplever en känsla av oro, ilska och skuld. Den nyblivna mamman kan känna sig rädd och överväldigad över ansvaret att ha ett nyfött barn. Det råder brist i kunskapen om PPD hos mammor vilket innebär att de inte vill eller vågar söka hjälp. Syftet med studien är att belysa mammans upplevelser av PPD. I denna litteraturstudie har åtta kvalitativa artiklar analyserats där en intervjumetodik har varit central. Resultatet består av huvudteman där fokus ligger på vad mamman upplever. Studiens resultat visar att de nyblivna mammor som drabbas av PPD upplever ett lidande. Känslor av skuld och rädsla är centrala och påverkar relationen mellan mamman och barnet. Sjukdomen påverkar även mammans andra relationer i livet och leder ofta till att hon väljer att vara isolerad. Rädsla för att stigmatiseras av omgivningen är ytterligare en anledning till att mamman många gånger väljer ett liv i ensamhet. I resultatdiskussionen lyfts sjukdomens påverkan på mammans relation till barnet, upplevelser av stigma i samband med PPD, kulturella aspekter och dess påverkan på mammans sociala liv samt sjuksköterskans ansvar i vården av dessa patienter. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

Omkring 33 miljoner människor lever idag med HIV. I Södra Sudan är epidemiologiska data mycket bristfälliga, men även om dessa tyder på att prevalensen är låg, så är riskfaktorerna många för att spridningen snabbt kan accelerera. Uppsatsens syfte är att ta reda på hur studenter och hälsoarbetare erfar HIV i Södra Sudan. Utifrån en kvalitativ ansats har sudanesiska studenter och sudanesiska och utländska hälsoarbetare skriftligen svarat på ett antal öppna frågor. Totalt deltog femton personer i studien, alla med erfarenhet av att undervisa i eller delta i workshops om HIV. Resultatet analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Följande kategorier framkom i resultatet: Att negativa omständigheter i livssituationen ökar risken att smittas av HIV, Att uttrycka rädsla på olika sätt, Att förmedla gripbar kunskap om HIV och Att samarbeta för förändrad syn på HIV. Den röda tråden, temat, som band samman kategorierna var, ”för att inte bli utsatt för HIV behövs samhällsförändring men för att inte utsätta sig behövs beteendeförändring”. Det finns många missuppfattningar om HIV och mycket stor rädsla. Behovet av kunskap är stort, och den behöver utgå från människors livsvärld, tillgänglig på ett språk som människor förstår. Preventiva insatser måste omfatta såväl samhällsnivå somindividnivå. I ett samhälle sargat av konflikter behövs förändringar i samhällsstrukturer för att minska risker människor utsätts för, som de inte själva kan påverka. På individnivå behövs beteendeförändringar för att minska de risker människor själva utsätter sig för. / Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot distriktssköterska