<p>Syftet med det examensarbete som genomförts har varit att kartlägga processen för att på egen hand lansera sin musik i form av ett fullängdsalbum tillgängligt att köpas både i form av digitala nedladdningar och som traditionell CD-skiva.</p><p>I arbetet har vi bekantat oss med viktiga aspekter angående distributionsavtal, upphovsrätt, marknadsföring, design, foto, logotyper, texter och koder man bör känna till. En stor del av arbetet har även ägnats åt att förklara och utreda den sista delen i ljudbearbetningen - mastring. Dessutom har vi satsat på marknadsförning och exponering på Internet samt olika betalningslösningar som möjliggör skivans försäljning.</p><p>För att erhålla de nödvändiga delarna i arbetsprocessen har kontakt upprättats med bland andra: IFPI, Grammotex, N©B och Dicentia.</p><p>I rapporten får vi följa den progressiva rockgruppen Cap Outrun och deras väg till målet i form av en fallstudie.</p>

Resumo: Atualmente, as redes de transdutores inteligentes desempenham um papel de importância vital em sistemas de Medição e Controle Distribuído. Nesse contexto, o Padrão IEEE 1451 para interfaceamento de transdutores inteligentes tem como objetivo simplificar a conectividade de transdutores em ambientes de rede, fornecendo, para tal fim, um conjunto de interfaces padronizadas, aumentando a flexibilidade dos sistemas de instrumentação distribuída. Neste trabalho descreve-se a implementação de um nó de rede em conformidade com o padrão IEEE 1451. O nó foi completamente desenvolvido através do emprego de ferramentas padronizadas e sistemas abertos. O nó é composto por um Processador de Aplicação com Capacidade de Operar em Rede (NCAP), com base no padrão IEEE 1451.1 e um Módulo de Interface para Transdutores Inteligentes (STIM), em conformidade com o padrão IEEE 1451.2. A parte física do NCAP foi implementada através dos recursos de um Computador Pessoal (PC) e de um Dispositivo Lógico Programável (PLD) de uso geral. A parte lógica do NCAP foi desenvolvida através da tecnologia Java. O STIM foi implementado com dispositivos lógicos programáveis versáteis, de uso geral, e sua funcionalidade foi integralmente descrita em linguagem de descrição de hardware. O conjunto NCAP-STIM foi conectado a uma rede de área local, sob o modelo de comunicação cliente-servidor, sendo que várias aplicações clientes podem acessar as informações dos transdutores conectados ao STIM, através da rede, via intermediação do NCAP. O emprego de ferramentas padronizadas e abertas no desenvolvimento total do sistema IEEE 1451 é uma das contribuições mais importantes do presente trabalho. No entanto, há várias contribuições pontuais como: a maneira de descrever as Informações de Transdutores em Formato Eletrônico (TEDS), a implementação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: Nowadays, smart transducer networks play an essential role in distributed measurement and control systems. In this context, the IEEE 1451 smart transducer interface standards aimed to simplify transducer connectivity, providing a set of common interfaces for connecting transducers in a networked fashion, increasing the flexibility of distributed instrumentation systems. In this work the implementation of a network node according to the IEEE 1451 standard is introduced. The node has been fully developed using open and standardized tools. A Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) according to the IEEE 1451.1 Standard and a Smart Transducer Interface Module (STIM) comprises the node. The physical part of the NCAP has been implemented using the resources of a Personal Computer (PC) and a general-purpose Programmable Logic Device (PLD). The logical part of the NCAP has been developed using Java technology. The STIM module was implemented with versatile, general-purpose Programmable Logic Devices. STIM functionality has been fully developed in hardware description language. A network node (STIM-NCAP) was connected in a client-server modelbased local area network. Many client applications can access STIM transducers information, through the network with the NCAP as an intermediary. One of the most important contributions of this work is the employment of open and standardized tools for implementing the IEEE 1451 network node. However, there are many specific contributions such as: Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS's) description method, programmable logic-based Protocol Manager implementation that allows the use of the parallel port without any modification, the employment of low-cost PLDs for implementing the STIM and the Protocol Manager, and Java-based NCAP software development. Through the implementation of the IEEE Standard, industries... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Orientador: Aparecido Augusto de Carvalho / Coorientador: Alexandre César Rodrigues da Silva / Banca: Onofre Trindade Júnior / Banca: Edward David Moreno Ordonez / Banca: Cláudio Kitano / Banca: Ricardo Tokio Higuti / Doutor

Étant physicienne, j’ai navigué dans un milieu où les femmes sont sous-représentées, tout comme plusieurs groupes historiquement marginalisés. Selon des principes de justice sociale, tout le monde devrait pouvoir contribuer à la construction des savoirs scientifiques : il est donc impératif de comprendre les mécanismes qui freinent la participation aux sciences de certains groupes. Alors que la notion de sous-représentation s’attarde au nombre d’individus dans une catégorie ou une autre, parler en termes de diversité et d’inclusion permet de s’éloigner du cloisonnement des individus. Ainsi, je pars du constat que les aspects, causes et conséquences associées au manque de diversité et d’inclusion dans la communauté scientifique sont complexes et se manifestent dans la communication et dans le vécu des individus. J’utilise le concept de travail identitaire pour analyser l’interpénétration des facteurs personnels, institutionnels et communicationnels qui freinent la diversité et l’inclusion dans mon organisation -- un département universitaire de physique -- et pour réfléchir sur les enjeux systémiques qui dépassent ses frontières. Profitant de mon point de vue de l’intérieur, j’ai effectué une ethnographie « chez soi ». J'y décris le travail identitaire ressenti et observé au Département de physique de l’Université de Montréal. J’ai ciblé trois éléments phares de la vie départementale, à laquelle participent autant la communauté étudiante que le corps professoral et qui peuvent déclencher un travail identitaire : les conférences, les projets de recherche et les comités départementaux. Je présente des processus de travail identitaire situés à l’intérieur même d’individus qui contribuent aux savoirs scientifiques, plus précisément, à travers des facettes identitaires historiquement peu mises de l’avant. De plus, j’explicite comment, dans un environnement donné, la confiance en ses habiletés de recherche peut s’effondrer puis se reconstruire. Porteur d’espoir, mon récit ethnographique souligne, d’une part, l’importance des comités de réflexion sur la diversité et l’inclusion à même les unités départementales et les groupes de recherches et, d’autre part, offre des pistes et des outils aux scientifiques qui voudront intégrer des réflexions sur des enjeux sociaux à même leur recherche. Enfin, il s’agit à ma connaissance de la seule ethnographie de milieu scientifique effectuée par une physicienne. / Being a female physicist, I have acted and interacted in an environment where women, like many other historically marginalized groups, are under-represented. According to social justice principles, everyone should be able to contribute to the construction of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the social mechanisms that limit the participation of certain groups. While the notion of under-representation has often been used to address the relative presence or absence of individuals in certain categories, I prefer to speak about diversity and inclusion which decompartmentalise individuals. My starting point is the observation that various aspects, causes, and consequences related to the lack of diversity and inclusion in the scientific community are complex and manifest themselves in communication and lived experience. I use the concept of identity work to analyze the interpenetration of personal, institutional, and communicational elements that restrict diversity and inclusion in my organization (a university physics department) and to reflect on systemic issues that go beyond organizational boundaries. Building on my insider’s point of view, I conducted an “at-home” ethnography in which I describe identity work at the physics department of Université de Montréal as I experienced and observed it. Specifically, I target three elements that are central to daily life in Department, that engage both students and professors, and that trigger identity work: seminars, research projects and departmental committees. Throughout this ethnographic tale with confessional tones, I link my internal identity processes as an individual contributing to scientific knowledge throughout identity facets historically marginalized. In addition, I show how, for a given environment, confidence in one’s research skills can be rebuilt after collapsing. Giving hope, my ethnographic tale highlights the importance of discussion groups on diversity and inclusion in departmental units and research groups and, furthermore, offers avenues and tools to scientists that want to engage with social issues in their research. Finally, as far as I know, this is the first at-home ethnography of a scientific community produced by a female physicist.

Les polynucléaires neutrophiles représentent 50-70% des leucocytes sanguins et possèdent un rôle majeur dans la défense de l’organisme contre les pathogènes. Le Ca2+ est un second messager qui joue un rôle primordial dans le chimiotactisme, la phagocytose, la dégranulation et la production de formes réactives de l’oxygène (FRO) afin de neutraliser l’agent pathogène. Dans ces cellules, l’influx calcique de type SOCE est essentiel pour l'homéostasie calcique. Il est peu étudié en raison du manque d’outils pharmacologiques spécifiques d’où l’importance dans un premier temps de chercher de nouvelles molécules. Les cellules T Jurkat dont le SOCE est largement caractérisé servent de modèle pour la caractérisation initiale de ces molécules. Le 2-APB est parmi les molécules les plus largement utilisées dans la caractérisation du SOCE en raison de sa double activité sur le SOCE avec une potentialisation à [1-10 μM] et une inhibition à [> 20 μM]. En revanche, ce produit manque de spécificité et agit sur d’autres cibles cellulaires comme les récepteurs à l’inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (InsP3Rs). La 1ère étape est de sélectionner à partir d’analogues commerciaux du 2-APB (Methoxy-APB, Dimethoxy-APB, Cyclic-APB, Benzothienyl-APB, Thienyl-APB et MDEB), des composés plus spécifiques et également plus efficaces que la molécule mère. Deux molécules se sont distinguées : le MDEB comme uniquement potentialisant du SOCE et le Benzothienyl-APB comme un puissant inhibiteur. En revanche, tous les analogues du 2-APB inhibent les InsP3Rs à l’exception du MDEB qui semble plus spécifique du SOCE. L’effet du MDEB sur le courant calcique, ICRAC, a été étudié grâce à la technique du patch-clamp. Il augmente d’environ 4 fois l’amplitude de ICRAC par rapport à celle enregistrée dans les cellules contrôle. Par ailleurs, le MDEB ralentie l’inactivation rapide de ICRAC due au Ca2+. Sur le plan physiologique, le MDEB à des concentrations croissantes inhibe la synthèse de l’IL-2 dans les cellules Jurkat stimulées et ceci malgré son effet potentialisant du SOCE. Cette activité est liée à son effet pro-apoptotique dans les cellules Jurkat stimulées. Le MDEB et le Benzothienyl-APB caractérisés dans la 1ère partie nous ont servi d’outils potentiels afin d’étudier le SOCE des cellules PLB-985 différenciées en cellules proches de neutrophiles. Le SOCE a été induit soit par un traitement des cellules avec la thapsigargine (Tg) soit de manière physiologique avec les peptides fMLF et le WKYMVm deux chimioattractants, ligands des récepteurs aux peptides formylés FPR et FPRL1 respectivement. En plus, le SOCE induit par la Tg est modulable par le 2-APB, potentialisé par le MDEB et inhibé par le Benzothienyl-APB. La phagocytose des levures par les cellules PLB-985 différenciées ainsi que la production de FRO intraphagosomales ont été inhibées par le MDEB et le Benzothienyl-APB. Les FRO extracellulaires ont été également inhibées par Benzothienyl-APB en revanche à cause de la forte interférence du MDEB avec la technique de mesure nous n’avons pas pu étudier ses activités. En conclusion, le MDEB et le Benzothienyl-APB sont de nouveaux outils pharmacologiques potentialisant ou inhibant le SOCE des leucocytes, qui nous permettront dans l’avenir une meilleure compréhension de l'entrée calcique et ses rôles dans ces cellules. / Neutrophils represent 50-70% of human blood leukocytes; their role is to protect the body against pathogens. Calcium is a second messenger which plays an important role in chemotaxis, phagocytosis, degranulation and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to eliminate microbes. In neutrophils, the mechanism of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is essential for calcium homeostasis. However, neutrophil SOCE is not well understood because of the lack of specific pharmacological tools. It is necessary to first identify and characterize new molecules using a model of Jurkat T cells in which SOCE was the best characterized. 2-APB is the most widely used molecule in SOCE characterization due to its dual activity with a potentiation at lower concentrations [1-10 μM] and an inhibition at higher concentrations [> 20 μM]. However, this molecule lacks specificity because it acts on other cellular targets such as inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs). The first step is to select from a library of 8 commercial 2-APB analogues (Methoxy-APB, Dimethoxy-APB, Cyclic-APB, Benzothienyl-APB, Thienyl-APB and MDEB) those that are more specific and also more efficient molecules than 2-APB. Two interesting molecules were identified, MDEB as the only SOCE potentiating product currently known and the Benzothienyl-APB, which is a strong inhibitor. Like 2-APB, all these analogues inhibit InsP3Rs except MDEB, which seems to be more specific. The effect of MDEB on the calcium current, ICRAC, was also studied using the patch-clamp technique. MDEB increases ~4 times the ICRAC amplitude in comparison with control. Otherwise, MDEB slows down the fast Ca2 +-dependent inactivation of ICRAC. Functionally, MDEB at increasing concentrations inhibits IL-2 synthesis in stimulated Jurkat T cells despite its potentiating activity on SOCE. The inhibition is due to MDEB induced apoptosis in stimulated Jurkat T cells. MDEB and Benzothienyl-APB were then used as tools to study SOCE in a neutrophil-like cell model, the differentiated PLB-985 cells. SOCE was induced either by treatment of cells with thapsigargin (Tg) or physiologically with the chemotactic peptides fMLF and WKYMVm, ligands of formyl peptide receptors FPR and FPRL1 respectively. In addition, Tg-induced SOCE was modulated by 2-APB, potentiated by MDEB and inhibited by Benzothienyl-APB. The consequences of these analogues on neutrophil functions were also studied. Phagocytosis of yeasts by PLB-985 cells and intraphagosomal ROS production were inhibited by MDEB and Benzothienyl-APB. Furthermore, extracellular ROS were also inhibited by Benzothienyl-APB. However, because of the high interference of MDEB with our techniques, its activities could not be studied. In conclusion, MDEB and Benzothienyl-APB are new analogues of 2-APB potentiating and inhibiting SOCE, which allow us in the future a better understanding of leukocyte SOCE and its cellular roles.

Today, many organisations are adopting offices that have an open design with or without flexible seating. While advocates of open-plan offices propose that these office types lead to cost savings and aid inter and intra-team communication, opponents argue that these office types are associated with decreased performance and worsened health among employees. This thesis investigates how the type of office (cell offices, shared room offices, small open-plan offices, medium-sized open plan offices, large open-plan offices and flex offices) influences employee health and performance, and whether this is different for different personalities and jobs with different concentration demands. Data were gathered by means of surveys and cognitive tests from five organisations with different office types. In Study I (N=1241), the aim was to investigate the main effect of office type on indicators of health and performance and the interaction effect of office type with the need to concentrate in order to carry out work tasks. Office type alone was associated with distraction and cognitive stress in such a way that cell offices were associated with fewest problems, followed by flex offices, while open-plan offices were associated with the most problems. While employees in open-plan offices and employees in flex offices reported more problems as the need for concentration increased, employees in cell offices reported the same level of problems regardless of the need of concentration. Study II (N=527) investigated how performance on a memory test was affected during normal working conditions as compared to a quiet baseline. There was a negative dose-response relationship between the size of the open-plan office environment and the drop in word recall during the normal working condition. However, Study II also showed that individuals working in cell offices had as high a drop in performance during normal working conditions as did those working in large open-plan office environments. Study III (N=1133–1171) focused on the interaction effect between office type and individual differences in personality. The personality trait agreeableness interacted with office type on the outcome variables distraction and job satisfaction. Specifically, Study III may indicate that as offices get more open and flexible, agreeable people will report more problems. In conclusion, the studies in the present thesis have implications for practice and suggest that office type impacts on employee health and performance, while concentration demands of the job and agreeableness moderate the effects. Although employees report higher level of distraction in open-plan office environments, when performance on a demanding task is measured, cell offices are not as favourable during normal working conditions as self-reported data usually indicate. Organisations should also be aware that, among open-plan offices, small open-plan offices are associated with fewer problems. / Kontorslandskap med eller utan fasta arbetsstationer förekommer idag i många organisationer. Förespråkare för kontorslandskap hänvisar till kostnadsbesparing samt förbättrade förutsättningar för kommunikation, medan motståndare hävdar att kontorslandskap leder till försämrad prestation och hälsa bland medarbetarna. Denna avhandling undersöker om kontorstyp påverkar de anställdas hälsa och prestation, samt om effekten av kontorstyp varierar beroende på de anställdas personlighet och typ av arbetsuppgifter. Data i form av enkätsvar och prestation på kognitiva tester samlades in från fem organisationer med olika typer av kontorslösningar (cellkontor, delade kontorsrum, små kontorslandskap, mellanstora kontorslandskap, stora kontorslandskap och flexkontor). I studie I (N = 1241) var syftet att undersöka huvudeffekten av kontorstyp på indikatorer för hälsa och prestation samt om effekten är beroende av koncentrationskraven i arbetet. Kontorstyp visade samband med distraktion och kognitiv stress på så sätt att medarbetare i cellkontor uppgav minst problem, följt av de i flexkontor, medan kontorslandskap var förknippade med mer problem. Vidare rapporterade anställda som hade arbetsuppgifter som krävde koncentration mer problem i kontorslandskap och flexkontor, medan anställda i cellkontor, oavsett arbetets krav, rapporterade lika mycket problem. I studie II (N = 527) undersöktes hur prestation på ett minnestest påverkades under normala arbetsförhållanden jämfört med en tyst referensmätning i olika kontorstyper. Det fanns ett negativt dos-responssamband mellan storleken på kontorslandskapet och hur många procent sämre medarbetare presterade under normala arbetsförhållanden. Men Studie II visade också att personer som arbetar i cellkontor hade ett lika högt bortfall i prestation under normala arbetsförhållanden som de som arbetade i stora kontorslandskap. I studie III (N = 1133-1171) låg fokus på interaktionseffekten mellan kontorstyp och personlighet. Vänlighet var den enda personlighetsvariabeln som interagerade med kontorstyp på utfallsvariablerna distraktion och arbetstillfredsställelse. Mer specifikt visade Studie III att när kontoret blir mer öppet och flexibelt, så rapporterar människor som skattar sig högt på personlighetsvariabeln vänlighet fler problem. Resultaten i avhandlingen kan få flera praktiska implikationer då den visar att kontorstyp påverkar medarbetarnas hälsa och prestation, medan koncentrationskrävande arbetsuppgifter och vänlighet modererar effekterna. Vidare visar avhandlingen att även om anställda rapporterar mindre distraktion i cellkontor jämfört med i kontorslandskap, behöver inte cellkontor vara lika gynnsamma som självskattade mått visar när prestationen mäts med objektiva mått under normala arbetsförutsättningar, i det här fallet ett minnestest. Slutligen bör organisationer även vara medvetna om att avhandlingen visar en viss tendens att små kontorslandskap är förknippade med mindre problem än stora. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>