O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a tutela coletiva dos interesses individuais homogêneos com a finalidade de mostrar como se comportam em juízo, como se adaptam aos instrumentos processuais existentes e quando a sua defesa judicial é possível, conveniente e necessária. O estudo começa da pesquisa sobre as características dos próprios interesses, passa pela crítica dos atributos da sua tutela coletiva e procura aplicar os resultados dessa investigação aos problemas antigos e atuais que mais têm dificultado a sua proteção jurisdicional. O trabalho foi delimitado pela perspectiva da coletividade, titular dos interesses individuais homogêneos, colocada no polo ativo do processo coletivo, no procedimento comum. A metodologia de trabalho utilizada constituiu-se de leitura, análise, resumo, interpretação, sistematização e compilação de textos, livros e revistas periódicas dedicados ao tema, além de relatórios e documentos pertinentes aos assuntos tratados, incluindo os disponíveis na rede mundial de computadores (Internet). Os interesses individuais homogêneos, sem perder sua essência individual, possuem uma dimensão coletiva que lhes aproxima dos demais interesses coletivos, que não se adaptam com facilidade aos instrumentos processuais criados para a jurisdição singular. A sua tutela coletiva é possível quando existir um núcleo homogêneo, sua principal característica; útil quando a lesão causada a esses interesses puder ser demonstrada sem questionar a própria existência desse núcleo; conveniente quando a sua relevância social e as dificuldades de acesso à justiça assim exigirem. Alguns dos principais problemas enfrentados pela tutela coletiva de interesses individuais homogêneos não têm solução com base na legislação vigente, nem são contemplados nas propostas de alteração atualmente em discussão. A legitimação do Ministério Público para a propositura de ação coletiva para defesa de interesses individuais homogêneos decorre de expressa previsão legal dessa legitimidade, da indisponibilidade do interesse ou da sua relevância social, não se estendendo à execução em favor de particulares. É possível o controle de constitucionalidade em ação coletiva, desde que com efeitos concretos e sujeito a recurso extraordinário. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the class action for damages in order to show how they behave in court, as they adapt to existing procedural tools and when their legal defense is possible, desirable and necessary. It departs from research on the characteristics of the interests, is critical of the attributes of its class treatment and seeks to apply the results of that research to ancient and current problems that have hampered its most court protection. The work was limited by the plaintiff class action and by the common procedure. The methodology used was the work of reading, analysis, summary, interpretation, and systematic compilation of texts, books, periodicals and magazines devoted to the subject, in addition to reports and documents relevant to the matters discussed, including those available on the World Wide Web (Internet). Individual interests commons to a class, without losing its essence individual, have a collective dimension to them approaching other collective interests, which do not adapt easily to the procedural tools created for the individual jurisdiction. Their collective protection by class action is possible when there is a homogenous core, its main feature; is useful when the damage caused to those interests can be demonstrated without question the very existence of that core; and is convenient when its social relevance and the difficulties of access to justice thus require. Some of the main problems faced by the class action for damages do not have solution based on current brazilian legislation, or are contemplated in the draft amendment under discussion. The legitimacy of the public attorney for the commencement of class action for damages follows express provision of legal authorization to this effect, the unavailability of interest or of its social relevance, and it is not extending the implementation in favor of individuals. It is possible the judicial review in class action, provided with practical effects and subject to special appeal.

Esta dissertação analisa o recurso ordinário constitucional, espécie recursal autônoma e heterogênea, em Processo Civil. Apenas dois tribunais superiores, o Supremo Tribunal Federal e o Superior Tribunal de Justiça, possuem competência para julgar esse recurso. Inicia conceituando recurso e duplo grau de jurisdição, bem como apontando as semelhanças e as diferenças entre esses dois institutos jurídicos processuais. Em seguida, define o critério de classificação dos recursos entre ordinários em sentido amplo e extraordinários em sentido amplo no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, para apontar em qual categoria se enquadra o recurso ordinário constitucional. Verifica a origem histórica do recurso ordinário constitucional, com enfoque na sua disciplina pelas Constituições Federais do Brasil republicano, para que identifique quais são os motivos pelos quais essa espécie recursal existe e deve ou não ser mantida atualmente. Define cada uma das hipóteses de cabimento do recurso ordinário constitucional, priorizando a definição daquelas interessantes para o Processo Civil. Delineia os aspectos procedimentais desse recurso (requisitos de admissibilidade, efeitos devolutivo e suspensivo, procedimento perante o juízo a quo e perante o juízo ad quem, possibilidade da sua interposição adesiva e cabimento de embargos infringentes e de embargos de divergência). Aponta as funções dos tribunais superiores brasileiros, comparando-as com as funções e com os recursos de competência de Cortes Constitucionais e de tribunais superiores estrangeiros. Conclui pela necessidade de manutenção do recurso ordinário constitucional no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, com algumas alterações das hipóteses de cabimento. / This dissertation analyses the recurso ordinário constitucional, a heterogenic and autonomous kind of appeal, in its Civil Procedure forms. Only two superior courts, the Supremo Tribunal Federal (the Brazilian Supreme Court) and the Superior Tribunal de Justiça (the Brazilian Federal Court of Appeals) can judge that kind of appeal. It starts conceptualizing what is an appeal and what is a two-tier judicial exam, as well as their resemblances and differences. It follows defining the standard on how to classify the appeals between ordinary and extraordinary in the Brazilian law, so the recurso ordinário constitucional can be appointed to a category. It verifies the historical origin of that kind of appeal, with special focus on its constitutional discipline, since Brazil has being a republic, so it is possible to identify the reasons why that kind of appeal exists and should or should not be maintained nowadays. It defines each one of the cases that the recurso ordinário constitucional can be interposed, prioritizing the ones regarding Civil Procedure. It outlines the procedural aspects of that kind of appeal (its admissibility requirements, its staying and non-staying effects, its procedure before the judex a quo and the judex ad quem, the possibility of that kind of appeal being adhesive, and the acceptance of the embargos infringentes and the embargos de divergência, two different kinds of appeal). It points out the scopes of the Brazilian superior courts, comparing them to the scopes and the appeals judged by foreign Constitutional Courts and superior courts. It concludes that the recurso ordinário constitucional should remain on the Brazilian law, with some modifications regarding the cases it can be interposed.

A tutela dos interesses metaindividuais em juízo e a busca de mecanismos que assegurem que o processo seja instrumento para o acesso substancial à justiça inserem-se no contexto das ondas renovatórias do processo civil. Embora o movimento em questão situe-se cronologicamente na década de 1960, o ordenamento jurídico pátrio ainda não fez fluir simultaneamente as três ondas. Os denominados interesses metaindividuais abrangem tanto os interesses essencialmente coletivos, nos quais se incluem os difusos e coletivos, quanto os interesses doutrinariamente denominados de acidentalmente coletivos, correspondentes, nos termos do microssistema processual coletivo, ao conceito de interesse individual homogêneo. No Brasil, a tutela jurisdicional de interesses metaindividuais pode se dar através do processo coletivo e, também, por meio do processo civil tradicional, caso apresentem viés estritamente individual. A dificuldade de enquadramento de determinados interesses dentro dos conceitos legais dados pelo microssistema processual coletivo é recorrente no cotidiano jurisprudencial. O processo civil vigente não apresenta mecanismo normativo apto a evitar a concomitância entre ações individuais e coletivas sobre uma mesma questão jurídica, razão pela qual o sistema convive com demandas de massa repetitivamente levadas ao Poder Judiciário. O processo coletivo, no entanto, não é a única alternativa processual existente para o manejo racional de processos repetitivos: as denominadas ações de grupo prestam-se à resolução isonômica de tais demandas sem que, para tanto, sejam necessárias ficções representativas e grandes debates acerca da legitimidade. O presente trabalho presta-se à análise de tais possibilidades, tendo por norte a otimização do alcance subjetivo da decisão judicial que trate de interesse metaindividual. Encontra-se em trâmite na Câmara dos Deputados o projeto do Novo Código de Processo Civil, que traz, dentre as inovações destinadas ao tratamento de demandas de massa, o incidente de resolução de demandas repetitivas, a centralização de processos repetitivos e a conversão da ação individual em coletiva, mecanismos estes que integrarão o objeto do presente estudo. / The judicial protection of group rights and the search for mechanisms that ensure that civil procedure is actually an instrument for substantial access to justice fall into the context of the waves of reform. Although such motion is chronologically situated in the 1960s, Brazilian Law has not yet fulfilled the task of simultaneously flowing the three waves. The so called group rights refer, in Brazilian Law, both essencially and occasionally group rights. The latter refers, in Brazilian Civil Procedure, to the concept of homogeneous individual rights. In Brazil, the judicial protection of group rights can be led through class actions or individual suits, as long as the right involved has a strictly individual aspect. The difficulty of framing some rights into the legal concepts is iterant in Brazilian Courts daily routine. The current Civil Procedure does not have tools able to avoid the concomitance between individual suits and class actions that refer to the same legal issue. For that reason, the judiciary deals with repetitive suits. Class actions, however, are not the only procedural alternative to rationally dealing with repetitive suits: group actions also aim to adequately resolving suits, but without involving issues as adequacy of representation or further concerns related to standing to sue. This research is dedicated to the analysis of such possibilities, having in mind the optimization of the subjective range of judicial decisions that refer to group rights. The Project of the new Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, currently at the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies, brings, among the innovations that intend to deal with repetitive suits, the incident of resolution of repetitive suits, the centralization of repetitive suits and the possibility of convertion of individual suits into class actions. All of these innovations will also be analised.

During an extravehicular activity (EVA), the role of an astronaut involves a multitude of complex tasks. Whether that task is a science experiment aboard the International Space Station, or traversing extraterrestrial terrain – attention, communication, and instruction are essential. As an aid, augmented reality (AR) can portray suit informatics and procedures within line-of-sight while minimizing attentional loss. Currently, there exists little research highlighting the human systems considerations to qualify AR systems for space suit applications. This study quantifies user interface (UI) and human performance measures for an AR prototype on the Mark III space suit. For user testing, 21 military pilots and personnel (11 men, 10 women) evaluated UI search tasks and completed a series of AR-instructed EVA dexterity tasks in an elevated luminosity, background clutter, and workload scenario. UI results suggest correlations for readability and usability; whereas, human performance results provide situational awareness, workload, and task performance data.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Pressure garment therapy (PGT) forms a significant part of burn rehabilitation. It is most commonly used to treat hypertrophic scars but the benefits of this intervention remain questionable. Adherence with this intervention also presents several challenges for the patient and clinician. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of adult burn survivors who participated in PGT during 2006 - 2010 at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TAH). Methods: A phenomenological study design using qualitative research methods was implemented. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight burn survivors. The participants were chosen using purposive sampling methods. Thematic analysis was conducted using pre-determined themes from the literature as a starting point. Data was coded and categorised according to themes that emerged during data analysis. Results: The findings of the study revealed that several factors impacted on the participant’s experiences of pressure garment therapy. Factors related to the consequences of the burn injury included the participant’s loss of function, loss of participation, loss of self-confidence, financial dependence, emotional impact and impact on relationships. Factors related to pressure garment usage included physical effects, socio-emotional effects and the wearing schedule (which included maintenance and effort, adherence and time). Factors that contributed to adherence included support, inner strengths, knowledge, seeing a difference, seeing others, enablers to accessing the service and satisfaction with the service. Factors that contributed to non-adherence included lack of support, emotional turmoil and barriers to accessing the service. Participants made recommendations to improve the overall burn service at TAH. Conclusion: The findings of the study show that participants experienced PGT as a beneficial intervention. There were several complex factors that impacted the participants’ experiences of PGT. The most significant benefit as described by the participants was the improvements noted in scar appearance, whilst the main barrier was that the garments were cosmetically displeasing due to their colour.Recommendations: To adopt a person-centred approach to burn management, recommendations made include improvements needed within the occupational therapy service such as changing the colour of the garment material, the standardisation of the PGT treatment protocols and improving staff attitudes. Other recommendations include establishing a network for counselling services as well as an information pack for patients admitted to the burns unit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Drukklereterapie vorm ʼn belangrike deel van die rehabilitasie van brandwonde. Dit is die mees algemene behandeling vir hipertrofiese littekens, maar daar bestaan steeds twyfel aangaande die voordele van hierdie intervensie. Daar bestaan heelwat uitdagings, vir beide die terapeut en die pasiënt, om die behandelingsriglyne na te volg. Doel van die studie: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die ervarings van volwasse brandwond oorlewendes wat vanaf 2006 tot 2010 drukklereterapie by Tygerberg Akademiese Hospitaal ontvang het, te ondersoek. Metode: ʼn Fenomenologiese studie ontwerp is geimplïmenteer deur middel van kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodes. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is met agt brandwond oorlewendes gevoer. Die deelnemers is gekies deur doelgerigte steekproefneming metodes. Tematiese analise is uitgevoer met behulp van voorafbepaalde temas wat as beginpunt uit die literatuur geneem is. Data is gekodeer en gekategoriseer volgens temas wat na vore gekom het tydens data analise. Resultate: Die bevindings van die studie het aangedui dat verskeie faktore die deelnemers se ervarings van drukklereterapie beïnvloed het. Faktore wat met die gevolge van die brand beserings verband hou het die volgende ingesluit: verlies aan funksie, verlies aan deelname, verlies aan selfvertroue, finansiële afhanklikheid, emosionele impak en die impak op verhoudings. Die volgende faktore het verband gehou met die gebruik van drukklere: fisiese faktore, sosio-emosionele faktore en die dra skedule (dit sluit in onderhoud van die drukklere, moeite, volg van die dra skedule en tyd). Faktore wat bygedra het tot die navolging van die skedule het die volgende ingesluit: ondersteuning, innerlike krag, kennis, die sien van ʼn verskil, sien van ander, toegang tot die diens en tevredenheid met die diens. Die volgende faktore het bygedra tot nie-navolging: gebrek aan ondersteunning, emosionele verwarring en hindernisse tot toegang tot die diens. Deelnemers het aanbevelings gemaak om die brandwonde diens te verbeter. Slot: Die bevindings van die studie dui daarop dat die deelnemers drukklereterapie as ʼn voordelige intervensie ervaar het. Daar was verskeie komplekse faktore wat ʼn impak op drukklereterapie gehad het. Die grootste voordeel, soos beskryf deur deelnemers, was die verbetering in litteken voorkoms; terwyl die hoof hindernis was dat die drukklere kosmeties onaanvaarbaar was as gevolg van die kleur. Aanbevelings: Die volgende aanbevelings is gemaak om ʼn persoon-gesentreerde benadering tot brandwond behandeling te verseker: verbeterings benodig binne die arbeidsterapie diens, soos die verandering van die kleur van drukkleremateriaal, die standaardisering van drukklereterapie protokolle en die verbetering van personeel houdings. Ander aanbevelings sluit in ʼn netwerk vir beradingsdienste, sowel as ʼn inligtingspakket vir pasiente wat tot die brandwondeenheid toegelaat word.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Pandolfo.pdf: 2150551 bytes, checksum: 87458511a6a94ade075b27e35891f02d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-18 / The consequences of the decisions made by the Supreme Court in the trial of the direct action of unconstitutionality and of the declaratory action of constitutionality - over the legal relationships between the State and taxpayers are investigated in the present study. Addressing the rules that substantiate the legal security in the Brazilian legal ordering and combining them with those that ensure the preservation of equality and free competition, this study aims to provide a practical outlet for the consequences of constitutionality and unconstitutionality declarations, pronounced in the concentrated control of constitutionality (and interim decisions) at each stage of the cycle of positiveness in the legal ordering, covering all forms and stages of formation of credit and undue tax. For that, comprehensive doctrine is used, and a careful analysis of the criteria already adopted by the Supreme Court on its precedents is developed. In this work, it is therefore concluded that the inalterability of the past, in tax law, is a result of formal res judicata, procedural stage that, however, does not ensure the intangibility of the future / Os reflexos das decisões proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal no julgamento da ação direta de inconstitucionalidade e da ação declaratória de constitucionalidade , sobre as relações jurídicas estabelecidas entre o Estado e os contribuintes, são investigados no presente trabalho. Abordando as normas que fundamentam a segurança jurídica no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e conjugando-as com as que asseguram a preservação da isonomia e da livre concorrência, o presente estudo pretende oferecer uma saída concreta para as conseqüências das declarações de constitucionalidade e inconstitucionalidade, proferidas no controle concentrado de constitucionalidade (e decisões cautelares), em cada etapa do ciclo de positivação do ordenamento jurídico, cobrindo todas as formas e fases de constituição do crédito e do indébito tributários. Para tanto, utiliza vasta doutrina e realiza a análise cuidadosa dos critérios já adotados em precedentes do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Assim, conclui que a inalterabilidade do passado, no direito tributário, é resultado da coisa julgada formal, estágio processual que, no entanto, não assegura a intangibilidade do futuro

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本論文では、日米両国の環境法における理論状況が法体系の性質からも大いに異なることを前提とした上で、米国において1970年代以降に制定された様々な環境法をめぐる議論を取り上げ、各種救済の態様について、事後救済、事前予防の両面から検証を行った。具体的には、我が国で検討の不十分な環境市民訴訟規定適用の根拠および要件と救済の機能、各種環境規制の導入において生じる収用をめぐる議論の検討を行った。 / This research examined the remedies of U.S. environmental law after 1970s. While their legal systems are quite different, the argument in U.S. could be helpful that of Japanese. The focus point of research is on the ground of citizen suits provisions and on the case when the plaintiff made consent decree. Environmental land use regulations and taking clause matter were also examined in this context since the private property rights is a crucial factor for environmental regulations to protect environmental injury. / 博士(法学) / Doctor of Laws / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University