Intresset för studien väcktes ur gemensamma diskussioner kring lärares vardagsarbete i relation till skolans organisation och ledning. Vi fann därför ett förändringsarbete från traditionell till temabaserade undervisning på gymnasieskola intressant att studera. Studiens syfte var att undersöka och söka förståelse för hur förändringsprocessen upplevs och påverkar lärarna samt att vara en del i utvärderingen av lärarnas nybildade tematiska arbetslag. Vi valde att använda aktionsforskning som metod med en hermeneutisk ansats som innebär tolkning och reflektion. När vi studerade tidigare forskning uppmärksammade vi att Blossing (2000) i sin studie konstaterar att bland annat skolkulturen och skolledaren har betydelse för förändringarbetets utveckling. Vi använde oss av reflexiva intervjuer eftersom de erbjuder flexibilitet vid intervjutillfällena och vi relekterade över olika aspekter som framkom. Analysarbetet innebar att vi rörde oss mellan delar och helheter i en ständigt pågående process. Resultatet visar på flera olika aspekter som påverkar lärarna och vi valde att presentera dessa med innehållet i fokus framför individen av hänsyn till lärarnas integritet. Vi fann att personliga erfarenheter och egenskaper påverkade inställningen till förändringsarbetet och dess innehåll. Andra faktorer som synliggjordes var vikten av struktur för arbetet och möjligheter för reflektion. Planeringstidens betydelse och hur den organiseras och disponeras framkom och vi konstaterar att skolledningen har en viktigt roll i förändringsarbetet genom att leda och skapa struktur samt vara lyhörd för arbetslagets signaler. / Our interest for the study was an outcome from our mutual discussions about teachers every day work related to schools leadership and organisations. Therefore we found a developing project from traditional teaching to theme based team work teaching in an upper secondary school interesting for our study. The main purpose of our study was to examine and understand teachers experiances of the change from traditional teaching to theme based teaching. The purpose is also to be a part in the teachers’ team work evaluation. The empirical approach was hermeneutic and the chosen method was action research. As method to collect the empirical material we used reflective interviews that gave us the opportunity to be flexible during the interviews. During the process we reflected over different parts that appeared and how they interact as a totality. When we looked for former research we found that Blossing (2000) establishes that school culture and head of schools are of great importance for the outcome of developing work. From the result we can understand that there are several different factors that affect the teachers in a developing work. Their individual personalities and experiences affect their attitude towards the process of change and the containment of the same. The teachers need time for reflection and they find that they have not got enough time for planning the teaching in the theme based team work. Our conclusion is that the head of school has an important role in leading, creating structure and being attentive to the teachers needs.

This interdisciplinary study examines a collection of chants intrinsically connected to the larger body of Western Chant: the psallendae. These chants of the Ambrosian rite, the form of Christian worship proper to the archdiocese of Milan, were sung during religious processions. With over 700 psallendae assigned to the Church calendar, this study examines only those assigned to feast days of the Virgin Mary, and in doing so, reveals a rich history of devotion to her. The primary sources examined are thirteenth-century manuscripts and medieval liturgical manuals. The processional chants are subjected to a thorough literary and musical analysis. Rooted in François-Auguste Gevaert's thematic theory, and using tools of reticular and stemmatic analysis, the psallendae are grouped according to melodic profile. Each group is then reduced to a core melodic theme, which, when juxtaposed with the ancient practice of religious processions, makes a compelling argument for the psallendae as among the oldest Christian chants.

The purpose of the study was to examine how teachers and children interpreted the project and understood its values. To this end, it was necessary to focus on four defining parameters which affect the investigation: structure of pre-school project work, content and delivery, the methods used by teachers during the project, which pedagogical documentation was used (and how), and how the project determined the approach, the curriculum goals and values. Using a qualitative approach, regular unsystematic observations were made over five days, during which three teachers, two pedagogues, two pre-school teachers, and one nanny from the same kindergarten were interviewed regarding children in three age groups: 1-2 years old, 3 years old, and 4-5 years old. The results of my investigation showed that the teachers were divided on how to apply the project as a working method. Children's active role in the pre-school project varied depending on the extent to which teachers adopted children perspective in everyday practice. The teachers used the documentation to evaluate, make visible processes of learning in children and reflect on the educational work of the projects. / Reggio Emilia

This dissertation is focus¡qCuo Zhan CuiNing¡r¡mShuang Xiong Meng¡n¡qPoXiaoShief¡rThose three story¡¦s text are used¡uShi Wu Guan¡v for subject matter, differentiate narrate model, personage molding and idea of theme three parts for base to discuss.And use a method of ¡§conclusion to collect¡¨ compare to analyse. In the same time, By way of this theme¡¦s to compare, let us to clarify some question in tradition and evolve. In the narrate model,¡qCuo Zhan CuiNing¡r¡mShuang Xiong Meng¡nuse overtop for outside field of vision in this story, but¡qPoXiaoShief¡rjust use Lao San¡¦s observe for this point of view. Besides¡qCuo Zhan CuiNing¡ruse different to mess in a narrator, let this theme pervade dense deliver a sermon implication. But ¡mShuang Xiong Meng¡nand¡qPoXiaoShief¡rare use the same narrator give rise sympathetic emotions, let two texts full more sympathetic.¡qPoXiaoShief¡r use flashback statement technique let story copious. Unique statement and slow statement step is the characteristic of this story. In the main from ¡qCuo Zhan CuiNing¡rto¡qPoXiaoShief¡r,the narrate model also from single to various. In the personage model,¡qCuo Zhan CuiNing¡rin personage model is major match the story plot, belong E.M. Forster mean¡uflat character¡v. Zhu Su Chen form looks and character to describe, mold role to different style, but he ignore the personage character, let¡mShuang Xiong Meng¡nthis story¡¦s personage describe to perfection, can not call perfect¡uround character¡v. Zhu Xi Ning major inherent to describe personage character. From E.M. Forster theory to view, ¡qPoXiaoShief¡r we can say almost ¡uround character¡v. Make a comprehensive to those three stories we can found from exterior describe change to inherent describe. In the subject thinking, ¡qCuo Zhan CuiNing¡r most clear to see is¡uspeak and act cautiously life philosophy¡v and¡utradition of retribution for sin¡v. Except an official related topic are three texts highlight.¡qPoXiaoShief¡rexcept had ¡uShi Wu Guan¡vstory, and enter into Lao San¡¦s plot, open another topic for concerned humanity, and the same time confer center of gravity from people face on environment to people this topic. This series of¡qCuo Zhan CuiNing¡r is the prototype of statement works, in the change course the theme thinking from reflect live actual state to concerned humanity and people.

<p>Intresset för studien väcktes ur gemensamma diskussioner kring lärares vardagsarbete i relation till skolans organisation och ledning. Vi fann därför ett förändringsarbete från traditionell till temabaserade undervisning på gymnasieskola intressant att studera. Studiens syfte var att undersöka och söka förståelse för hur förändringsprocessen upplevs och påverkar lärarna samt att vara en del i utvärderingen av lärarnas nybildade tematiska arbetslag.</p><p>Vi valde att använda aktionsforskning som metod med en hermeneutisk ansats som innebär tolkning och reflektion. När vi studerade tidigare forskning uppmärksammade vi att Blossing (2000) i sin studie konstaterar att bland annat skolkulturen och skolledaren har betydelse för förändringarbetets utveckling. Vi använde oss av reflexiva intervjuer eftersom de erbjuder flexibilitet vid intervjutillfällena och vi relekterade över olika aspekter som framkom. Analysarbetet innebar att vi rörde oss mellan delar och helheter i en ständigt pågående process.</p><p>Resultatet visar på flera olika aspekter som påverkar lärarna och vi valde att presentera dessa med innehållet i fokus framför individen av hänsyn till lärarnas integritet. Vi fann att personliga erfarenheter och egenskaper påverkade inställningen till förändringsarbetet och dess innehåll. Andra faktorer som synliggjordes var vikten av struktur för arbetet och möjligheter för reflektion. Planeringstidens betydelse och hur den organiseras och disponeras framkom och vi konstaterar att skolledningen har en viktigt roll i förändringsarbetet genom att leda och skapa struktur samt vara lyhörd för arbetslagets signaler.</p> / <p>Our interest for the study was an outcome from our mutual discussions about teachers every day work related to schools leadership and organisations. Therefore we found a developing project from traditional teaching to theme based team work teaching in an upper secondary school interesting for our study. The main purpose of our study was to examine and understand teachers experiances of the change from traditional teaching to theme based teaching. The purpose is also to be a part in the teachers’ team work evaluation.</p><p>The empirical approach was hermeneutic and the chosen method was action research. As method to collect the empirical material we used reflective interviews that gave us the opportunity to be flexible during the interviews. During the process we reflected over different parts that appeared and how they interact as a totality. When we looked for former research we found that Blossing (2000) establishes that school culture and head of schools are of great importance for the outcome of developing work.</p><p>From the result we can understand that there are several different factors that affect the teachers in a developing work. Their individual personalities and experiences affect their attitude towards the process of change and the containment of the same. The teachers need time for reflection and they find that they have not got enough time for planning the teaching in the theme based team work. Our conclusion is that the head of school has an important role in leading, creating structure and being attentive to the teachers needs.</p>

Sports fandoms can form a key site of identity formation, particularly as they gather and merge numerous threads of identity, including gender, socio-economic status, and civic affiliation. The connections formed between members of the fandom, the fandom and the team, and the fandom and the place in which it is grounded can be a strong force for social cohesion. This cohesion becomes particularly relevant during times of crisis, when some turn to sports as a unifier. However, these relationships can also be fraught with tensions, within the group and without. Forces such as nostalgia and the ‘othering’ of those outside the group become import methods in creating and sustaining these Andersonian “imaginary communities” of fans, mitigating difference. In examining this process of identity creation, two cities were chosen for their intense team attachments: Pittsburgh and Baltimore. Qualitative analysis of discourses surrounding the teams in these cities reveals the complex ways in which nostalgic fantasies about the team and its relationship to the city are created and maintained, hierarchies of space and time are formed, and the identity of the community is shaped by its relationship to team and city. Analysis of the sporting landscape, created through a complex network of material culture, media, and the repetition of certain fantasy themes, reveals how geography is complexly implicated in the production of sporting fandom. / text

Darbo objektas - trijų autorių – skirtingų kultūrų atstovų romanai, kuriuos jungia labirinto tematika. Labirinto tema šiuose romanuose yra pagrindinė kūrinio idėja, konstruojanti siužetą. Vienas iš šio darbo tikslų yra išsiaiškinti, kokias reikšmes slepia labirinto simbolika ir kokį poveikį pastarasis simbolis daro meno pasauliui. Kitas tikslas, susijęs su pasirinkta tyrimo metodologija, yra palyginti, kuo labirinto temos traktuotė yra panaši ir kuo skiriasi pasirinktuose kūriniuose. Darbe keliama hipotezė, kad labirinto simbolis glaudžiai susijęs su aptariamų autorių estetinėmis nuostatomis. Šią hipotezę įrodyti bus pagrindinis tyrėjo uždavinys. Darbo pabaigoje daromos išvados, kad labirinto simbolis išreiškia darbe analizuojamų autorių estetines pažiūras, artimas postmoderniai sampratai. Labirinto vaizdinio pagalba šie rašytojai kuria daugiaprasmį, atvirą tekstą, kuriame daug postmodernistiniam romanui būdingų bruožų: autoriaus mirtis, prasmės atsisakymas, proto ir logikos nuvertinimas, spontaniškumo, atsitiktinumo iškėlimas, ribos tarp tikrovės ir fikcijos išnykimas, fragmentiškumas, žaidimas su skaitytoju ir kt. / The object of this research is three novels written by authors belonging to three different cultures, namely “And Those Look out of Windows Be Dimmed“, by Lithuanian prosaist Saulius Tomas Kondrotas, “In the Labyrinth”, by French novelist Alain Robbe – Grillet and “The Name of the Rose", by Italian author Umberto Eco. All these novels are connected by the theme of labyrinth, which in all the three works is the main idea, making up the plot. These novels are familiar to the poetics of the “New Novel” and postmodern mindset. The main aim of this research, related to the chosen methodology, is to compare how the approach to the theme of labyrinth is similar and how it differs in all the three novels, enlisted above. This research tries to find out what meanings does the symbol of labyrinth hide in itself and what impact does it have to the World of Art. The hypothesis that the symbol of labyrinth is closely associated with the aesthetic views of these three authors is also raised. The main aim of the researcher is to prove this hypothesis. The conclusions of the research state, that previously mentioned symbol expresses discussed authors’ attitude to the world. With the help of the image of labyrinth, these authors create open text, having many meanings and traits of postmodern novel, namely the death of an author, the refusal of meaning, devaluation of reason and logic, elevation of spontaneity and coincidence, disappearance of the boundaries between fiction and reality... [to full text]

Karo metais moterų rašytų dienoraščių lietuvių literatūroje nėra daug. Jau nuo seno įprasta, kad vyrų kūriniams skiriama daugiau dėmesio, tačiau moteriškoji karo patirtis atskleidžiama tokių rašytojų kaip: Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė, Ana Frank, Marta Hillers, Julija Maceinienė. Žanrinėmis ypatybėmis dienoraštis yra panašus į autobiografiją, tačiau jame fiksuojami praėjusios dienos įvykiai, nesiekiama gręžtis į praeitį. Dienoraštis – tai datuoti užrašai, fiksuojantys dienos, savaitės ar kitokio laikotarpio atsiminimus, atskleidžiantis pasakojančio žmogaus jausmus, emocijas, išgyvenimus. Šio darbo objektas –pasakojančios moterys Anonimės, Gabrielės Petkevičaitės-Bitės, Anos Frank ir Julijos Maceinienės karo metais rašytuose dienoraščiuose. Dienoraštį, kaip žanrą yra nagrinėję šie literatūrologai: Daujotytė, Kubilius ir Glinskis. Darbos tikslas – remiantis semantine-strukturine analize išnagrinėti moters ir adresato santykį, moterų patirtį karo metais, karo „aukų“ vaizdavimą ir santykius su jais Anos Frank, Martos Hillers, Julijos Maceinienės ir Gabrielės Petkevičaitės Bitės dienoraščiuose. Pagal Phillipe Lejeune išskirtas dienoraščio funkcijas Anos Frank, Martos Hillers, Julijos Maceinienės ir Gabrielės Petkevičaitės-Bitės dienoraščiai atlieka išsakymo, aprašymo ir atsiminimų funkcijas, kurios karo metų dienoraščiuose yra susipinusios tarpusavyje. Dienoraščiuose pasakojančios moterys taikliai ir šališkai vertina karo padarinius Svarbu, kaip jos objektyviai sugeba perteikti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Department of History and Theory of Literature. There are only few diaries in Lithuanian literature written by women during war times. From the old times it was usual that the main attention is paid to the literature written by men, though women’s experience in war was revealed by such writers as Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė, Ana Frank, Marta Hillers, Julija Maceinė. The features of the genre reveal that diary is very similar to the autobiography, however in the diary are fixed the events of the previous day, and the writer is not intended to look into the past. Diary is the dated sketchbook, which fixates the memories of a day, week or other period of time, and they reveal the narrator’s feelings, emotions, and experience. In the war time diaries the link of history and documentation is very important, as it is full of historical testimony, descriptions of what happened, and the secondary attention is paid to the personal experience. The object of the present research is the story-telling women such as Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė, Julija Maceinienė, Marta Hillers and Ana Frank in war time diaries. The scientists that discussed the diary as a genre are Daujotytė, Kubilius, Glinskis. The aim of this research is to analyze woman’s and addressee’s relation, women’s experience during war, war “victim’s” image and relation with them in Ana Frank, Marta Hiller, Julija Maceinienė and Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė diaries by using semantic-structural analysis. According to Phillipe Lejeune... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to analyze Lithuanian existential sentences and their translations into English with the aim of evaluating the susceptibility of the two languages to the principle of functional sentence perspective (FSP), or the communicative principle. Existential processes inherently involve one participant – Existent - which is the most important information in a communicative situation describing existence. In producing existential sentences, existential verbs take one argument which performs the function of subject and appears in sentence final position as is determined by the priniple of FSP. In other words, the Predicate-Subject sequence at the syntactic level corresponds to the Theme-Rheme sequence at the communicative level. Languages vary with respect to the realization of existential meaning. The method chosen for the investigation of the selected sentences is content analysis. The research demonstrated that the Lithuanian existential sentences are structured in accordance with the pattern of the communicative principle. The corresponding English sentences did not always have Theme–Rheme sequence but in the majority of cases they reflected the communicative structure of the Lithuanian existential sentences. The communicative adequacy of the translation was effected with the help of particular syntactic and semantic transformations.Context also played an important role. It appears to be a powerful means of realization of FSP in English when the... [to full text] / Šiame darbe, remiantis vertimu iš lietuvių į anglų kalbą , nagrinėjama aktualiosios skaidos (AS) realizavimas lietuvių ir anglų kalboje. Nors AS žodžių tvarkos dėsnis yra aktualus visoms kalboms, skirtingos struktūros kalbose jo raiška skiriasi. Sintetinės kalbos, turinčios laisvą žodžių tvarką, turi galimybę paklusti AS dėsniui, tuo tarpu analitinės kalbos daugeliu atvejų vadovaujasi sakinio dalių gramatiniais santykiais, t.y. gramatiniu žodžių tvarkos dėsniu. Darbo tikslas - palyginti dviejų struktūriškai skirtingų kalbų aktualiąją sakinio skaidą ir atskleisti, kaip kalbos imlumas paklusti AS dėsniui lemia minties eigą vertimo metu. Tyrimo metodologinis pagrindas – sisteminė funkcinė teorija, nagrinėjanti sakinį kaip trijų pakopų visumą, apimančią sintaksinį, semantinį ir komunikacinį sakinio lygmenis. Semantinė sakinio struktūra – atspirties taškas tiriant sakinius, o sintaksinė atlieka tarpinį vaidmenį tarp semantinio ir komunikacinio sakinio lygmenų. Tyrimu, paremtu gretinamąja dviejų kalbų grožinės literatūros tekstų komunikacine analize, nustatyta, kad komunikacinė egzistencinio sakinio struktūra lietuvių kalboje sudaryta iš dviejų elementų. Pirmasis - žinoma informacija, Vietos aplinkybė, atliekanti pagrindinės temos funkciją. Ji yra pranešimo išeities taškas ir paprastai yra sakinio pradžioje. Antrasis - nauja arba aktuali informacija, Egzistentas, atliekantis pagrindinę remos funkciją, kuri paprastai užima sakinio pabaigos vietą. Tyrimas patvirtina... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The object of the research is the theme of moral values in the novels by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, John Barth and Vladimir Nabokov. The moral values as a phenomenon are shown very variously in the mentioned works. In one book it is easy to identify moral, its values and its problems and in other it is difficult to identify the moral values. The aim of the research is to analyze the theme of moral values in the novels of Francis Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby, John Barth The End of the Road and Vladimir Nabokov Lolita. The comparative aspect is used while analysing the novels. / Darbo tyrimo objektas – moralinių vertybių tema Francio Scotto Fitzgeraldo, Vladimiro Nabokovo, Johno Bartho romanuose. Moralinės vertybės romanuose gali būti autoriaus vaizduojamos ir skaitytojo suvokiamos labai įvairiai. Vienoje knygoje gali būti lengva įžvelgti moralę, jos vertybes ar problemas, o kitame kūrinyje jas identifikuoti sudėtingiau.Darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti moralinių vertybių temą Francio Scotto Fitzgeraldo, Johno Bartho ir Vladimiro Nabokovo romanuose.