The use of literature both in and outside the classroom is of the utmost importance and must be taken note of by language teachers. The National Curriculum Statement provides the guidelines for teachers to select texts themselves. This leads to teachers only selecting the well-known texts which results in learners only getting to know very few literary works. Older texts are the ideal option for text-selection for the teaching of literature in the classroom. They are still very relevant for classroom use and are considered to be necessary and an integral part of the study of literature. But the teaching of older literature is often neglected especially in the Afrikaans classroom. The Afrikaans literary tradition is still very young in comparison to other languages and consequently does not provide the same type of older texts that for instance English can provide in the form of Shakespeare for teaching purposes. An alternative would be to make use of Middle Dutch and nineteenth century Afrikaans texts. Although these texts aren’t always accessible for learners in the twenty-first century, this problem can be solved by writing a study guide for the purpose of studying older texts. This study guide is obviously meant for learners who can cope with the difficulty of the texts and is therefore meant for home language speakers in the grade 12 classroom. A study guide such as this must be written with a heterogeneous group in mind and should reflect the guidelines as contained in the National Curriculum Statement, especially with regard to the learning activities included in the study guide. To make the study guide user friendly it is better to present the older texts parallel with a translation. This will prevent readers from constantly having to search for footnotes at the bottom of the page. A parallel translation will also make the texts much more accessible. The purpose of the study guide is not to force learners to read Middle Dutch, but rather to expose them to older literature connected to Afrikaans. The teacher can use his own discretion to decide which of the older texts he/she wants to discuss or explore. Concerning the nineteenth century Afrikaans texts it is unnecessary to translate them. It is, however, important to provide sufficient background information in the case of both the Middle Dutch and the nineteenth century Afrikaans texts. By providing cultural history as background information the reader will be enabled to make better sense of the characters and the texts themselves. Readers should then be able to better understand the context in which the texts were produced. / Dissertation (MA (Afrikaans))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Afrikaans / MA / unrestricted

Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra en grupp pianolärare och en grupp musiklärarstudenters förståelse av individualisering. Forskningsfrågan behandlar synsätt och arbetssätt i en grupp yrkesverksamma lärare och en grupp lärarstudenter. Studien utgår från det sociokulturella perspektivet, då studien undersöker hur lärare planerar och organiserar lärande vid mötet med olika individer. Data samlas in genom två fokusgruppintervjuer med dessa två separata grupper som sedan analyseras. I resultatet presenteras deltagarnas synsätt och deras användning av undervisningslitteratur i individualiseringsarbetet. Resultatet visar att individualiseringsarbetet är något som kan motivera elevers lärande och arbetet kräver lärarkompetenser. Dock visar det sig att det finns vissa oklarheter gällande definitionen av individualiseringsarbetet. Det framgår också i resultatet att respektive grupper har olika kriterium för valet av undervisningslitteratur i arbetet med individualisering, och stödjande undervisningslitteratur kan ibland även utmana individualiseringsarbetet. I diskussionen behandlas och problematiseras resultatet ytterligare, i relation till tidigare presenterad forskning och litteratur. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the understanding of individualized teaching in a group of piano teachers at “Kulturskolan” and a group of piano teacher students. The research questions deal with the views and working methods of a group of professional teachers and a group of student teachers. The study is based in the socio-cultural perspective, as it examines how teachers plan and organize learning at the meeting with different individuals. Data is collected through two separate focus group interviews with these two groups which are then analyzed with thematic analysis. The results present the attitudes of the participants and their use of teaching literature in the individualization work. The result shows that the individualization work is something that can motivate students' learning and the work requires teacher skills. However, it turns out that there are some ambiguities regarding the definition of individualized teaching. It is also evident from the result that the respective groups have different criteria for the choice of teaching literature in the work of individualization and supporting teaching literature can sometimes also challenge the individualization work. In the discussion, the results are further discussed and problematized in relation to previously presented research and literature.

The first part of this thesis informs about the Bible in general, its origin, division, language and translations. Translations into the Czech language are looked at in greater detail as well as various adaptions that are at disposal of Czech high school teachers. One of the chapters discusses biblical phrases and shows the way they have infiltrated Czech culture. The Intertextuality and the Bible chapter looks at all the literary works that have their origins in the Bible. It also offers a text which may be used during literature classes. The second part of the thesis discusses school documents and text books as related to the Bible. After Czech general educational programs analysis, the thesis offers options on various ways of implementing some of the general educational programs targets during classes, both in Language and Communication or Man and Society educational area. There follows an analysis of three individual school educational programs, each of which addresses the Bible differently, works with it in a different grade and in different areas. Chapters concerning textbooks discuss what information and texts are made available to the students and evaluate these. The practical part of this thesis covers an analysis of a minor survey which was carried out among the fourth grade high school...

The first part of the thesis presents didactically transformed interpretation about Jan Neruda, his life and work, and about Povídky malostranské as a part of the complex. There is general information about the cycle of short stories. The process of creating of this work and also the themes are outlined here (distinctive features of Povídky malostranské), which could be used at school. Lessons can be focused on the characters, narrative style, or spacetime. In the following chapters there are the basic facts about Czech pubescent readers, the evaluation of structured interviews with primary school teachers about their experiences and the way how to work with Povídky malostranské there is summarized knowledge about the way how the authors handle the topic of Povídky malostranské of reading-books. The three model lessons based on the working with the texts (each lesson is focused on one of the distinctive features of this work) are the important part of this thesis. These lessons were taught at elementary school, therefore they are provided with the evaluation.

In this study, teaching is seen as a complex decision-making situation, where different factors that influence the teaching and learning process are interwoven and connected with each other. To describe and analyse the complexity of teaching literature in a foreign language instruction setting is the aim of the study. The study was conducted with one teacher participant and her group of 16–17 years old pupils in a Swedish upper secondary school, while they read a German youth novel. Data on the teacher decisions in the planning phase was collected by interviewing the teacher before the actual teaching of the novel and between lessons, while the implementation of the teacher decisions was observed during the lessons. In the interviews, four decision areas showed to be central to the teacher: teaching goals, choice of text, task formulation, and the role of freedom and control as central concepts of learner autonomy. In the analysis chapters, the decisions within these different areas are described, commented on, and contextualized within the teacher’s own teaching concepts, and within current research and theory on foreign language reading, learning, and teaching. Factors critical to the decision-making situation are identified. The findings of the study show that teaching literature employs a decision-making process of great complexity because of the subjective character of the reading process. The complexity of the process is increased by the fact that a foreign language was being taught. Even for an experienced teacher (as the teacher who was observed in the study is) teaching decisions are characterized by a complexity which her many years of teaching experience can only partly compensate for. The main goal for the teaching of the novel was formulated by the teacher as ‘reading pleasure’, a concept grounded on a previous teaching experience. Since the teacher saw tasks as an obstacle for a reading experience, the task formulation constituted a conflict for her. In the study, the structure of the conflict is described by investigating different understandings of the concepts ‘reading pleasure’ and ‘task’. A crucial question was raised: What was considered to be the most important activity of the lesson: the reading or the tasks? When the task is secondary to the reading, there is an opportunity for the learner to focus on the reading experience; an important condition for reading pleasure. When the task is considered to be the primary activity, the student’s focus is on solving the task, and the reading activity thus looses its importance when the task is fulfilled. The interpretation of teaching concepts like ‘task’ is therefore a crucial factor that influences the teacher’s decisions about the teaching. A second concept that is central to the teacher’s teaching activities is ‘learner autonomy’. Since it is a central concept in the Swedish school curriculum, learner autonomy is held in very high esteem, whilst teacher control is consequently held in very low esteem. The idealization of learner autonomy, along with insufficient explanation of its impact on the distribution of the responsibility for the learning process between teachers and pupils are seen as factors that lead to an increased complexity in the decision-making process about how to manage situations where pupils are not prepared to take on the responsibility that is given to them.

La profunda relación existente entre la música, el lenguaje y la literatura a través de la historia se ha manifestado en diversos niveles de interacción capaces de inspirar y justificar el diseño de intervenciones didácticas musicales para la educación literaria en Secundaria. La presente investigación propone la utilización de técnicas interdisciplinares músico-literarias como parte de un modelo didáctico de interpretación intertextual que contribuya a mejorar las competencias lingüísticas y literarias en el alumnado de Educación Secundaria. / The deep relationship between Music, Language and Literature through History has shown itself in various ways and at very different levels of interaction inspiring and making possible the design of didactic strategies using Music in order to teach literature in secondary education.This book presents a few ideas and practical examples of how an interdiciplinary approach can help to improve linguistic and literary skills in the classroom.

Detta är en studie om det går att använda vampyrer som inspirationskälla i undervisningen på högstadiet. Syftet är att besvara följande frågeställningar: Hur kan vampyrtemat motiveras och användas i klassrummet med skräcklitteratur som Dracula (1897) och Om jag kunde drömma (2005), som är första delen i Twilight serien, som utgångspunkt? Vilka modeller inom litteraturundervisning finns att tillämpa för vampyrtemat? För att besvara frågeställningarna har närläsning använts som metod. Resultatet visar att vampyren med all rätt kan användas som inspirationskälla i undervisningssyfte. Studien visar att man måste introducera skräcklitteratur med försiktighet och användandet av olika modeller är viktigt för att nå fram till samtliga elever. I studien presenteras valda modeller för läsundervisning som är applicerbara. Eftersom ämnet bjuder på många infallsvinklar torde man kunna fånga många elevers intresse och entusiasmera till fortsatt läsning. / This is a study on whether you can use vampires as a source of inspiration when teaching at upper secondary school level. Two questions form the basis for the study: How can the vampire theme be used in the classroom with horror literature as Dracula (1897) and Twilight (2005) as a foundation? Which models for teaching literature are available for the vampire theme? In order to answer the questions of the study close reading has been used as method. The result shows that the vampire by all means can be used as a source of inspiration for an   educational purpose. The study shows that you have to be cautious when you introduce   horror literature in class and the use of different models is important due to the fact that you want to reach all students. In the study a few selected models for teaching literature are presented that are applicable. Since the subject invites to a wide range of approaches one should be able to catch most of the student’s interest and inspire with enthusiasm.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'enseignement de la littérature française dans le système universitaire grec afin d’en dégager ses principales caractéristiques. Les départements de Français langue étrangère (FLE) des universités d'Athènes et de Thessaloniki seront les lieux de notre observation. Dans cette perspective, notre étude s’attachera à présenter l‘enseignement et l'apprentissage de la littérature en croisant les attentes et les conceptions des étudiants avec celles induites par les manuels mais aussi avec celles proposées par les professeurs et l‘institution universitaire. Toutefois, cette présentation ne pourra se faire sans une évocation préalable des environnements institutionnels et des programmes officiels de cette discipline parfois contestée voire en danger. A cette occasion, nous pourrons identifier le statut et la fonction de la littérature par rapport aux autres enseignements des départements FLE, puis mettre en lumière les objectifs et les méthodes d’enseignement de la littérature. Pour la réalisation de notre étude, nous mettrons en place des questionnaires auprès des étudiants et des entretiens auprès des professeurs afin d’identifier d’une part les représentations, les motivations et la nature des choix effectués en matière de textes et d’autre part les méthodologies adoptées. On s'interrogera enfin sur les évolutions possibles et souhaitables de cet enseignement de la littérature au sein des cursus de FLE dans les universités grecques. Des suggestions, des améliorations et des propositions didactiques seront faites afin de mieux atteindre les objectifs visés et de réduire l’échec. / This doctoral thesis aims to examine the teaching of French literature in the Greek university system in order to establish its main features. The departments of French as a foreign language (FLE) of the universities of Athens and Thessaloniki will be under observation.From this point of view, our study will attempt to present teaching and learning of the literature by crossing expectations and the concepts of the students with those induced by the handbooks as wells as those proposed by the professors and the university institution. However, this presentation could not be done without a preliminary evocation of the institutional environments and official programs of this discipline which sometimes contested or even in danger. From this scope, we will be able to identify the status and function of the literature compared to the other courses of the departments FLE and, then, to clarify the objectives and methods of teaching literature.For the realization of our study, we will distribute questionnaires to the students and interview the professors in order to identify, on the one hand, the representations, motivations and the nature of choices made in relation to texts and on the other hand, the adopted methodologies. Finally, this work will explore the possible and desirable evolutions in literature education within the courses of FLE in the Greek universities. Suggestions, identification of areas for improvement and didactic propositions will be made in order to attain the pursued goals and to reduce student failure. / Η παρούσα εργασία με αντικείμενο τη Διδακτική των Γλωσσών και των Πολιτισμών έχειστόχο να μελετήσει τη διδασκαλία της Γαλλικής Λογοτεχνίας στην ελληνική τριτοβάθμιαεκπαίδευση και να ανακαλύψει τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά της. Η έρευνα πραγματοποιήθηκεστηριζόμενη στην παρατήρηση των πρακτικών των τμημάτων «Γαλλικής Γλώσσας καιΛογοτεχνίας» της Αθήνας και της Θεσσαλονίκης. Αρχικά, περιγράφονται τα δύο Τμήματα, οοδηγός σπουδών τους καθώς και η θέση των λογοτεχνικών μαθημάτων, η χρησιμότητα τωνοποίων ορισμένες φορές αμφισβείται με αποτέλεσμα να βρίσκονται σε κίνδυνο. Βασισμένησε ερωτηματολόγια και συνεντεύξεις τα οποία πραγματοποιήθηκαν με τη συνεργασίαφοιτητών και καθηγητών, η έρευνα αυτή επιχειρεί να ανιχνεύσει τις αναπαραστάσεις καθώςκαι τη φύση των επιλογών σχετικά με τα κείμενα και τις προσεγγίσεις που υιοθετούνται γιατη διδασκαλία της λογοτεχνίας. Η παρούσα διατριβή διασταυρώνει τις προσδοκίες και τιςαντιλήψεις των φοιτητών με αυτές που προάγουν τα εγχειρίδια και προτείνουν οιπανεπιστημιακοί εκπαιδευτικοί. Τέλος, παρουσιάζει διδακτικές προτάσεις ικανές νασυνάδουν με τα ενδιαφέροντα των Ελλήνων φοιτητών και να ικανοποιούν τις ανάγκες τους.Έχοντας εκθέσει το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο και τους στόχους, προτείνεται η εισαγωγή θεατρικώνπρακτικών καθώς και τεχνικές δημιουργικής γραφής με σκοπό να μυηθούν οι φοιτητές σε μιαπιο διαδραστική και συνεργατική μάθηση.