Till följd av Covid-19 pandemin som bröt ut fick Malmö Universitet i mars 2020 förflytta merparten av utbildningar till att genomföras digitalt över Zoom. Universitetet, lärarna och studenterna var snabbt tvungna att anpassa sig till den nya situationen utan vidare förberedelser. Zoom blev snabbt det videokonferensverktyg som flera universitet kom att använda sig av vid övergången till digitala studier, vilket även Malmö universitet valde att använda sig av. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om studenterna på Teknik och Samhälle upplevde att deras motivation och engagemang påverkats sedan den digitala övergången. Detta utforskades genom frågeställningen: ”Hur påverkar Zoom studenters motivation och engagemang vid digital undervisning?”. Studien undersökte huruvida det fanns en koppling mellan hur studenterna upplevde Zooms användarvänlighet och användbarhet, deras studiemotivation samt engagemang i form av deltagande. Metoderna som användes för studien var observationer samt en enkätundersökning.   Slutsatserna av studien var att studenterna ansåg att Zoom var användarvänligt men inte lika användbart och att studenternas motivation och engagemang hade påverkats negativt. Slutligen indikerade även slutsatsen på att studiemotivation hade ett samband med användarvänlighet, användbarhet och engagemang. Men engagemang hade dock endast ett samband med motivation och användarvänlighet. / As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic Malmö University had to transfer most of their educations to be carried out digitally in March 2020. The university, teachers and students were quickly forced to adapt to the new situation without further preparation. Zoom quickly became the video conferencing tool that several universities came to use in the transition to digital studies, which Malmö University also chose to use. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the students at the faculty of Technology and Society felt that their motivation and engagement had been affected since the digital transition. This was explored through the research question: “How is the motivation and engagement of students affected when attending lectures through the digital tool Zoom?”. The study examined how students experienced Zoom's perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, their study motivation and finally their engagement in the form of participation. The methods used in the study were observations and a questionnaire survey. The conclusions of the study were that the students felt that Zoom was easy to use, but not as useful and that the students' motivation and engagement had been negatively affected. Finally, the conclusion also indicated that study motivation had a correlation with perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and engagement. But engagement only had a correlation with perceived ease of use and motivation.

Bakgrund och problemformulering: Skiftet till digitala banktjänster innebär ett annat arbetssätt att bibehålla förtroendet hos sina kunder då servicen blir mindre personlig. Förtroende och service är en viktig del hos kunderna samtidigt som det ställs nya krav gällande bekvämlighet och automatiserade självtjänster. Mot denna bakgrund är möjliga problem som kan uppstå en bristande säkerhet samt riskerna kring integriteten.   Syftet: Studiens syfte är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan kundernas förtroende och bankernas digitala banktjänster. Utöver detta vill forskarna få en förståelse för bankkunders förtroende för sin digitala bank.   Metod: Undersökningen bygger på kvantitativ metod i form av en enkätundersökning som sedan används för att genomföra en korrelationsanalys och regressionsanalys.  Teoretisk referensram: Technology Acceptance Model, Social Exchange Theory, Perceived Risk och Digitala Tillitsmodellen.  Empiri: Empirin har fyra olika fokusområden: kontrollfrågor, förtroende, digitala banktjänster samt risk och säkerhet. Dessa sammanställs och testas i en korrelationsanalys och regressionsanalys för att undersöka samband och testa hypoteser.   Slutsats: Resultatet visar att det föreligger ett positivt samband mellan digitala banktjänsters användbarhet och förtroende för digitala banktjänster samt att upplevd integritetsrisk har ett negativt samband med förtroendet. Trots att det kan finnas ett samband mellan digitala banktjänsternas användarvänlighet och förtroende finns inte tillräckligt med stöd för att bevisa detta. / Background and problem formulation: The shift to digital banking services means a different way of working to maintain the trust of its customers, this as the service has become less personal. Trust and service are valued highly for the customers, while new demands are being made regarding convenience and automated self-service. Against this background, possible problems that may arise are a lack of security and the risks surrounding integrity.  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there is a relationship between customers' trust and the banks' digital banking services. In addition to this, the researchers want to gain an understanding of bank customers' trust in their digital bank.  Method: The survey is based on a quantitative method in the form of a questionnaire which is then used to carry out a correlation and regression analysis.  Framework: Technology Acceptance Model, Social Exchange Theory, Perceived Risk and Digital Trust Model.  Empiricism: The empiricism has four different focus areas: control questions, trust, digital banking services and lastly risk as well as security. These are compiled and tested in a correlation and regression analysis to examine relationships by testing hypotheses.  Conclusions: The findings show that there is a positive relationship between the usability of digital banking services and trust in digital banking services, and that perceived integrity risk has a negative relationship with trust. Although there may be a link between the ease of use of digital banking services and trust, there is not enough support to prove this.

Introduktion En bra arbetsmiljö är av stor vikt för ett hälsosamt arbetsliv. Många människor drabbas av arbetsrelaterad ohälsa som kunde varit möjlig att förebygga om den uppmärksammats i tid. Att utifrån både nationella och internationella styrdokument arbeta för en hållbart arbetsliv med en hälsofrämjande arbetsmiljö är av hög folkhälsovetenskaplig relevans. Syfte I populationen anställda på statligt finansierade arbetsplatser undersöka attityder till användandet av ett digitalt verktyg för regelbunden avstämning av arbetsrelaterad ohälsa samt utformning av sådant verktyg. Undersöka om attityderna skiljer åt mellan åldersgrupper samt mellan arbetstagare som upplever hög eller låg arbetsrelaterad utmattning. Metod En enkätstudie som inkluderade 33 respondenter genomfördes i april 2022 där frågorna var av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ karaktär. Fishers exakta test användes för numerisk data och kvalitativ innehållsanalys för fritextsvar. Resultat Majoriteten hade positiv attityd till användandet av ett digitalt verktyg för regelbunden avstämning av arbetsrelaterad ohälsa. Ingen skillnad i attityd kunde identifieras mellan åldersgrupper eller grupper med olika nivå på arbetsrelaterad utmattning. Det framkom att det behövs rimliga krav på de anställda i arbetslivet och att ett digitalt verktyg skulle kunna bidra till att fånga tidiga tecken på ohälsa och vara ett hjälpmedel för det hälsofrämjande arbetet. Fysiska möten ansågs dock fortfarande viktiga. Slutsats Studien visar att statsfinansierade anställda generellt har en positiv attityd till ett digitalt verktyg som regelbundet stämmer av arbetsrelaterad ohälsa. Studien beskriver också tankar kring för- och nackdelar gällande utformning av ett sådant digitalt verktyg. Ett av önskemålen var tätare uppföljningar av hälsa och arbetsmiljö med ett digitalt verktyg. / Introduction A healthy work environment is important for a sustainable working life. Many people suffer from ill health connected to working life that could have been prevented if it had been noticed in time. Based on both national and international governing documents, working for a sustainable working life with a health-promoting workenvironment, is very relevant from a public health perspective. Aim In the population employed at government-funded workplaces, investigate attitudes to the use of a digital tool for regular reconciliation of work-related ill health and the design of such a tool. Investigate whether attitudes differ between age groups and between workers who experience high or low work-related exhaustion. Methods A survey study including 33 respondents was conducted in april 2022 where the questions were of both a qualitative and quantitative nature. Fischer’s Exact test was used for numerical data and qualitative content analysis for free-text answers. Results The majority had a positive attitude towards the use of a digital tool for regular reconciliation of work-related ill health. No difference in attitude could be identified between age groups or groups with different levels of work-related exhaustion. It emerged that reasonable demands are needed on employees in working life and that a digital toolcould help to capture early signs of ill health and be a tool for health promotion work. Physical meetings, however, were still considered important. Conclusion This study shows that government-funded employees generally have apositive attitude towards a digital tool that regularly checks work-related ill health. This study also describes pros and cons regarding the design of such a digital tool. One of the  wishes was closer follow-ups of health and working environment with a digital tool.

Abstract In recent years, the interest and development of artificial intelligence has been extensive, and society is in the middle of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Given the changes that have occurred, an interest to examine how this has affected the role of the controller arises, considering it is tasks as theirs that AI is now competing with. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand how AI is integrated into the role of the controller and how the surrounding environment influences AI-usage in this context. Hereby, the dynamic relationship between AI, practitioners, and the surrounding environment is considered by examining how technological advancements and human attitudes influence the use of AI.  The study was conducted with a qualitative approach, where eleven respondents were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. The two selection groups consisted of actors within ERP systems and controllers. The collected data was analyzed through coding, identifying the following main themes: development, business and economic consequences, tasks, competence and attitude. The analysis of the empirical data was based on an integration of existing research along with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the theory of professions. The impact of AI was not equally prominent for everyone; however, where it had influence, AI was used as an assistant, working together with the controller to fulfill tasks. Furthermore, an indication of a shift in competence requirements was observed, where technical competence gained increased significance. Additionally, users' knowledge and perception of AI-tools influenced their attitude, with a lack of understanding leading to fear, while deeper understanding and positive experiences promoted acceptance. Consequently, attitude indicated significance for actual AI-usage. However, barriers such as unclear regulations, ethical and social considerations, and technical limitations were identified, requiring reflection for successful integration of AI within the accounting industry. In summary, AI works as a complement to the controller, depending on user attitude and the influence of external factors, which may have a limiting effect. / Sammanfattning Under de senaste åren har intresset och utvecklingen av artificiell intelligens (AI) varit explosivartad och samhället befinner sig mitt i den fjärde industriella revolutionen. Med grund i den förändring som skett är det av intresse att studera hur detta fått effekt på rollen som controller, då det är uppgifter som deras som AI konkurrerar med. Syftet med studien är därför att förstå hur AI integreras med rollen som controller samt hur den omgivande miljön har inflytande på AI-användningen i denna kontext. Härigenom beaktas den dynamiska relationen mellan AI, yrkesutövare och den omgivande miljön genom att undersöka hur tekniska framsteg och mänskliga förhållningssätt har inflytande på AI- användningen.  Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ ansats där elva respondenter intervjuades i semistrukturerade intervjuer. De två urvalsgrupperna bestod av aktörer inom affärssystem och controllers. Insamlade data analyserades genom kodning där följande huvudteman identifierades: utveckling, affärsmässiga och ekonomiska konsekvenser, arbetsuppgifter, kompetens och inställning. Analysen av empirin baserades på en integrering av existerande forskning tillsammans med de teoretiska modellerna Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) och professionsteori. Av analysen framkom att effekten av AI inte är lika framträdande för alla respondenter, där den däremot fått inflytande nyttjas AI som en assistent vilken tillsammans med controllern kan fullfölja arbetsuppgifterna. Vidare kunde även en indikation på skiftning i kompetenskravet observeras där den tekniska kompetensen fått ökad vikt. Även användarnas kunskap och uppfattning om AI-verktyg har inflytande över inställningen, där bristande förståelse kan leda till rädsla, medan en djupare förståelse och positiv upplevelse kan främja acceptans. Inställningen indikerar därefter få betydelse för den faktiska AI-användningen. Däremot identifieras hinder som otydlig reglering, etiska och samhälleliga hänsynstaganden samt tekniska begränsningar, vilka kräver beaktning för en lyckad integration av AI inom redovisningsbranschen. Sammanfattningsvis fungerar AI som ett komplement åt controllern, dock beroende av användarens inställning samt influensen av externa faktorer vilka kan ha en begränsande effekt.

Internal marketing and internal communication are essential tools to align em-ployees’ mindsets with the necessary tasks which bring about employee satis-faction and organisational prosperity. Electronic newsletters serve as an internal marketing communication medium which can convey the necessary information to employees regarding the organisation’s goals and objectives. They also act as a medium to build relationships with employees and encourage improved service delivery and customer-oriented employee mindsets. Employees’ willingness to make use of electronic newsletters for the purpose of disseminating organisational information is an indication of employees’ acceptance of the organisational information and use thereof in performing organisational tasks successfully as the organisation intends. The purpose of the current study was to determine employees’ acceptance of electronic newsletters, as an internal marketing communication medium, in order to disseminate organisational information which contributes to the attainment of organisational goals, objectives and success. An empirical study was conducted to determine employees’ acceptance of elec-tronic newsletters by means of an adapted technology acceptance model, self-administered, e-mail survey disseminated to employees of a higher education institution. The study followed a quantitative research approach, utilising re-gression in the analysis of the data. Based on the research results, employees do accept the electronic newsletter for the dissemination of organisational information, albeit with suggestions on how it can be better utilised in future. / Business Management / M. Com (Business Management)

E-learning has become the new paradigm for modern teaching moreover, the technology allows to break the resurrection of time and place by enabling people to learn whenever and wherever they want. In information system research, learners' acceptance of e-learning can be predicted and explained using technology acceptance models. This research developed enhanced technology acceptance model to explain students' acceptance of learning management systems (LMSs) in Saudi Arabia. The research model aims to investigate the viability of TAM constructs in a nonwestern country. Moreover, due to the cultural impact of the Saudi Arabian culture towards genders, the research addresses the moderating effect of gender towards LMSs acceptance. The developed model variables identification focuses on two motivation aspects, extrinsic and intrinsic. The developed model consisted of ten variables in total, which can be categorised into three groups. First, the extrinsic variables consisting of information quality, functionality, accessibility, and user interface design. Second, the intrinsic variables are consisting of computer playfulness, enjoyment, and learning goal orientation. Third, the TAM variables consisting of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and behavioural intention. Moreover, to validate and examine the developed model, a questionnaire tool was developed for data collection. Furthermore, the data was collected from electronically from three universities over six weeks. The research findings supported the developed model. Additionally, the identified variables were good critical in predicting and explaining students' acceptance of LMSs. The research applied structural equation modelling for statistical analysis using IBM AMOS. The research results confirmed the applicability of the developed model to explain the Saudi students' acceptance of LMSs. The developed model explained high variance among the dependent variables outperforming the excising models. The research improved the explanatory power of the TAM model through the identified variables. Furthermore, the research results showed that the extrinsic variables were stronger predictors of students' perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and behavioural intention. In addition, the results showed that males and females perception towards the LMS was significantly different. The male students' acceptance towards LMSs was higher than females. Moreover, enjoyment was the stronger determinant of females' behavioural intention.

Security is becoming an increasingly important issue for business, and with it comes the need for appropriate authentication; consequently, it is becoming gradually more important to develop secure e-commerce systems. Fraud via the web, identity theft, and phishing are raising concerns for users and financial organisations. In addition, current authentication methods, like passwords, have many problems (e.g. some users write them down, they forget them, or they make them easy to hack). We can overcome these drawbacks by using biometric authentication systems. Biometric systems are being used for personal authentication in response to the rising issue of authentication and security. Biometrics provide much promise, in terms of preserving our identities without the inconvenience of carrying ID cards and/or remembering passwords. This research is important because the securing of e-commerce transactions is becoming increasingly important. Identity theft, hacking and viruses are growing threats to Internet users. As more people use the Internet, more identity theft cases are being reported. This could harm not only the users, but also the reputation of the organisations whose names are used in these illegal acts. For example, in the UK, online banking fraud doubled in 2008 compared to 2007. More users took to e-shopping and online banking, but failed to take necessary protection. For non-western cultures, the figures for web security, in 2008, illustrated that Saudi Arabia was ranked ninth worldwide for users who had been attacked over the web. The above statistics reflect the significance of information security with e-commerce systems. As with any new technology, user acceptance of the new technology is often hard to measure. In this thesis, a study of user acceptance of biometric authentication systems in e-transactions, such as online banking, within Saudi society was conducted. It examined whether Saudis are practically willing to accept this technology. This thesis focuses upon Saudi Arabia, which has developing economy. It has achieved a rapid rate of growth, and therefore makes an interesting and unique case study. From an economist's point of view, Saudi Arabia is the powerhouse of the Middle East. It has the leading regional economy, and, even though it is still relatively young. It has a young and rapid growing population; therefore, this makes Saudi Arabia an attractive potential market for all kinds of e-commerce applications. Having said that, with more than half of population under the age of 30 are more to be expected to take the risk of accepting new technology. For this work, 306 Saudi participants were involved in the experiments. A laboratory experiment was created that actively tested a biometric authentication system in combination with a survey. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was adopted in the first experimental phase as the theoretical basis on which to develop the iv research framework, the model has proven its efficiency as a good predictor for the biometric authentication system. Furthermore, in a second experimental phase, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) with moderating variables such as age, gender and education level was examined as a proposed conceptual framework to overcome the limitations of TAM. The aim of the study was to explore factors affecting users' acceptance of biometric authentication systems. The findings from Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis indicate that education level is a significant moderating factor, while gender and age do not record as significant. This thesis added new knowledge to this field and highlighted the importance of the perceptions of users regarding biometric security technologies. It helps determine the factors affecting the acceptance of biometric technology. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of this issue carried out by academic and non-biased researchers in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the thesis presents security technology companies and developers of information security products with information to help in the determination of what is significant to their user base when taking into account the introduction of new secure systems and products.

Augmented reality (AR) allows the enrichment of the physical world by adding virtual computer-generated digital information in real time to it (Furht, 2014). This provides marketers with previously unimagined options for reaching out and engaging with customers. Having the power to put the (virtual) products in the hand of customers, creates interesting opportunities for the users to engage with a brand, service or product (Yaoyuneyong et al., 2016). Although the AR market is expected to grow exponentially by the year 2020 (Digi-Capital, 2016) and several companies already tried to expand their business with the technology, little is known about whether AR is able to enrich the customers’ shopping behaviour and thus yield favourable outcomes such as increased product knowledge, positive attitudes and higher purchase intentions. This thesis quantitatively addresses the research gap with an experimental method to determine the causal effect of the IKEA AR application on these customer dimensions in comparison to a product experience on the website. Generation Y has been chosen as an appropriate sample to experimentally discover effects on shopping behaviour. Finally, the shopping-oriented AR application is perceived as highly enjoyable and useful, and further evoked higher purchase intentions than its website counterpart. Moreover, the attitude towards the product was not found to be a main driver, but the engaging experience and the conveyed unique product knowledge itself.

Problem: Due to the promises of retailer benefits, self-service technologies (SSTs) are becoming a common sight in the Swedish grocery retail setting. The mere installation of SSTs is yet not enough to make the consumer adopt them.  Purpose: By asking, “how is the consumer’s attitude towards technology affecting his/her acceptance of the grocery retail self-scanning system”, the purpose of this thesis is to explore the effect of the technology readiness theory on the technology acceptance model. Thus, practically investigate how and why some consumers accept, whereas other consumers reject SSTs.  Theory: The direct mediating effect of four consumer-specific technology adoption predictors: optimism, innovativeness, insecurity and discomfort, are investigated in relation to two system-specific technology adoption predictors: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Throughout the theoretical framework, and in combination with SST literature, eight hypotheses are constructed.  Method: A positivist research approach with a deductive reasoning is adopted. To answer the hypotheses, a quantitative method implemented through a survey strategy is chosen. Statistical testing of the 192 collected answers follows the quantitative data gathering.  Conclusion: The results show that multiple consumer-specific characteristics have a direct mediating effect on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Thus, the consumer’s attitude towards technology plays a significant role in the consumer’s propensity to accept SSTs, such as the grocery retail self- scanning system. This implies that retailers aiming at developing efficient and competitive self-service strategies should pro-actively consider the “techno-ready” consumer attributes. In particular: optimism and discomfort.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology allows for the scanning of RFID-tagged objects and individuals without line-of-sight requirements. Healthcare organizations use RFID to ensure the health and safety of patients and medical personnel and to uncover inefficiencies in operations. The successful implementation of a system incorporating RFID technologies requires acceptance and use of the technology. Nurses are a group of employees who must use RFID in hospitals throughout the United States. However, due to their being tracked by RFID technology, some of these nurses feel like "big brother" is watching them. This predictive study used a theoretical model that assessed the effect of five independent variables, namely, privacy concerns, attitudes, subjective norms, controllability, and self-efficacy, on a dependent variable, nurses' behavioral intention to use RFID. A total of 106 U.S. registered nurses answered a Web-based questionnaire containing previously validated and adapted questions that were answered through a five-point Likert scale. Two statistical methods, linear regression and multiple linear regression, were used to investigate the survey results. The results of the linear regression analysis showed that privacy concerns, attitudes, subjective norms, and self-efficacy were each a significant predictor of nurses' behavioral intention to use RFID. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that all the constructs together accounted for 60% of the variance in nurses' intention to use RFID. Of the five predictors in the model, attitudes provided the largest unique contribution when the other predictors in the model were held constant. Subject norms also provided a unique contribution. The other predictors in the model (privacy concerns, controllability, and self-efficacy) were not statistically significant and did not provide a significant unique contribution to nurses' behavioral intention to use RFID. The outcomes of this study constitute a significant original contribution to the body of knowledge in the area of information systems by enhancing understanding of the factors affecting RFID acceptance among nurses. The results of this research also provide hospitals and medical centers that require their nurses to use RFID technology with information that they can use to address barriers to their nurses' acceptance and use of RFID technology.