Bakgrund: Skolans värdegrund bygger på tanken om alla människors lika värde och skolan ska arbeta för att motverka maktstrukturer som exempelvis könsmönster och rasism. Under sin grundskoleutbildning får elever ta del av en stor mängd skönlitteratur, vilket delvis sker genom läroböcker. I skönlitterära texter förekommer det olika karaktärsbeskrivningar, miljöer och värden som kan bidra till att olika maktstrukturer skapas och förmedlas genom språket både implicit och explicit. Dessa maktstrukturer skapas inte enbart genom att olika identiteiskategorier som kön, klass, och etnicitet verkar enskilt, utan även genom att de samverkar med varandra. Då den statliga granskningen av läromedel upphörde på tidigt 1990-tal i samband med att skolan blev kommunal medförde detta att det inte längre finns någon garanti för att de läromedel som används är i enighet med skolans värdegrund. Detta gör att det blir av betydelse att granska läromedel. Tidigare forskning inom ämnet visar övergripande att skönlitterära texter i läromedel förmedlar normreproducerande konstruktioner av det manliga och kvinnliga könet samt att det manliga västerländska konstrueras som normen. Forskningen visar även övergripande att konstruktioner av klass, kön, och etnicitet samverkar och bidrar till att skapa maktstrukturer där det icke-västerländska positioneras i underläge mot det västerländska samt det kvinnliga positioneras i underläge mot det manliga. Syfte: Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att problematisera hur olika konstruktioner av kön, klass och etnicitet skapas och samverkar genom karaktärsbeskrivningar i läromedlet Zick Zack Läsrummet åk 4–6. Uppsatsens kompletterande syfte är att problematisera om och isåfall hur olika maktstrukturer konstrueras genom karaktärsbeskrivningarna. Metod: För att uppfylla syftet med studien och besvara frågeställningarna har en kvalitativ textanalys som är inspirerad av ett fåtal diskursanalytiska utgångspunkter tillämpats på skönlitterära texter från läromedlet Zick Zack Läsrummet åk 4–6. Resultat: Resultatet av vår undersökning visar att karaktärerna i läroböckerna till största del är normreproducerande. Undersökningen visar att kön, klass och etnicitet skapas och samverkar genom i huvudsak normreproducerande konstruktioner och därmed befäster maktstrukturer. Vår övergripande analys visar att maktstrukturerna "manligt överordnat kvinnligt", och "västerländskt överordnat icke-västerländskt" skapas genom karaktärsbeskrivningarna i de skönlitterära texterna.

Ce travail de recherche propose une intégration de la psychologie dans la sociologie. Un modèle théorique de la psychologie, qui interprète les comportements des acteurs sociaux et les relations sociales comme le produit des processus inconscients collectifs, a été utilisé afin d'étudier un phénomène sociale: le changement culturel face à la promulgation des lois. En particulier, le changement culturel survenu suite à la promulgation des lois en faveur des personnes ayant un handicap en Italie et en France a été étudié. Dans ce but, une procédure d'analyse textuelle afin d'étudier les phénomènes sociaux a été développée, testée et utilisée pour comprendre de quelle manière la promulgation des lois sur le handicap a produit un changement culturel au niveau national, de la formation universitaire et du marché du travail. Les résultats indiquent que la procédure développée offre un gain notable en terme de temps et de ressources, permettant de mettre en relation les catégories inconscientes avec les comportements des acteurs sociaux. Ils mettent aussi en évidence les différences entre l'actuelle représentation du handicap et celle du passée décrite en littérature. Les lois semblent, donc, activer un changement culturel produisant des pratiques innovantes qui s'associent à des formes de culture caractéristiques. En conclusion l'utilisation du concept d'inconscient social afin d'étudier les phénomènes sociaux semble permettre une meilleure compréhension des comportements des acteurs sociaux. / This research proposes integration between psychology and sociology. A psychological theoretical model conceiving behaviors and social relationships as the product of the social unconscious processes was used to study a social phenomenon: the cultural change produced by laws enactment. In particular, the cultural change occurred following the enactment of laws for people with disabilities was studied in Italy and in France. To this end, a text analysis procedure to study social phenomena was developed, tested and used to understand how the enactment of laws on disability produced a cultural change on a national scale, in university training and on the labour market. Results show that the analysis procedure produces a significant gain in terms of time and resources, allowing to connect the unconscious categories with social actors' behaviors. They also highlight the differences between the current representation of disability and that of the past described in literature. Therefore, the laws enactment seems to enable a cultural change producing innovative practices that are associated with peculiar forms of culture. In conclusion the use of the concept of social unconscious to study social phenomena, seems to facilitate the understanding of the actors' behaviors.

This paper presents an analysis on three German books that are written for stage 4 German learners at the Swedish high school. The analysis was made to find out how often Germany, Switzerland and Austria were presented in the books, as well as to find out with which Themes in the books they are associated with. The following Questions are in focus of this paper: -        What themes are being used to represent Germany, Switzerland, and Austria? -        What are the main themes in the schoolbooks? -        How do the Countries stand against one another?   The results show that the focus is mainly on Germany. The German history between 1945-1990 and German literature is frequently used when depicting Germany in schoolbooks for German class, stage 4, at the Swedish high school. Switzerland is presented through its four official languages German, French, Italian, and Romansh as well as goods such as clocks, chocolate, and cheese. Meanwhile is Austria mostly represented by famous people like Elfriede Jelinek or Lise Meitner. Lastly a comparation of the analyzed schoolbooks is presented. Some themes are recurring in all three books. At the same time, the books are differently structured and used different themes that were more or less relevant.   Key words Text analysis, German schoolbooks, representation of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, High School, Sweden

Use of spatial data has become an important aspect of data analysis. Use of location information can provide useful insight into the dataset. Advancement of sensor technologies and improved data connectivity have made it possible to the generation of large amounts of passively generated user location data. Apart from passively generated data from users, explicit effort has been made by commercial vendors to curate large amounts of location related data such as residential histories from a variety of sources such as credit records, litigation data, driving license records etc. Such spatial data, when linked with other datasets can provide useful insights. In this dissertation, we show that spatial information of data enables us to derive useful insights in domains of text analysis and epidemiology. We investigated primarily two types of data having spatial information - text data with location information and disease related data having residential address information. We show that in the case of text data, spatial information helps us find spatially informative topics. In the case of epidemiological data, we show residential information can be used to identify high risk spatial regions. There are instances where a primary analysis is not sufficient to establish a statistically robust conclusion. For instance, in domains such as epidemiology, where a finding is not considered to be relevant unless some statistical significance is established. We proposed techniques for significant tests which can be applied to text analysis, topic modelling, and disease mapping tasks in order to establish significance of the findings. / Computer and Information Science

The struggle for an equal society in terms of equal rights, opportunities, and obligations has long been fought in Sweden and has resulted in Sweden emerging as one of the world most equal societies according to UN rankings. This paper attempts to, with the knowledge of Sweden´s pre-eminence on the equality rankings, to examine why the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) remain a male-dominated workplace, despite decades of stated equality aims. There is thus a question left unanswered as to the nature of this apparent discrepancy. This paper aims to examine the nature of this discrepancy, what has been done to implement equality and what challenges lie ahead for the SAF on the issue of gender equality. Through a theoretical base primarily consisting of an institutional disposition this paper uses a qualitative text analysis study of the public material which is available regarding the SAF´s gender equality work, mainly the official appropriations documents for the SAF, as well as the annual reports from the SAF to the government. Gender and equality have been studied in the past in numerous political science journals both in the context of western armed forces in general and the SAF in particular. Remaining is a need for more research problematising the concept of gender equality within the armed forces and in its relationship to the government, which this paper attempts to explore. Indications indicate that the challenges the government and the SAF must face involve defining what they mean by equality as well as clarifying what the policy objectives are as there is a risk that the implementation of the policy will fall completely or partially if they remain abstract, unclear and/or contradictory.

The Swedish software industry is seeing explosive growth and Swedish colleges and universities play a crucial part in supplying industry professionals with relevant education. Studies show an existing gap between what software engineering (SE) education teaches students and what the software industry needs. This study looked specifically at what technologies Swedish SE education used in its syllabuses compared to what technologies were in demand by the Swedish software industry to determine if any knowledge gaps existed. Course syllabuses and job posts were collected and compared through text analysis, highlighting keywords associated with different technologies. The result showed that the Swedish SE education overall aligned with industry demands with some minor exceptions. Conclusions were that some improvements could be made to meet the demand of technologies such as C\#, TypeScript, Kubernetes, and Docker.

This licentiate thesis addresses what textbooks in the school subject Swedish specifically oriented to pupils in different vocational programmes at Swedish high school/ upper secondary schools (Gymnasiet) offer to their readers. The study uses qualitative textual analysis as its main approach as well as, to a certain extent, quantitative data from textbooks in the Blickpunkt series (Blickpunktserien). Since they are included in so called comprehensive teaching materials, Bra Svenska A and Bra Svenska B, certain aspects of these two books, primarily their selection of texts are also studied. My point of departure is that a given textbook presumes a certain type of reader – this is supported by Umberto Eco’s theory that an author always writes with a reader in mind, a model reader, and I pose the following question: What views on subject matter, literature and cognitive approach are conveyed by the textbooks and what does this tell us about their model readers? My interpretation is that there are both many similarities and many differencies between the various model readers presumed by the textbooks. The focus on future professional activities permeates all of the textbooks, but is somewhat less prominent in Blickpunkt bygg and Blickpunkt el, where, to a certain extent, the model reader is presumed to be working with topics which can be attributed to the Swedish subject matter area. In Blickpunkt barn och fritid, Blickpunkt fordon, Blickpunkt hotell och restaurang and Blickpunkt omvårdnad, the postulated reader is assumed to be uninterested in literature and is expected to work in a field only marginally related to the Swedish subject matter area. Instead the textbooks are organized on the basis of a general assumption regarding what know-how and qualifications are currently in demand on the labor market. Therefore we cannot say that they contain a genuine Swedish subject matter area. The formulation of the textbooks implies that a model reader is not expected to approach the texts with a critical mind in order to help him or her develop cognitive thinking and oral and written language skills.

The purpose of this essay has been to study the comprehensibility and the plainness of chapter 1 and 2 in “Läroplan, examensmål och gymnasiegemensamma ämnen för gymnasieskola 2011” that is one of the governing documents of Swedish upper secondary school. The Swedish government approved a national language policy in 2005 which involved an aim that the official Swedish language would be refined, easy and comprehensible. Plain language has since the eighties had a prominent place in Swedish research and science and is now a thought-out principle at almost every public authority. This essay has performed a linguistic text analysis, a plain language analysis, a plain language test and a critical discourse analysis on the two chapters from “Läroplan, examensmål och gymnasiegemensamma ämnen för gymnasieskola 2011” that is common for all upper secondary school programs. The chapters are not written in plain language and the comprehensibility of the document is low. There is no usage of a personal pronoun which makes the text harder to read, there are plenty of words that are hard to understand or old-fashioned. The usage of technical terms is also a problem due to the fact that no additional explanations to the terms are being offered. All citizens in Sweden need to be able to read and understand the governing documents of school at some time in their life and it is therefore very disturbing that the document is written in such a way that only a few can read and understand the text in full. This also renders the implementation more difficult and the consequence might be that we have an education that is not equivalent for all. The non-usage of plain language also makes it easier for the elite and more difficult for the non-elite which could help increase the social rifts and bring us back to a class society with huge rifts between classes. The usage of plain language increases democracy and the trust in public authorities; it would therefore have been desirable that the “Läroplan, examensmål och gymnasiegemensamma ämnen för gymnasiskola 2011” had been written in plain language.

On championing the villain, there is a naive quality that must be maintained even though the actor has rehearsed his tragic ending several times. There is a subtle difference between to charm and to seduce. The need for fame, glory, power, money, or other objects of affection drives antagonists so blindly that they ve no hope of regaining a consciousness about their actions. If and when they do become aware, they infrequently feel remorse. I captured the essence of the villain by exposing these lightless characters to the sun. On Monday, April 9th and Tuesday, April 17th, 2007, on the Gillespie stage in Daytona Beach, Florida, I performed a thirty-minute, one-act cabaret entitled The Dark Side of the Tune. By selecting pieces from the musical theatre genre to define and demonstrate the qualities of the stock character, the villain, I created a one-man show; a musical play, including an inciting incident, rising conflict, climax, and denouement, with only a few moments of my own dialogue to help handle the unique transitions for my own particular story. By analyzing the arc of major historical villains and comparing them to some of the current dark characters, I will discuss the progression of the villain s role within a production and the change from the clearly defined villain to modern misfits who are frequently far less scheming or obvious. My research includes analysis of the dark references within each piece s originating production, and how it has been integrated into the script for The Dark Side of the Tune and a breakdown of my cabaret s script (Appendix A). I explore actors tools, specifically voice, movement, and characterization, and their use in creating villainous characters. I also discuss similarities in story progression for the deviant s beginning, middle, and final positions within the plot structure of a production.

The purpose of this thesis is to find and categorize differences in the language used inonline reviews by early adopters. By filling this gap in knowledge, marketers can betterunderstand the nature of an online review, be it derived from professional or amateurearly adopters. These categorizations aim to pinpoint differences between professionalsand amateur reviewers who are considered to be early adopters of technology. Publiclyavailable third-party data was analysed using a descriptive text analysis tool, LIWC(Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count). The results regarding the professionals are highly conclusive seeing the uniformity of thepopulation. They compose long format, highly analytic, unpartisan reviews which canbe perceived as inauthentic due to the formality of the text and lack of personal opinions.With these traits, professional online reviews are subjected to the risk of alienating theiraudience, thus losing their influence over the potential adopters. The amateurs were not as uniform as the professionals. However, there are cleartendencies of shorter formats, personal experience-based writing which comes off as moreauthentic compared to the professionals. Within the population of amateurs, one canclearly distinguish that satisfied amateur reviewers’ write shorter reviews but morefrequently, compared to dissatisfied amateur reviewers who write longer format, but notas frequently. Due to the clear and statistically supported differences between the two populations, theyare easily distinguishable from each other. This also shows in their motives to post onlinereviews. Where professionals are financially incentivised, amateurs find their motivationin intrinsic motivators such as altruistic, egotistic, and other self-fulfilling motivators. These distinct differences enable marketers to allocate their efforts towards eitherprofessionals or amateur reviewers in order to achieve the desired market effect. To reacha customer on an emotional level, they should promote amateur reviews. But in order todisplay unadulterated facts and figures, they should promote professional reviews.