Despite teachers already using Information and Communications Technology as a tool in their English teaching, the corona pandemic and the subsequent transition to online teaching presented teachers with the challenge of using ICT for all of their teaching. Teaching a language which is not the students’ mother tongue makes online teaching an even greater challenge. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to increase the knowledge surrounding the use of ICT in online English teaching in an effort to support teachers in the future. The experiences of ten English teachers were obtained through the use of semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis revealed a mixture of positive and negative experiences from the teachers, in terms of personal feelings, the actual process of online teaching and professional competence. The need for extra support for teachers in various areas of online teaching is discussed. Further research is needed to provide more detailed information in order to learn how teachers can be better supported in their role as an online educator, or in the use of ICT in a physical classroom.

This study seeks to examine whether the Corona pandemic has potential to serve as a focusing event for the problem of insufficient governmental action on climate change mitigation. The study is built on the Multiple Streams Framework by John W. Kingdon, with a main focus on the focusing event theory. According to this, focusing events can come in three forms: as crises and disasters, personal experiences of policymakers, and as symbols. Kingdon’s theoretical discussions, alongside my own developments of his work, provides the basis for a set of analytical questions through which the answer to the research question is provided. The analysis reveals that while the pandemic indeed can be considered a crisis or disaster and personal experiences of policymakers, establishing whether these could focus attention to the specific problem of insufficient governmental action on climate change mitigation requires further research, as the perceived cause of the crisis or disaster and personal experience must be established. However, the paper finds that the pandemic indeed has potential to serve as a symbol for the specific insufficient governmental action, for instance by stressing that deforestation increases the risk of zoonotic outbreaks, such as the Corona pandemic.

Stresshantering genom emotionellt närmande tros kunna sänka upplevd stress. Studiens syfte var att undersöka om emotionellt närmande kan bidra till minskad generell och coronarelaterad stress samt relevanta bakgrundsvariablers relation till emotionellt närmande bland högskolestudenter. Nittionio studenter, varav 82 kvinnor, deltog i en webbenkät. Indexerade variabler var Perceived Stress Scale 10, Coping Through Emotional Approach Scale, Brief COPE och ett egenkonstruerat index för coronarelaterad stress. Ålder, positiv omtolkning och coronarelaterad stress predicerade generell stress. Hög användning av emotionellt närmande bidrog inte till minskad generell eller coronarelaterad stress. Deltagarna som hade pågående behandling för sin psykiska hälsa använde mer emotionellt närmande än deltagare som har eller inte har gått i behandling. Slutsatserna drogs att emotionellt närmande inte verkar ha någon tydlig koppling till stress samt att högre användning av emotionellt närmande bland de som hade pågående behandling tros återspegla ett större behov av att bearbeta och uttrycka emotioner.

During the previous two years, due to the current coronapandemic and constraints, the workplace for students drastically changed over a night. Teaching that in the term of “normal” was usually given and examined in the university now had the new reality of being exclusively provided and tested in digital forms. Previous research presents that distance learning has shown both positive and negative effects on the students effectiveness and productivity. The purpose of the study is to account for how productivity (doing things the right way) and effectiveness (doing the right things) are affected when learning takes place at a distance. In addition, the study aims to identify and clarify which factors have had an impact on the students' productivity and effectiveness in distance learning. Based on the purpose, two research questions have been formulated: “How do distance learning affect students’ productivity and effectiveness?” and “What factors have had an impact on student´s productivity and effectiveness in distance learning?”. Distance learning is defined as a system whereas material that is essential for learning and achieving goals is provided to the student through technical communication due to the difference in location of the student and the teacher. Empirical data was collected through two different surveys that were given to two different selections that consisted of students at Linnaeus university. Both of the survey’s were formed and developed based on the theoretical framework and then the variables were analyzed by using a bivariate and univariate analyzing method. The results of the study shows that the effectiveness of those who have studied at a distance seems to be better than for those who have studied on campus. However, the productivity issue needs further research to be able conduct a clear result since no correlations could be detected in this research. Finally, the study concludes that it is difficult to establish which factors have had a decisive impact on the students' distance learning, but that all factors that have been identified have affected them in some way, either positively or negatively, but to varying degrees. The factors that have had the greatest impact on students are personal characteristics, suitable space in the home, social support, ICT and communication.

When the Corona pandemic left its mark on Swedish society in the spring of 2020, the Swedish Public Health Agency began to introduce general advice and recommendations to avoid risky behaviours and thus reduce the spread of infection. Not least established media work to ensure that the public is kept up to date on risks related to the corona pandemic, but there is concern about influencers' attitudes to these risks on social media. This is because of their influence on their followers. The purpose of this study was to investigate how young females experience the reliability of different sources about risks related to the corona pandemic, and how they experience that influencers relate to the risks on social media and whether this has an impact on their own understanding of and behavior in relation to the risks. This with the help of the theories two-step hypothesis and risk culture, as well as qualitative semi-structured interviews with six young women between 18-25. The results show that the respondents see influencers on social media as role models but turn primarily to the Swedish Public Health Agency and established news media for reliable information about risks related to the corona pandemic - rather than to influencers. Respondents agree that influencers generally send misleading signals about the risks on social media. But despite primary trust in the public health authority's and established media, influencers have to some extent an impact on respondents' understanding of and behavior in relation to risks. Influencers' undesirable behavior in relation to the risks makes it more difficult for the respondents to determine whether the Public Health Agency's advice and recommendations apply and contributes to the respondents being more natural to behave in a similar, undesirable way.

The ongoing Covid- 19 pandemic has globally affected aspects such as health, economy and welfare all around the world. The demand for effective communication is to a very high degree a priority from the leading actors in society, such as the media, government and authorities, in order to respond to the spread of infection. The purpose of this bachelor’s essay is therefore, to study how countries like Sweden and Denmark communicate the crisis of Covid- 19, based on Arjen Boins theoretical framework of meaning-making. The frame functions consist of the following: explaining what happened, offering guidance, instilling hope, showing empathy and state responsibility. Meaning making is an important function in crisis communication to reduce political and public uncertainty through crisis communication by the political leaders in crisis management. The political leaders seeks to convince the general public by formulating a convincing message.  The design of this essay is comparative, where the methods consist of a qualitative approach through the use of text analysis. Prime ministers and state epidemiologists will be analyzed on the basis of their participation in press releases. The time period was selected between march-may 2020. The reason for the selected time period is based on the first wave of the virus.  The conclusion of this essay was that there were many similarities and differences in the countries application of meaning making. The noticeable similarities was that both countries have similar characteristics in their communication by helping the nations make sense of the crisis situation. Both countries provide the nation with guidelines which includes, social distancing, good hand hygiene and participation restrictions. However, it differs in how they communicate it. Sweden communicates the providing of guidelines through the assessment of the public health authority, which relies on the responsibility of the individual. Denmark, on the other hand, communicates the guidelines by the Prime Minister deciding on mandatory restrictions, through a total shutdown on society. Furthermore, communication differs on state responsibility, where Sweden used a different strategy which was intended to slow down the spread of infection by not shutting down society. Denmark communicated state responsibility by saying that strict measures are necessary in such types of situations, which allowed for the restriction of civil liberties and rights. The use of empathy and instilling hope were less salient, but both countries did use the strategy by informing that they will beat the spread of the virus together.

This study aims to describe President Donald J. Trump’s emergency communication onTwitter in relation to two cases of emergency: The Corona pandemic and the alleged voterfraud in the presidential election of 2020. By applying two different sets of theoreticalperspectives, one ideological and one rationalistic, to the president’s emergencycommunication, the study also aims to find ways to understand what kind of motivation laysbehind the president’s communication. The studies research questions are as follows: 1. Howdoes President Trump communicate on Twitter in relation to the two cases of emergency? 2.How can Trump’s emergency communication be understood from an ideological perspective?3. How can Trump’s emergency communication be understood from a rationalisticperspective?The study is based on an abductive approach but grounded in Rubenstein’s (2015) definitionof the emergency claim and emergency politics. A qualitative content analysis was applied tothe president’s Twitter communication in relation to the two cases of emergency. 10% of thetweets that related to four search terms (covid, coronavirus, voter fraud and election) wasanalyzed to search for patterns of meaning in relationship to the two theoretical perspectives.The study finds that President Trump’s emergency communication can be described asvarying between the cases but ultimately be seen as a consequence of the president’s relationto the emergency. By applying the two theoretical perspectives on the two cases the study alsofinds that the best way to understand President Trump’s emergency communication is asmotivated by rationalism but grounded in arguments that refer to the American version of theconservative ideology.

Coronapandemin är en pågående kris där de ekonomiska effekterna och inblandade faktorer för företag inte är helt klarlagda ännu. Teoretiska resonemang har förts kring om några av de effekter som sågs vid finanskrisen 2008–2009 (såsom förändrade revisionsarvoden) också kommer att ske till följd av coronapandemin. Studien syfte är att förklara om och isåfall hur coronapandemin påverkat noterade företags revisionsarvoden. Denna kvantitativa studie har utgått från deduktiv ansats för att pröva hypotes utifrån vetenskaplig teori. Datainsamling har gjorts från årsredovisningar från 187 företag på Stockholmsbörsen och Pearson r och OLS-regression har använts för att undersöka eventuella samband. Denna studie visar att coronapandemin har påverkat revisionsarvodet för svenska noterade bolag och att bidragande faktorer är storlek, komplexitet ochkonsultation.

Kommersiella fastigheter har länge setts som en realvärde säker tillgång för placeringar men det är också en bransch som har skakats om av flera finans- och fastighetskriser. Eftersom fastighetsbranschen är en kapitalintensiv bransch och upptar en stor del av bankernas omslutning påverkar sektorerna varandra i hög grad och en kris i den ena sektorn spiller lätt över på den andra. Under de två senaste åren har coronapandemin drabbat världen och människors rörelsemönster och sociala kontakter har begränsats. Pandemin har uppenbarligen haft negativa konsekvenser på människors liv och hälsa men även delvis på den ekonomiska utvecklingen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka coronapandemins effekter på kommersiella fastighetsbolag samt utreda likheter och skillnader från finanskrisen 2008. För att möjliggöra detta undersöks vidare relationen mellan banker och fastighetsbolag och båda sektorernas perspektiv lyfts in för att svara på arbetets frågeställningar. Undersökningen baseras på intervjuer med 6 representanter från banker och 8 respondenter från kommersiella fastighetsbolag. Dessa intervjuer visar att coronapandemin inte har haft en större påverkan på de kommersiella fastighetsbolagen och således inte heller på bankerna. Pandemin har snarare accelererat vissa trender som fastighetsbranschen redan var på väg emot och pandemin kan inte ses som en finansiell kris. Vidare framkom inga direkta likheter med finanskrisen 2008, skillnader finns det däremot gott om, finanskrisen ledde till kapitalförluster för bankerna och fastighetsbolagen saknade likviditet. / Commercial properties have long been seen as a real value secure asset for investments, but it is also an industry that has been shaken by several financial- and real estate crises. As the real estate industry is a capital- intensive industry and takes up a large part of the banks' balance sheets, the sectors are highly interdependent and a crisis in one sector easily spills over to the other. Over the past two years, the corona pandemic has affected the world and peoples movement patterns and social contact have been restricted. The pandemic has clearly had a negative impact on human lives and health, but also partly on economic development. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the corona pandemic on commercial real estate companies and to investigate similarities and differences from the 2008 financial crisis. To enable this, the relationship between banks and real estate companies is further investigated and both sector’s perspectives are highlighted to answer the research question. The survey is based on interviews with 6 representatives from banks and 8 representatives från real estate companies. These interviews express that the corona pandemic has not had a major impact on commercial real estate and thus on banks. Rather, the pandemic has accelerated certain trends that the real estate industry was already facing and the pandemic can not be seen as a financial crisis. Furthermore, there were no direct similarities with the 2008 financial crisis, but there are plenty of differences: the financial crisis led to capital losses for the banks and a lack of liquidity for the real estate companies.

Coronapandemin har medfört strikta regler om social distansering och isolering i ett försök att minska spridningen av COVID-19. Individer ombeds att arbeta hemifrån och inte träffa närstående. Forskning visar att individer upplever ensamhet som mest när den är ofrivillig, förutsättningar som den rådande pandemin har skapat. Syftet är därför att undersöka hur individer upplever samt hanterar ensamhet under pandemin. Studien bygger på ett bekvämlighetsurval där de tio deltagarnas intervjuer har analyserats med en induktiv tematisk analys. I analysen identifierades åtta teman; ​egenskaper​, ​vikten av att ta sitt ansvar,​ ​ensamhet som ett mentalt tillstånd​, ​distraktioner​, ​saknad av det gamla livet,​ ​oväntad personlig utveckling​, ​färre sociala utbyten samt ​ökad kvalité av befintliga relationer.​ Resultatet visar att påtvingade förändringar i det sociala livet som skapar flertalet ofrivilligt ensamma stunder påverkar deltagarna mest negativt. Samtliga deltagare menade att ensamhet är ett mentalt tillstånd som kräver distraktioner för att känslorna inte ska bli för påfrestande för psyket. Distraktionerna inkluderade både självständiga och sociala aktiviteter, något som stämmer överens med befintlig forskning om copingstrategier vid kronisk ensamhet. Deltagarna upplever sig dock inte som kroniskt ensamma på grund av pandemin, även om antalet ofrivilligt ensamma stunder har ökat, samt menar att social isolering bara är en av pandemins många aspekter. Slutsatsen är att det inte enbart är ensamhet som leder till att individer kan må dåligt under en världspandemi samt att framtida forskning bör fokusera på hur friska unga och vuxna påverkas av perioder av isolering då fältet domineras av geriatriska studier. / The corona pandemic has led to strict rules regarding social distancing and isolation in an attempt to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Individuals are asked to work from home and not see their close ones. Research shows that individuals experience loneliness the most when it’s involuntary, conditions that the prevailing pandemic has created. The purpose is therefore to investigate how individuals experience and deal with loneliness during the pandemic. The study is based on a convenience sample where the ten participants' interviews have been analyzed with an inductive thematic analysis. In the analysis eight themes were identified; ​characteristics, the importance of taking responsibility, loneliness as a mental state, distractions, missing the old life, unexpected personal growth, fewer socialexchangesa​ndbetterqualityofexistingrelationships.​Theresultsshowthat forced changes in the social life that create a lot of involuntarily lonely moments affect the participants most negatively. All participants also defined loneliness as a mental state that requires distractions so the emotions do not become too stressful for the psyche. The distractions included both independent and social activities, which is consistent with existing research on coping strategies for chronic loneliness. However, the participants do not feel chronically lonely due to the pandemic, even though the amount of involuntary lonely moments has increased, and believe that social isolation is just one of the many aspects of the pandemic. The conclusion is that it’s not only loneliness that leads to individuals feeling unwell during a world pandemic and that future research should focus on how healthy young people and adults are affected by periods of isolation since the field is dominated by geriatric studies.