The study of health disparities and the social determinants of health has resulted in the call for public health researchers to investigate the mid- and upstream factors that influence the incidence of chronic diseases (Adler & Rehkopf, 2008; Berkman, 2009; Braveman P. , 2006; Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014; Krieger, 2011; Rose, 1985). Social ecological models (SEMs) provide important conceptual tools to inform this research and practice (Krieger, 2011; Golden & Earp, 2012; Story, Kaphingst, Robinson O'Brien, & Glanz, 2008; Glanz, Rimer, & Lewis, 2002). These models can help us look at the social and physical environments in rural Arizona communities and consider how health policies and environmental interventions address mediating factors, such as disparities in access to fresh food, that contribute to ill health in marginalized, rural, populations. Rural residents are at greater risk for obesity than their urban counterparts (Jackson, Doescher, Jerant, & Hart, 2006; Story, Kaphingst, Robinson O'Brien, & Glanz, 2008). And while human life expectancy has steadily increased over the past thousand years, current projections indicate that the rise in obesity-related illnesses will soon result in its decline (Olshansky, et al., 2005). One reason for this decline, may be the reduced availability of healthy food – an important predictor of positive health outcomes including reduced obesity and chronic disease - in many parts of the United States (Brownson, Haire-Joshu, & Luke, 2006; Ahen, Brown, & Dukas, 2011; Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014; Braveman, Egerter, & Williams, 2011). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines food deserts as geographic areas in which there is limited access to grocery stores and whose populations have a high rate of poverty. In Arizona, 24% of the rural census tracts are considered food deserts; compared to an average of eight percent of rural census tracts across the nation (United States Department of Agriculture, 2013). Food deserts are one example of the upstream factors influencing the health of rural populations. Local health departments have been encouraged through the National Association for City and County Health Officials (NACCHO) and through the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) to conduct community health assessments (CHAs) in order to identify unique contexts and community resources, health disparities, and the social determinants of health as well as potential areas for advocacy, policy change, environmental interventions, and health promotion interventions. Public health challenges like chronic diseases, which have multiple causes, can be explored in-depth through CHAs. CHAs often contain recommendations for action and/or are followed by community health improvement plans (CHIPs) which help local health departments prioritize resources and set measurable goals. In Florence, AZ recommendations made in a CHA are being acted upon by a non-profit agency, the Future Forward Foundation (3F). This investigation explores two interrelated issues regarding the use of CHAs and CHIPs as practical tools to set public health priorities. First, what makes a CHA useful to rural public health practitioners? What methods of conducting a CHA and subsequently analyzing the data results in actionable policy recommendations and/or environmental level interventions? Second, to what extent can public health agencies engage nontraditional partners to work in partnership to address the social determinants of health? As an example, I will look at the impact of a volunteer-based non-profit agency, located in a rural food desert on improving the social and physical nutrition environment as recommended by a local CHA. This inquiry will provide insights to public health practitioners seeking to identify and implement policy and environmental change addressing complex, multi-causal, public health issues, and provide insights regarding engaging nontraditional partners who may not self-identify as public health agencies.

<div>Biosolids-based fertilizers are sold to the public to provide beneficial nutrients and organic matter for plant production. They are commonly applied to community gardens, municipal lands, reclamation projects, and golf courses. These fertilizers, however, may also contain a variety of trace organic contaminants, which can be persistent in the environment. Our work sought to quantify the persistence of biosolids contaminants in community garden soils. The commercial biosolids-based fertilizer, OCEANGRO®, was amended to two community garden soils to determine the first-order half-lives of four model contaminants: carbamazepine, miconazole, triclocarban, and triclosan. The criteria for their selection included biosolids occurrence, ecotoxicity, antimicrobial function, and knowledge gaps. Aerobic biosolids-amended soil microcosms were incubated at 22 ± 1 °C and approximately 80% field capacity. Sacrificial sampling occurred seven times over 180 days through multi-step solvent extractions. Detection and quantification were done on a high-performance liquid chromatograph tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Results indicated that biosolids contaminants persist in soils with some having modeled half-lives in the hundreds of days. Additional analyses of solvent-spiked contaminant degradation and porewater desorption were performed to provide greater insight into possible limitations on resident biosolids contaminant degradation and to form a better comparative basis to previous literature. Solvent-spiked contaminants degraded more quickly than those resident within biosolids, which indicate that data using the former may underestimate persistence in real-world environments. The porewater analysis allowed for the desorption coefficient to be calculated for all four model resident contaminants. Disparities in the trends of these desorption coefficients and solvent-spiked degradation rates showed that desorption from the biosolids matrix may have been a limiting factor to resident degradation for only some of our four model contaminants. Nonetheless, the demonstrated persistence of these contaminants necessitates long-term thinking in relation to biosolids application. More work is needed on the potential hazards associated with biosolids use in public lands regarding ecotoxicity and antimicrobial resistance.</div>

Invasive species are an increasing problem worldwide, threatening indigenous communities and species. In a world where people travel and trade a lot in a global market, many organisms are transported to new parts of the world where they have never existed before. Most do not survive in the new environment but die, but some thrive and thrive. When such species are established and multiply in places outside their natural range, it can be followed by negative consequences for species that have existed there for a long time - so-called indigenous species. Then the new species are often called alien invasive species. An example of this is the beautiful and colourful plant flower lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus)that people on their travels brought with them from North America, among other things, Europe. Global warming and increased trade between countries is the main reason why foreign species are introduced to new ecosystems while climate change means that habitats can change to become more suitable for an invasive alien species. The invasive species currently causes major economic losses worldwide. Lupins, park slides, and giant sheds are examples of invasive plants that have been introduced in European gardens because they are beautiful and easy to care for. They are also invasive, spread aggressively and are detrimental to our nature because they penetrate our native species. To stop these invasive plants and from damaging Europe's nature, the EU countries have decided to take action against certain species. On January 1, 2015, the EU adopted a regulation on invasive alien species and how to combat it within the Union. On February 5, 2016, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency submitted the Authority's proposal to the Swedish Government on new rules and measures on how to stop invasive harmful species. Already today, great resources are being devoted to combating invading plants such in our nature reserves. However, an early preventive or direct targeted intervention is much more cost effective than a continuous control of unwanted, invasive species with well-established populations. In order to succeed in this, we need an increased awareness of the problem of alien, invasive species among the public and decision makers, but also a sharp global analysis. Only with knowledge and continuous monitoring can we put in early action against future, aggressive invaders.

Blomsterlupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) är en välkänd invasiv växt i Sverige som frekvent växer i vägkanter. På grund av dess egenskaper, som konkurrensförmåga och kvävefixering, kan den ha negativa effekter på biodiversiteten vid vägkanter, vilket är habitat som utgör en tillflykt för många inhemska ängsväxter. Trots skötsel av vägkanter är blomsterlupin vanlig längs vägar av olika storlekar. Detta arbete undersöker om det finns skillnader i artens fördelning, täthet och storlek mellan asfaltsvägar och grusvägar. Eftersom asfaltsvägarnas vägkanter sannolikt utsätts för en mer intensiv skötsel, var mina hypoteser att grusvägar hade fler plantor per m2 inom populationerna och att en högre andel av deras vägkanter täcktes av lupin jämfört med asfaltsvägar. Femton lämpliga sträckor av vardera vägtyp var slumpmässigt utvalda och deras lupinpopulationer mättes. Mätningarna inkluderade populationsarea, antal plantor, plantstorlekar, det minsta avståndet mellan plantor och väg, samt vägkantsbredd. Efter analysen av datan med hjälp av Chi2-test och t-tester hittades enbart ett fåtal signifikanta skillnader mellan vägtyper. Det fanns en tendens att blomsterlupin förekommer längs fler asfaltssträckor jämfört med grusvägar men grusvägar hade en högre täthet inom populationer, täckning av kanterna, större populationer och större genomsnittlig plantstorlek. En signifikant skillnad var att plantor växte längre från vägen längs asfaltsvägar jämfört med grusvägar, vilket kan indikera att plantor som undkommer röjningen kan bevara populationerna längs asfaltsvägar. / Garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) is a well-known invasive plant in Sweden that frequently inhabits road verges. Because of its traits, such as competitive ability and nitrogen-fixation, it may have negative effects on biodiversity of road verges, which are habitats that represent a refuge for many native meadow plant species. Despite management of roadsides, Garden lupine is common along roads of different sizes. The present work investigates if there are differences in the species’ distribution, density and size among asphalt roads and gravel roads. As the asphalt roads’ road verges most likely experience a more intense management, my hypotheses were that gravel roads had more plants per m2 within the populations and a higher proportion of their verges were covered by lupine compared to asphalt roads. Fifteen suitable sections of each road type were randomly chosen and their lupine populations were measured. The measurements included population area, number of lupine plants, the plant sizes, the minimum distance of plants to the road and road verge width. After analyzing the data using Chi2-test and t-tests only a few significant differences between road types were found. There was a tendency of Garden lupine to occur in more sections of asphalt roads compared to gravel roads but gravel roads had a higher density within populations, coverage of the verges, larger populations and larger average plant size. One significant difference was that plants grew further away from the road along asphalt than on gravel roads, which could indicate that plants that escape management through clipping may sustain the populations along asphalt roads.

Esta tese examina o processo de implantação de jardins públicos no Brasil entre o final do século XIX e início do XX, buscando identificar soluções de aclimatação das matrizes paisagísticas estrangeiras ao contexto cultural, social e geográfico do país. O trabalho toma como objeto de estudo os jardins das cidades do Recife, Fortaleza e João Pessoa e os analisa a partir de quatro variáveis - seus nomes, usos, elementos naturais e equipamentos -, privilegiando fontes documentais, relatos de cronistas e memorialistas e levantamento in loco, em diálogo com a historiografia do paisagismo. Assim, a tese evidencia que o cultivo de jardins públicos no Brasil refletiu ritmos e modos diversos de interpretação dos conceitos e elementos formais dos jardins estrangeiros frente a circunstâncias locais, como preexistências arquitetônicas e urbanísticas; recursos naturais, materiais e tecnológicos; usos; aspectos climáticos e terminológicos. / This thesis examines the process of implantation of public gardens in Brazil between the The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, seeking to identify solutions for acclimatization of Foreign landscape to the cultural, social and geographical context of the country. Work takes Study of the gardens of the cities of Recife, Fortaleza and João Pessoa, and analyzes the From four variables - their names, uses, natural elements and equipment - Privileging documentary sources, reports of chroniclers and memorialists and survey in loco, In dialogue with the historiography of landscaping. Thus, the thesis evidences that the cultivation of Public gardens in Brazil reflected different rhythms and modes of interpretation of concepts and Formal elements of foreign gardens in the face of local circumstances such as pre-existing Architectural and urban planning; Natural, material and technological resources; Uses; aspects Climatic and terminological.

Esta dissertação analisa algumas das hortas urbanas comunitárias da cidade de São Paulo. Trata-se de uma etnografia que explora as conexões, motivações e formas de ação desses agrupamentos autogeridos de voluntários que criam e mantêm espaços de plantio em áreas públicas. São tratadas de maneira mais detida três delas: a Horta das Corujas, no bairro da Vila Beatriz, a Horta do Centro Cultural São Paulo, no bairro Vergueiro e a Horta dos Ciclistas, na Avenida Paulista. A intenção dessa análise, no entanto, não é se ater a territórios fixos, e sim apreender os movimentos propiciados pela prática das hortas comunitárias na cidade. Dessa maneira, são aqui traçadas algumas das relações entre essas hortas e outras formas de agricultura urbana em São Paulo, os entrelaçamento e perspectivas de co-construções que emergem entre humanos e não humanos, além de suas relações com instâncias políticas formais. A interação entre as ações no espaço público, as técnicas e os ensinamentos de agroecologia propagados pelas hortas e a rede de trocas que opera entre elas expõe maneiras de se vincular à cidade que são permeadas por uma noção de política do cotidiano, a qual não se encontra apenas nas relações com o e do Estado. / This dissertation analyses some of the community urban gardens of São Paulo, SP. We have carried out an ethnography exploring the connections, motives and ways of action of those selfmanaged groups of volunteers, who create and keep cultivating spaces amidst public areas. We focus of three urban gardens: Horta das Corujas [Owls Garden], at Vila Beatriz neighborhood, the São Paulo Cultural Center Garden, at Vergueiro neighborhood; and Horta dos Ciclistas [Cyclers Garden], at Paulista Avenue. This analysis is not restrained, however, to fixed territories, but rather apprehends the movements engendered by community garden practices in the city. Thus, we trace some relations between those gardens and other forms of urban agriculture in São Paulo, their intertwining and the co-construction perspectives that emerges among humans and non-humans, as well as their relations with formal public agents. The interaction among actions performed in public spaces, the agroecology techniques and teachings, and their exchange network are embedded with a concept of everyday politics, practiced not only by or in face of the State.

O presente trabalho em poéticas visuais buscou investigar possibilidades artísticas que evocam um lugar para além-mundo, anseios por plenitude e perfeição, tendo como objeto a escultura em cerâmica. Foi realizada uma produção imagética articulada a partir da prática e subjetividade artística, construindo uma visão de mundo. O imaginário como princípio e vetor encontrou configurações artísticas que apontam para um conjunto de crenças e valores humanos dentro do tema proposto. Este tema, substanciado na expressão Paraíso Paradoxal, inicialmente em estado latente, acabou por explicitar-se ao longo do desenvolvimento deste trabalho, estabelecendo-se ao final como quadro conceitual organizador do conjunto da obra. Durante este processo, os principais avanços metodológicos consistiram em gradualmente acrescentar aos trabalhos em cerâmica outros materiais como o metal, o vidro, penas de pássaro, líquidos, galhos de vime e fibras de algodão, tornando o trabalho mais fecundo e ampliando notavelmente as possibilidades. / The present work in visual poetry sought to investigate artistic possibilities that evoke a place beyond the world, longings for fullness and perfection, having as object the ceramic sculpture. An imagistic production articulated from the practice and artistic subjectivity was built, constructing a worldview. The imaginary as principle and vector found artistic configurations that point to a set of human beliefs and values within the proposed theme. This theme, substantiated in the expression Paradoxical Paradise, initially in a latent state, became explicit throughout the development of this work, establishing itself at the end as a conceptual framework that organizes the work as a whole. During this process, the main methodological advances consisted in gradually adding to the ceramic work other materials such as metal, glass, bird feathers, liquids, wicker twigs and cotton fibers, making the work more fruitful and greatly enhancing possibilities.

This diploma thesis focuses on creating an art series on a theme of garden for primary school children. The thesis has got a theoretical and a practical part. In theoretical part, it focuses on the history of garden art and theme of garden in genre and intermedia production. The following chapter combines the theme of the garden with the use of curriculum documents. The next part takes the garden as a motive and medium for art education at primary school. The next chapter deals with the method of project teaching and use of art series in the art education. In practical part, this thesis focuses on the creation of a thematic series, which contains organization and implementation of five lessons created on the theme of the garden. The aim of this series is to bring children closer to the enviroment of the garden through the use of art activities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:49:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLESIA DE JESUS DO NASCIMENTO OLIVEIRA.pdf: 7207324 bytes, checksum: 3f8c23f3cc3d6d1287bec00d2d648094 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-16 / This study proposes to analyze the changes in the cadastre and registry of the quatrain B1 and B20, the subdivision Garden Goiás Goiânia GO, and to observe changes and / or corrections generated in the title of the terrene or in space, projects implemented by evil, illegal occupations, among others. Using techniques for data analysis in computer programs, using aerial photos, legislation and other resources, can facilitate the planning and actions in the show cadastre and the registry to get a result. There are several factors to look for the update cadastre and registry as: Certificate of limits and boundaries, remembramentot, dismemberment, remanejamento, landholding regularization, among others. Despite the update registration and registration be performed in a period of two years, the person is forced to seek it urgently, Without it you can not get financing for construction of major works, such as the construction of the undertaking Visionaire quatrain B20. However, what can be inferred from this research is that families dependent on public power regulation for this, such as the quatrain B1, are waiting for the compliance in order to obtain title to the terrene, shine leaving the force of economic power. / Este estudo se propõe a analisar as modificações ocorridas no cadastro e registro da quadra B1 e quadra B20, no loteamento Jardim Goiás Goiânia (GO), bem como a observar as alterações e/ou correções geradas na titularidade do terreno ou no espaço físico, por projetos mal implantados, ocupações irregulares, dentre outros. Utilizando-se de técnicas para análise dos dados em programas de computador, usando fotos aéreas, da legislação e de outros recursos, pode-se facilitar o planejamento e mostrar ações no cadastro e no registro para chegar a um resultado. São vários os fatores para buscar a atualização do cadastro e do registro como: Certidão de Limites e Confrontações, remembramento, desmembramento, remanejamento, regularização fundiária, dentre outros. Apesar da atualização do cadastro e do registro ser realizada em um período de dois anos, o interessado se vê obrigado a buscá-la urgentemente, pois sem ela não é possível adquirir financiamento para construções de grandes obras, como é o caso da construção do empreendimento Visionaire na quadra B20. No entanto, o que pode-se depreender com essa pesquisa é que as famílias dependentes do poder público para essa regularização, como, por exemplo as da quadra B1, ficam aguardando o cumprimento da legislação para poder obter a titularidade do terreno, deixando transparecer a força do poder econômico.

Para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura sustentável no Brasil é imprescindível realizar investimentos nos setores que desenvolvem tecnologias inovadoras de baixo custo e adaptadas às condições peculiares do país, em substituição a dependência por produtos importados de alto custo e inacessíveis a maioria dos pequenos produtores. Nesse sentido, os emissores do tipo microtubo utilizados em sistemas de microirrigação se apresentam como uma alternativa tecnológica atrativa a essa parcela de produtores, devido o baixo custo de confecção e instalação. Porém, para que sejam atingidas boas uniformidades de aplicação de água é imprescindível que o sistema seja bem dimensionado. Com o objetivo de desenvolver um sistema de irrigação com ultra baixa vazão (UBV) de 0,2 L h-1, utilizando microtubos com derivação e operando em regime laminar, iniciou-se este trabalho buscando irrigação eficiente e de baixo custo em hortas agrícolas. A configuração do sistema proposto consiste em uma linha lateral com diâmetro nominal de 10 mm na qual, os microtubos conectores com diâmetro nominal de 0,8 mm foram diretamente inseridos e, por meio de um segmento de tubo fechado em ambas as extremidades, seis microtubos emissores com diâmetro nominal de 0,7 mm foram acoplados aos conectores. O experimento foi composto de duas etapas. A primeira parte experimental foi conduzida no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP) em Piracicaba SP, sendo realizada a determinação do diâmetro real dos microtubos, obtenção de modelos matemáticos para dimensionamento do sistema de irrigação e avaliação da vazão observada. A segunda etapa do experimento foi realizada em uma horta localizada na área experimental da ESALQ/USP, onde foram realizados a montagem e instalação do sistema de irrigação, os ensaios para obtenção da uniformidade de aplicação de água e a implantação da cultura da alface em quatro canteiros de 15 m x 1,5 m, onde a água foi fornecida por uma caixa dágua elevada a uma altura de 1,5 m. A uniformidade de aplicação da água foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de uniformidade estatística e uniformidade de distribuição os quais apresentaram valores iniciais superiores a 90%, sendo considerados excelentes. O sistema de irrigação com ultra baixa vazão proposto apresentou vantagens econômicas para pequenos produtores, devido ao baixo custo de investimento e facilidade de operação do sistema. Entretanto, o sistema apresentou problemas de acúmulos de ar e obstrução de emissores durante o período avaliado, ocasionando a redução da uniformidade de distribuição e da uniformidade estatística sendo, portanto, necessária a realização de mais estudos para obtenção de resultados mais conclusivos. / To develop a sustainable agriculture in Brazil is essential to invest in sectors that produce innovative technologies, adapted to Brazilian peculiar conditions and with a low cost, that can replace the dependency on imported products, often not accessible to small producers. In this way, the emitters microtube utilizes in microirrigation can be attractive technological alternative for this kind of farmers, due to the low cost and installation. However, to achieve high uniformity of water application is essential that microirrigation system have to be well designed. This work has to aim to develop an irrigation system with ultra low flow (ULF) of 0.2 L h-1, using microtubes with derivation and operating in laminar flow, this work began searching for efficient irrigation and lowcost vegetable crops. The configuration of the proposed system consists of a lateral line with a nominal diameter of 10 mm in which the microtubes connectors with a nominal diameter of 0.8 mm were inserted directly and through a segment of pipe closed at both ends, six microtubes emitters with a nominal diameter of 0.7 mm were connected to the connectors. The experiment was performed in two steps. The first part of experiment was conducted in the Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ / USP) in Piracicaba SP. It was determined the actual diameter of the microtubes and obtained the mathematical models for irrigation system design and to evaluate the observed discharge. The second part of the experiment was performed in an experimental vegetable garden located in the area of ESALQ / USP. It was realized the assembly and installation of irrigation system, the tests to obtain the uniformity of water application and plantation of lettuce crop into four beds 15 m x 1.5 m, where water was provided by an elevated water tower at a height of 1.5 m. The water application uniformity was evaluated by the statistical coefficient of uniformity and distribution uniformity which it showed initial values above 90% that it is considered excellent. The irrigation system with ultra low flow proposed showed economic advantages for small producers due to low cost and ease of system operation. However, this system presented problems of air accumulation and emitters clogging during the period evaluated, it caused a reduction in uniform distribution and uniform statistics. Therefore, it is necessary to perform further studies to obtain more conclusive results.