Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mega-events such as the Olympic Games have emerged as one of the most significant features of the global era. Not only has the number of participants increased, but also the hosting of these events has been seen as an opportunity for countries to externally market themselves, in an attempt to raise their international profile, and to develop national identity. As such, many nations continue to enthusiastically compete to host these events. Despite the prestige of hosting events, South Africa has in the past been excluded from participating, let alone being considered to bid to host events of such magnitude. This was as a result of the Apartheid policy that extended into sport. After being admitted into the world of sport, it has joined the list of nations that regularly compete to bid. There are two questions that this study sets out to explore. Firstly, how did hosting of the Games market South Africa internationally? Secondly, did hosting the Games help celebrate South Africa's national identity? In trying to answer these questions, the marketing power concept has been used. Part of the proposition is that marketing power is more sought after by state elites who lack national identity. In light of this, South Africa has been used as a case study. Bidding to host the Olympic Games was no easy road for South Africa, and in the aftermath of the Bid, this study identifies the reasons why the Bid was unsuccessful. The findings suggest that South Africa's attempt to host the Games did indeed market the country internationally. However, the findings indicate that bidding to host the Games did not bolster national identity, instead it revealed that there was lack of unity. In addition there are some important lessons that can be drawn from this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoë-profiel gebeure soos die Olimpiese Spele is een van die mees opmerklike gevolge van die globale era. Buiten dat die aantal deelnemers aan sulke gebeurtenisse dramaties togeneem het, het die eise en die kompetisie om sodanige gebeurtenisse aan te bied, toegeneem omdat state hierdeur hulself ekstern kan bemark en intern skep sulke gebeurtenisse 'n geleentheid om nasionale identiteit te bevorder. Ten spyte van die prestige wat die gasheer-staat in sulke gevalle te beurt val, is apartheid Suid- Afrika histories uitgesluit van deelname aan veral hoë profiel sport, en was die aanbieding van sulke gebeurtenisse in Suid-Afrika buite die kwessie. Namate Suid- Afrika weer 'n aanvaarde lid van die gemeenskap van nasies geword het, het Pretoria ook toenemend begin bie om hoë-profiel sportgebeurtenisse aan te bied. Hierdie studie verken twee sentrale vraagstukke. Eerstens, hoe bemark die aanbied van die Olimpiese Spele Suid-Afrika op 'n internasionale grondslag? Tweedens, help die aanbieding van sulke sportgebeure werklik om 'n gevoel van 'n nasionale identiteit onder Suid-Afrikaners aan te wakker? Ten einde die vrae te beantwoord, word in 'n hoë mate van die konsep, 'bemarkingsmag' ('marketing power') gebruik gemaak. Daar word deel geargumenteer dat bemarkingmag juis deur staatselites nagejaag word in samelewings waar nasionale identiteit gebrekkig ontwikkel is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse geval is dus by uitstek 'n toonaangewende voorbeeld van die tendens. In die studie word daar aangedui hoekom die bie proses ten einde die Olimpiese Spele aan te bied so 'n besondere komplekse uitdaging is, hoe dit deurgevoer is en waarom Suid-Afrika misluk het. Die bevindings suggereer dat motivering om die Spele aan te bied inderdaad gedryf is deur die behoefte om Suid-Afrika se bemarkingsmag uit te brei. Ten spyte hiervan, het die bie-proses ook 'n baie brose sin van nasionale identiteit ontbloot het en 'n duidelike rasse-skeidslyn in terme van populere steun vir die bie-proses. Die studie onttrek ook 'n aantal gevolgtrekkings wat vir ander bod-prosesse van waarde kan wees.

Objektas: baidarių ir kanojų irklavimo taktikos analizė. Tikslas: nustatyti 2012 metų Londono olimpinių žaidynių varžybose taikytus taktinius variantus ir nuotolio įveikimo ypatumus pagal valčių klases. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti pasaulio pajėgiausių baidarių ir kanojų irkluotojų 500 metrų varžybinių nuotolių įveikimo taktinius variantus. 2. Nustatyti pasaulio pajėgiausių baidarių ir kanojų irkluotojų 1000 metrų varžybinių nuotolių įveikimo taktinius variantus 3. Nustatyti pajėgiausių pasaulio irkluotojų 500 metrų ir 1000 metrų nuotolių įveikimo pobūdžio priklausomybę nuo sportinio rezultato ir valčių klasės. Darbo metodai: mokslinės literatūros šaltinių analizė, Londono olimpinių žaidynių A finalo 500 ir 1000 metrų varžybų nuotolio sportininkų įveikimo laiko analizė, matematinė statistikos duomenų analizė. Darbo rezultatai ir išvados: Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad 500 metrų distancijoje dažniausiai naudojamas taktinis variantas buvo 1-2, su šia taktika buvo iškovota visi trys medalių komplektai. 1000 metrų distancijoje patys populiariausi taktiniai variantai buvo 8: 1-2-3-4, 1-2-4-3, 1-3-2-4, 1-3-4-2, 1-4-2-3, 1-4-3-2, 2-1-4-3, 4-1-2-3, o patys efektyviausi 1-2-3-4, 1-4-2-3 ir 1-4-3-2. Pirmąją nuotolio dalį 500 metrų distancijoje greičiausiai įveikė 100 % įgulų, o 1000 metrų distancijoje pirmuosius 250 metrus įveikė 90 % įgulų. 1-3 vietos kanojininkų įgulų nugalėtojai ir 7-8 vietas užėmusių baidarininkų įgulos, 1000 metrų distancijoje, išlaikė mažiausia nuokrypį (%) nuo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Subject: Kayak and canoe paddling tactics analysis. Objective: To determine the London 2012 Olympic Games competitions applied tactical options and special features to overcome distance by boat classes. Tasks: 1. Set of the strongest in the world kayak and canoe paddlers normal racing distance of 500 meters to overcome tactical options 2. Set of the strongest in the world kayak and canoe paddlers normal racing distance of 1,000 meters to overcome tactical options 3. Set of the strongest paddlers in the world 500-meter and 1000 meter distance to overcome addictive nature of the sport results and boat class. Methods of the work: analysis of scientific literature, the London Olympic Games in a finale 500 and 1000 meter race distance athletes overcoming time analysis, the mathematical analysis of the statistics. The results and conclusions: The study found that 500 meters distance is commonly used tactical option was 1-2, this tactic has been achieved for all three sets of medals. 1000 meters distance the most popular tactical options were 8: 1-2-3-4, 1-2-4-3, 1-3-2-4, 1-3-4-2, 1-4-2-3, 1-4-3-2, 2-1-4-3, 4-1-2-3, 1-2-3-4 and the most effective 1-4-2-3 and 1-4-3-2. The first range of 500 meters distance is likely to overcome the 100 % crew and 1000 meters distance of 250 meters and broke the first 90 % of the crew. 1-3 canoe paddler local crews winners and winning 7-8 kayak paddler crews, 1000 meters distance, passed the minimum deviation (%) of the average speed of the boat and... [to full text]

Title: The analysis of the issue of hosting the Olympic Games. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to describe the functioning of the Olympic Movement, the development of the Olympic Games size, the development of the Olympic Marketing, the bidding process for the Games and to examine this reality in light of the problems each subject creates. Identify positive and negative aspects of the Olympic Games through SWOT analysis. Furthermore, this thesis aims to determine how the Olympic Agenda 2020 is changing the function of the Olympic Movement, the Olympic Games and how it contributes to the future sustainability of games. Used methods: This thesis is a theoretical paper that has a descriptive and analytical nature, so the main method used is an analysis and study of documents, literature and web sources. The information was analyzed and comprehensively processed. Results: Identified problems can be summarized in these points: Decreased interest in bidding for the Olympics due to non existing government guarantees, rejection of Olympics from residents, negative perception of gigantism. Hosting the Olympics is historically linked with cost overruns, for the Summer Games of 230%, for the Winter Games of 94%. China is expected to become the sport epicenter. Gigantism threatens Olympic ideals and...

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No. of bitstreams: 4 GilvanTCC.pdf: 392056 bytes, checksum: c92e4c9757ada7893dc6f62a78267aa6 (MD5) IMG_20181102_131441.jpg: 1218636 bytes, checksum: 36aa8c31ec2aca115870ea2c2a9e278c (MD5) IMG_20181102_131427.jpg: 1672384 bytes, checksum: ef52fc665bf97e6c37ae0b3c0202ac2c (MD5) fichacatalografica.pdf: 5598 bytes, checksum: 78c21bd3648cbde20ad062f8314ad74d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / This work aims to study combinatorial analysis, which is an important branch of mathematics which is not usually subtly treated and through many years was teached as the mechanical memorization, leaving aside the learning process, self-learning and logical construction. It is important to emphasize the application of combinatorial analysis in set theory and probabilities theory that are often present in problem solving. It is necessary to present to our students the potential and beauty of the logical construction of ideas of combinatorial analysis, not excluding formulas applications, that can be used when the concepts and structure is well assimilated. We present counting methods beyond those used in basic education such as repetition chaotic permutations combinations, inclusion and exclusion principles, Kaplansky and Dirichlet lemmas, but we also highlight basic methods such as simple arrangements, simple combinations, and simple permutations. Beyond that, we present a generalization of the factorial numbers through the Gamma function besides olympics problems resolutions. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar Análise Combinatória, que é um importante ramo da matemática que normalmente não é tratado com sutileza e transmitida ao longo dos anos através de memorização mecânica deixando o processo aprendizagem, auto-aprendizagem e construção lógica de lado. É importante enfatizar a aplicação da Análise Combinatória nas teorias dos conjuntos e teoria das probabilidades que muitas vezes se fazem presentes nas resoluções de problemas. Se faz necessário apresentar para nossos alunos o potencial e a beleza da construção lógica de ideias que a Análise Combinatória proporciona não excluindo as aplicações de fórmulas mas que elas possam ser usadas quando os conceitos e a estrutura forem bem assimiladas. Apresentamos métodos de contagem além dos usados no ensino básico como permutações caóticas combinações com repetição, princípio da inclusão e exclusão, lemas de Kaplansky e de Dirichlet mas também destacamos os métodos básicos como arranjos simples, combinações simples e permutações simples. Além disso, para apresentamos uma generalização dos números fatoriais definida pela função Gama e resoluções de problemas de olimpíadas.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Communication

Specialiosios olimpiados sporto programų tyrinėjime dėmesys dažniausiai buvo sutelktas į mokslinius tyrimus fizinio pajėgumo ir motorinių įgūdžių gerinimo, savivertės, socialinės kompetencijos ir savęs suvokimo srityse. Tyrimo tikslas: įvertinti Specialiosios olimpiados sportininkų dalyvavimo sporte motyvus ir motyvacijos tipą. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) Nustatyti sutrikusio intelekto sportininkų dalyvavimo sportinėje veikloje motyvus; 2) Įvertinti sutrikusio intelekto sportininkų dalyvavimo Specialiojoje Olimpiadoje dominuojančią motyvacijos orientaciją; 3) Nustatyti dalyvavimo Specialiojoje Olimpiadoje motyvacijos orientaciją priklausomai nuo tiriamųjų intelekto sutrikimo laipsnio, sportavimo trukmės, sporto šakos ir atletų amžiaus. Buvo tiriami 64 (vaikinai) 13-32 metų amžiaus Specialiosios olimpiados atletai, turintys nežymų ir vidutinį intelekto sutrikimą. Sporto motyvacijai nustatyti naudota Vaizdinė motyvacijos skalė (Reid, Vallerand, Poulin, 2001). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad Specialiosios olimpiados atletų, dalyvaujančių sporto programose, identifikuoto reguliavimo (išorinė motyvacija) ir vidinės motyvacijos lygis buvo reikšmingai didesnis negu išorinis reguliavimas (išorinė motyvacija) ir motyvacijos nebuvimas. Išorinis reguliavimo lygis buvo reikšmingai didesnis už motyvacijos nebuvimą. Dažniausiai sportavimą motyvuojantys veiksniai buvo sportavimo smagumas, naujų naudingų dalykų išmokimas, sporto įdomumas ir sporto kaip dalies savęs suvokimas. Nustatyta, kad... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Special Olympics (SO) sport programs participation is associated with improved physical fitness and motor skills as well as increased self-esteem, self-confidence, social competence and positive self-perceptions. The purpose of the study was to identify why individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) joined and continue to participate in SO program. We designed a study and directed our investigation to the following research goals: 1) to designate motives of SO athletes participation in Special Olympics; 2) to evaluate type of domination of motivation’ orientation of SO athletes participation in Special Olympics; 3) to evaluate differences of SO athletes participation in sport motives according to gender, age, duration of participation and level of intellectual disability. This study evaluated sport participation motives and types of motivation of 64 males SO athletes ages 13 to 32 years. Participants completed the modified pictorial motivation scale (Reid, Vallerand, Poulin, 2001). The data of the research showed that Special Olympics sport programs athletes’ motivational level of identified regulation and intrinsic motivation was significantly higher in compare to external regulation and amotivation. The data indicated that external regulation (external motivation) was higher in compare to amotivation (p<0.005). In summary, athlete participated in Special Olympics sport programs for their own enjoyment, for learning new skills, for being interested in sport; the... [to full text]

No description available.

I World Economic Forums årliga världsranking återfanns Sverige på plats nummer fem i jämställdhetsfrågan. Detta tydliggör samt legitimerar att Sverige är ett land som onekligen prioriterar frågan väldigt högt. Men trots det faktum, kvarstår det fortfarande tydligt att arbetet fortskrider långsamt samt att politiska visioner inte har full makt över huruvida arbetets utveckling går. Den här uppsatsen handlar sedermera om att granska jämställdheten som rådde mellan män och kvinnor under olympiska spelen i Pyeongchang 2018 med ett fokus på idrotten ishockey. Ishockey som i allra högsta grad är en mansdominerad sport och skapar en stor sannolikhet för mycket relevant material. Men framförallt en tydlig bild om hur män och kvinnor behandlas olika. Både inom sporten såsom ekonomiskt, men också medialt. Detta med mål av att granska hur den rådande diskur / Sweden was in World Economic Forums yearly world ranking found as fifth in terms of equality between the genders. This makes it clear and legitimate to say that Sweden is a country, that undeniably prioritizes the topic very highly. But it is also clear that the progress in terms of equality is developing very slowly and that political visions do not have all the power over the the movement. This assignment will illustrate the equality between men and women in the olympic games of Pyongchang 2018 with a focus on ice hockey. Ice hockey, a sport that is dominated by men, will with a high probability illustrate the diffrences between the genders. Not only the diffrences in terms of economic conditions, but also in terms of medial coverage. The vision for this assignment is therefore to illusrate the current discourse within Ice hockey and to create a better understand of the things that needs to be done, in order to create a more equal arena.

abstract: The People's Republic of China's inexorable ascendancy has become an epochal event in international landscape, accentuated by its triple national ceremonies of global significance: 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, 2009 Beijing Military Parade, and 2010 Shanghai World Expo. At a momentous juncture when the PRC endeavored to project a new national identity to the outside world, these ceremonial occasions constitute a high-stake communicative opportunity for the Chinese government and a fruitful set of discursive artifacts for symbolic deconstruction and rhetorical interpretation. To unravel these ceremonial spectacles, a public memory approach, with its versatile potencies indexical of a nation's interpretive system of social meaning, its normative framework of ideological model, and its past-present-future interrelationships, is contextually, conceptually, and analytically diagnostic of a rising China's sociopolitical constellations. Thus employing public memory as a conceptual-methodological matrix, my dissertation focuses on the prominent texts in these ceremonies, excavates their historico-memorial invocation and sociocultural persuasion, and plumbs their discursive agenda, rhetorical operation, and sociopolitical implication. I argue that the Chinese government deliberately and forcefully strove for three interrelated communicative objectives at these three ceremonies--re-imaging, re-asserting, and re-anchoring its national identity as an ancient, emergent superpower. Yet in contemporary Chinese context, its discursive (con)quest to recast its leadership as a historically continuous, culturally orthodox, and ideologically legitimate regime has always been compromised by its mythologized historical representation and hegemonic rhetorical reconfiguration, countervailed by its political and ideological fragility, and contested by domestic and global publics. Besides its contributions to the current conversation on the PRC's ceremonial phenomena, discursive formations, and communicative dynamics, this dissertation further offers its diagnosis and prognostication of this projected leading country in the 21st century. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Communication Studies 2012

abstract: This dissertation investigated positive intergroup contact and communication in the experiences of fans at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Guided by concepts from Intergroup Contact Theory (ICT), formerly Allport’s (1954) Contact Hypothesis, I asked fans to identify and discuss factors that were relevant to their experiences at the event. These factors are reported in previous literature to foster positive intergroup relations. The fan participants also provided detailed, experience-based rationales for why and how the factors supported each other and created individual models of their experiences of ICT at the Olympics. The study relied on participant-centered, in-depth qualitative interviews using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) software. Based on an integration of ICT, communication theories, social capital concepts, and calls from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and mega-sporting event industry, the dissertation sought to answer four research questions. It started with a broad approach to the array of previous scholars’ ICT factors in order to identify what factors were present and relevant in fans’ experiences. It also sought to understand why and how the factors worked together by analyzing the ways factors related to and supported each other in Olympic fans’ experiences and producing a composite meta-structure of the factors’ relationships. Additionally, through thematic analysis, the research explored where and when in fans’ experiences the factors emerged and were active. Finally, the study identified the functions that each ICT factor served in fostering positive intergroup contact and communication and offered suggestions for practitioners and organizers of intergroup contexts. The study aimed to make theoretical contributions by addressing gaps and calls in ICT literature, as well as practical contributions by providing insight about how to organize intergroup contexts to foster positive contact and communication. In addition to addressing its research questions, the study provided a comprehensive list of previous scholars’ ICT factors, a preliminary, tentative model of ICT for ideal intergroup contexts adapted from Pettigrew’s (1998) model of group membership transformation for problematic contexts, and promising future directions given the unique, ideal, and unexplored features of the Olympics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Communication 2017