Esta tese discute a questão fundiária nos Parques e Estações Ecológicas do Estado de São Paulo, demonstrando que a indisciplina da documentação e do registro da propriedade imobiliária constitui o principal limite à implantação dessas unidades de conservação (UCs). Inicia-se com a apresentação dos resultados obtidos pelo governo na regularização fundiária dessas unidades durante o século XX. Na seqüência, é feita uma pesquisa sobre as origens da indisciplina existente na documentação e no registro da propriedade imobiliária no Brasil, considerando três períodos: o de concessão de sesmarias até 1822; o de formulação e implementação da Lei de Terras de 1850; e o republicano. A pesquisa identificou cadeias paralelas do registro da propriedade imobiliária e momentos da ocupação do território em que essa indisciplina representou limites às políticas sociais e ambientais, evidenciando o fato de que a mesma é funcional, há séculos, para a permanência da relação desequilibrada entre o desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental. Os estudos de casos apresentam os conflitos fundiários que provocaram a devastação das Reservas Florestais do Pontal do Paranapanema e, nas unidades da Serra do Mar e litoral paulista, o uso de documentos irregulares para realização de ações ilegais e reivindicação de indenizações milionárias do poder público. A análise dos resultados alcançados no Estado demonstrou que, quando os governos iniciaram a regularização das UCs, obtiveram avanços, de difícil consolidação devido à interrupção dos trabalhos por longos períodos, com a desarticulação e desestruturação dos órgãos envolvidos. O trabalho apresenta recomendações para uma política de regularização fundiária, visando à consolidação de uma rede de unidades de conservação públicas. / This thesis discusses the land titling issue regarding Sao Paulo State parks and ecological stations to show that lack of discipline in land documentation and registry is the main restriction to the establishment of these protected areas (PAs). The starting point is an outline of results obtained by the government in its efforts to regularize titling of these areas in the 20th century. Next, this paper shows the findings of research conducted on the origins of indiscipline in land documentation and registration in Brazil considering three periods: from the granting of land (sesmarias) until 1822; the period of formulation and implementation of the Land Law of 1850; and the Republican period. The research identified parallel land registration chains, and moments in the occupation of territory in which such indiscipline posed limits to social and environmental policies, showing that for centuries it has been functional for the permanence of unbalances in the economic, social and environmental development. Case studies show land conflicts that resulted in the devastation of forest reserves at Pontal do Paranapanema, and the use of irregular documents in areas on Serra do Mar and on the coast to file illegal suits and claim millionaire compensations from the government. The study of outcomes obtained in the State of Sao Paulo shows that when governments started a process of protected areas regularization, progress was very slow due to interruptions for long periods as a result of discontinuities in the agencies involved. The paper also presents recommendations for land titling policy aiming consolidation of a system of public protected areas.

Depuis une dizaine d’années, les personnes publiques prennent conscience du potentiel économique que représente leur "patrimoine immatériel". A l’analyse, celui-ci présente une grande diversité dans sa composition et comprend ainsi tout à la fois des éléments non appropriés et des éléments appropriés, qualifiables de "propriétés publiques immatérielles". Les personnes publiques doivent impérativement trouver un équilibre entre différents impératifs dans la valorisation qu’elles opèrent de leur "patrimoine immatériel". Elles doivent en effet pouvoir en tirer de nouvelles ressources financières en les exploitant tout en en assurant une protection adéquate. Les éléments non appropriés du "patrimoine immatériel" font souvent l’objet de régimes juridiques autonomes qui, dans l’ensemble, permettent aux personnes publiques d’en envisager une valorisation équilibrée. Quant aux propriétés publiques immatérielles, la démonstration se concentrera sur les difficultés rencontrées pour les faire bénéficier du régime de la domanialité – qu’elle soit publique ou privée –, puis sur les options envisageables pour mettre un place un régime juridique susceptible d’en assurer une valorisation optimale. / Over the past decade, public entities have become aware of the economic potential of their "intangible assets". Upon analysis, such assets are highly diversified and include both irrelevant and relevant items, which can be described as "intangible public properties". It is critical for public entities to achieve a balance between different constraints when promoting their "intangible assets". They must be able to generate new financial resources from such assets by exploiting them while ensuring its adequate protection. Irrelevant elements usually included in the "intangible assets" are often subject to autonomous legal regimes which, taken altogether, allow public entities to contemplate a balanced valuation. As for intangible public properties, the analysis will focus on the challenges faced while incorporating them into the domain regime - whether public or private - and then on the available options to implement a legal regime capable of ensuring an optimal valuation.

Esta tese discute a questão fundiária nos Parques e Estações Ecológicas do Estado de São Paulo, demonstrando que a indisciplina da documentação e do registro da propriedade imobiliária constitui o principal limite à implantação dessas unidades de conservação (UCs). Inicia-se com a apresentação dos resultados obtidos pelo governo na regularização fundiária dessas unidades durante o século XX. Na seqüência, é feita uma pesquisa sobre as origens da indisciplina existente na documentação e no registro da propriedade imobiliária no Brasil, considerando três períodos: o de concessão de sesmarias até 1822; o de formulação e implementação da Lei de Terras de 1850; e o republicano. A pesquisa identificou cadeias paralelas do registro da propriedade imobiliária e momentos da ocupação do território em que essa indisciplina representou limites às políticas sociais e ambientais, evidenciando o fato de que a mesma é funcional, há séculos, para a permanência da relação desequilibrada entre o desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental. Os estudos de casos apresentam os conflitos fundiários que provocaram a devastação das Reservas Florestais do Pontal do Paranapanema e, nas unidades da Serra do Mar e litoral paulista, o uso de documentos irregulares para realização de ações ilegais e reivindicação de indenizações milionárias do poder público. A análise dos resultados alcançados no Estado demonstrou que, quando os governos iniciaram a regularização das UCs, obtiveram avanços, de difícil consolidação devido à interrupção dos trabalhos por longos períodos, com a desarticulação e desestruturação dos órgãos envolvidos. O trabalho apresenta recomendações para uma política de regularização fundiária, visando à consolidação de uma rede de unidades de conservação públicas. / This thesis discusses the land titling issue regarding Sao Paulo State parks and ecological stations to show that lack of discipline in land documentation and registry is the main restriction to the establishment of these protected areas (PAs). The starting point is an outline of results obtained by the government in its efforts to regularize titling of these areas in the 20th century. Next, this paper shows the findings of research conducted on the origins of indiscipline in land documentation and registration in Brazil considering three periods: from the granting of land (sesmarias) until 1822; the period of formulation and implementation of the Land Law of 1850; and the Republican period. The research identified parallel land registration chains, and moments in the occupation of territory in which such indiscipline posed limits to social and environmental policies, showing that for centuries it has been functional for the permanence of unbalances in the economic, social and environmental development. Case studies show land conflicts that resulted in the devastation of forest reserves at Pontal do Paranapanema, and the use of irregular documents in areas on Serra do Mar and on the coast to file illegal suits and claim millionaire compensations from the government. The study of outcomes obtained in the State of Sao Paulo shows that when governments started a process of protected areas regularization, progress was very slow due to interruptions for long periods as a result of discontinuities in the agencies involved. The paper also presents recommendations for land titling policy aiming consolidation of a system of public protected areas.

This thesis reviews trends and developments concerning national information policy both internationally and nationally and inform the understanding of the situation in South Africa. Three research questions are investigated in this study, namely: (a) what are the main trends relevant to national information policy development worldwide, based on relevant literature, (b) what are the main trends and developments in other countries, and (c) what are the implications of the current global and national developments regarding national information policy for South Africa, based on the findings of the study? The methodology for this study involved a qualitative textual analysis, addressing these three research questions, and the selection of theoretical frameworks to define the scope of the research. The study discussed the main aspects of concern regarding the following information-related issues: access to information; access to government information; literacy levels; computer literacy levels; levels of education and skills; information society development; the North-South Divide (including the digital divide); information content and industrial competitiveness; other issues such as e-commerce; telecommunication issues; copyright issues; industrial property rights; freedom of speech; censorship; information ownership; library services and archives; the value of information and the flow of information in the public domain in South Africa. The multiplicity of issues reviewed demonstrated the complexity regarding access to information and related issues in the country. The study concludes with a situational analysis of developments relevant to national information policy for South Africa. The findings indicate that the South African government needs to take into account the unevenness of past developments and the challenges created by the emergent global information policy regime. The Government needs to develop a national information policy to address and balance two realities, namely: (a) the technocratic and capitalist values of globalisation pushing global information policy development from outside the country, and (b) national economic, social and cultural developmental needs inside the country. Both these realities are relevant and need to be addressed in a national information policy, as the Government needs to take into account the unevenness of past developments and the challenges created by the emergent global information policy regime. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

In this thesis I have studied the conflicts that arose in Vara when the municipality ordered a sculpture by the artist Katharina Grosse in collaboration with The National Swedish Public Art Council and the Swedish Transport Administration in 2012. The aim of the study is to analyze the meaning-making of the sculpture as a process determined by social negotiations concerning variables such as identity, societal hierarchies and education. The material is foremost consisting of interviews with employees from The National Swedish Public Art Council and Vara municipality, a local objector whom organized a protesting Facebook group and a local newspaper journalist. The material is analyzed with discourse theory in order to examine how the discourses about public art are characterized in a local context today and how its meaning continually is being constructed and reconstructed through this. By studying the resistance and critique against The Blue Orange in Vara as local fragments of a more global context the analysis also targets how the practices and meaning-making of art in the public domain are conditioned by political ideologies and societal structures such as the neoliberal market, economic growth and competition. The protesters and protagonists of the art work places the sculpture in different narratives about the municipality where the municipality is either described as something progressing; moving from a state where something is lacking, or as something with a fixed identity and already defined. The latter narrative is used by those who criticize the art work because it does not reflect their perceived shared identity while the former motivates the advocates who want to create a more distinct municipal identity, a branding of sorts, to attract tourists and stimulate economic growth. These narratives demonstrates how debates revolving art works and the public domain can bring up articulations and everyday experiences of power structures, citizenship and societal norms.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3691.pdf: 6551508 bytes, checksum: ba7667ef8adc647d17a16ee824f5c9ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Considering the significant and growing environmental degradation and the quality of life in cities, as well as the demand for systematization of information applicable to their control and recovery, this study aimed to develop a decision support system for management of public green spaces in areas of permanent preservation of urban water bodies. For its development were adopted as reference the guidelines of territorial scenario planning method through which main aspects were analyzed related to the problem and systematized actions concerning to the study and solution proposals. The main materials used correspond to the works of academic and technical literature and applied standardization, as well as the related court cases, raised through search terms in library collections and databases of legislation and jurisprudence. From the analysis of these materials, were studied the dynamics of the urban environment and degradation causes of its water bodies; discussed the effective functions of their permanent preservation areas and the intervening factors to their performance; as well as analyzed legal and related court aspects. As a result, were obtained a proposal of a structured key decision model for the evaluation and selection of locational alternatives and their functional-space aptitude for implementation of public green spaces, as a solution established by CONAMA Resolution n. 369 of 2006, which regulates the intervention exceptional cases in permanent preservation areas. Finally, the conclusion was that the achieved results can contribute as an important reference for this issue approach, however, further studies on the refinement of the proposed system are recommended, aiming at optimizations that improve its application and performance. / Considerando a expressiva e crescente degradação ambiental e da qualidade de vida da população nas cidades, assim como, a demanda pela sistematização de informações aplicáveis ao seu controle e recuperação, esta dissertação teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de suporte à decisão para gestão de áreas verdes de domínio público em áreas de preservação permanente de corpos hídricos urbanos. Para o seu desenvolvimento foram adotadas como referências as diretrizes do método de planejamento por cenários territoriais, mediante o qual foram analisados os principais aspectos correlatos ao problema e sistematizadas as ações concernentes ao estudo e proposição de soluções. Os principais materiais utilizados corresponderam às obras da literatura técnico-acadêmica e da normatização aplicada, bem como aos casos judiciais correlatos, levantados através de termos de busca junto aos acervos bibliográficos e bancos de dados legislativos e jurisprudências. A partir da análise destes materiais, foram estudadas a dinâmica do meio urbano e as causas de degradação dos seus corpos hídricos; discutidas as efetivas funções das suas áreas de preservação permanente e os fatores intervenientes ao seu desempenho; assim como, analisados os aspectos legais e judiciais relacionados. Como resultado, obteve-se a proposta de um modelo estruturado em chaves de decisão para avaliação e seleção de alternativas locacionais e de sua aptidão espaço-funcional para implantação de áreas verdes públicas, como solução instituída pela Resolução Conama n. 369 de 2006, que regulamenta os casos excepcionais de intervenção em áreas de preservação permanente. Por fim, conclui-se que os resultados alcançados podem contribuir como uma importante referência para o tratamento da questão, contudo, recomenda-se que estudos complementares avancem no refinamento do sistema proposto, visando otimizações que aprimorem sua aplicação e desempenho.

Les biens publics mobiliers s’entendent comme l’ensemble des biens mobiliers placés dans une relation juridique patrimoniale avec les personnes publiques. Certes, ils se caractérisent par leur mobilité (comme les biens privés mobiliers), c’est-à-dire une aptitude à la circulation, physique et juridique, vectrice de souplesse et de fragilité, favorable à la dissociation de leurs utilités ; mais la question ici centrale est celle de savoir si la propriété publique est toujours un instrument pertinent pour appréhender cette mobilité. Il s’avère que la propriété publique, lorsqu’elle est sollicitée, exerce potentiellement une force d’attraction efficace sur tous les biens publics mobiliers ; elle permet ainsi de freiner leur circulation. En revanche, une fois le bien capté, la propriété publique ne suffit plus à maîtriser l’intégrité des biens publics mobiliers. Elle n’endigue pas leur délitement et leur évaporation naturels. Elle est même concurrencée par d’autres rapports de droit qui, par des dissociations des utilités des biens, par la déliaison entre propriété et utilisation, conduisent à interroger sa pertinence. / Movable public property shall be understood as the set of personal property placed in a patrimonial legal relationship with public entities. These goods are characterized by their mobility (such as movable private property), that is to say an ability to circulate, physically and legally, a flexibility and fragility medium, favouring the dissociation of their utilities. But the central question remains whether public ownership is still a relevant instrument for understanding this mobility. It turns out that public ownership, when called upon, potentially exerts an effective force of attraction on all movable public property; thus it allows slowing down their circulation. However, once the good’s ownership has been claimed, public property law is not sufficient to monitor the integrity of movable public property. It doesn’t stem their natural crumbling and evaporation. It is even challenged by other legal relationships which, by dissociation of goods’ utilities, and by unbinding ownership and use, lead to question its relevance.

Le domaine privé des personnes publiques, ensemble de biens publics classiquementappréhendé par opposition au domaine public, subit actuellement une profonde mutation. Lamodification des critères de définition du domaine privé engendre l’insertion de nouveauxéléments dans cette catégorie juridique, et invite à redéfinir son rôle au sein de laclassification des propriétés publiques. Le domaine privé ne peut plus être perçu comme unpatrimoine que l’administration exploiterait « à titre privé ». Il remplit indéniablement unefonction d’intérêt général, en fournissant des revenus à ses propriétaires, ou en leur offrant dessupports pour mener leurs missions. Le développement des hypothèses d’utilisation des biensdu domaine privé à des fins non financières conduit à formuler une proposition dehiérarchisation des utilités publiques qu’ils sont susceptibles de procurer. Elle permet deconcilier la recherche d’un profit avec les autres objectifs de l’action publique. Cette qualitése reflète dans la définition du régime de la domanialité privée, qui accorde une placesignificative à l’objectif de préservation de la valeur économique d’un patrimoine public, ets’ouvre, en parallèle, à une logique de protection des fonctions d’utilité publique remarquabledont ses biens sont les supports. La mutation de la domanialité privée dessine les contoursd’un nouveau régime juridique, apte à concilier les impératifs de protection avec la recherchede valorisation économique des patrimoines publics, ce dont la domanialité publique estincapable. On peut alors envisager de l’étendre à l’ensemble des biens publics, comme unesolution à la crise que traverse la domanialité publique. / The private domain of public entities, which is the ensemble of public possessions inopposition to the public domain, is facing a deep mutation. Criterias of definition of private domain are changing, which leads to the insertion of new elements in this legal field and to a redifining of its role in public properties classification. The private domain can not be perceived anymore as an heritage that the administration uses in a private capacity. It undeniably has a role for the general interest by granting incomes to its owners or by giving them supports to achieve their assignements. The growing number of hypothesis where assets of the private field are used to non-financial aims lead us to suggest a scale of public interests these usages can lead to. This scale is aimed to reconcile a profit-driven approach with public action other objectives. This is shown by the definition of the system of private domain, which gives much importance to the fonction of preserving the economic value of a public asset while opening up to a logic of protection of its public interests fonctions which are supported by its assets. The mutation of the definition of the private domain draws a new legal system by joining the search for an economic exploitation of public assets with its protection imperatives where the definition of the public domain fails. We can consider to extend this new legal system to the field of public domain to try to counter the crisis it isfacing.

Les activités économiques présentent des formes et des degrés de dépendance variables à l’environnement. L’environnement peut intervenir comme un facteur de production, comme une contrainte à l’usage de certains intrants, comme une contrainte pour certains facteurs de production. La dépendance peut être reliée à la disponibilité ou à la qualité de certaines ressources environnementales, à leur dimension de bien collectif. Il s’agira d’explorer les implications des différentes formes de dépendances bio-physico-chimiques mais aussi juridiques. Dans le cas de l’ostréiculture arcachonnaise, on examinera les formes de dépendance et leur mesure économique, à travers les impacts économiques liés à la disponibilité variable des ressources biologiques marines mais aussi à la productivité naturelle du milieu. L’analyse des caractéristiques socio-économiques des entreprises ostréicoles arcachonnaises permettra de dresser une typologie de ces dernières et ainsi caractériser l’activité. Une approche par la fonction de production sera utilisée pour mettre en évidence les degrés divers de sensibilité à une variation des conditions environnementales de production tandis que l’évaluation par la méthode des prix hédoniques permettra de déterminer le prix implicite des composantes environnementales des indemnités de substitution en tenant compte par ailleurs de la localisation géographique des concessions ostréicoles. / Economic activities have forms and degrees of dependency variables to the environment. The environment can act as a factor of production as a constraint to the use of certain inputs, such as a constraint for some inputs. Dependence may be related to the availability or quality of certain environmental resources. It will explore the implications of different forms of dependencies bio-physico-chemical as well as legal. In the case of the Arcachon Bay oyster-farming will examine the forms of dependence and economic measure, through the economic impacts associated with the variable availability of living marine resources but also to the natural productivity of the environment. The analysis of socio-economic characteristics of Arcachon Bay oyster-farms will develop a typology of the latter and thus characterize the activity. A production function approach will be used to highlight the varying degrees of sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions of production while the evaluation by the hedonic price method will determine the implicit price of environmental components of the oyster leases value taking into account also the geographical location of oyster leases.

La présente thèse s'attache à définir la consistance du domaine public mobilier et la portée du principe d'inaliénabilité associé à cette catégorie juridique consacrée par le Code général de la propriété des personnes publiques en 2006.Elle montre que le Code général de la propriété des personnes publiques a consacré le domaine public mobilier en renforçant la prééminence des biens culturels en son sein. Les biens qui présentent « un intérêt public du point de vue de l'histoire, de l'art, de l'archéologie, de la science ou de la technique » sont protégés par un standard juridique. Néanmoins, le domaine public mobilier est réceptif à des meubles dépourvus d'intérêt culturel. Il existe en outre un domaine public mobilier praeter legem.Le domaine public est protégé par le principe d'inaliénabilité. Cependant, le principe d'inaliénabilité du domaine public mobilier est avant tout une interdiction de déclassement administratif de meubles publics qui présentent un intérêt public du point de vue de l'histoire, de l'art, de l'archéologie, de la science ou de la technique. Loin d'être sanctuarisé, il s'accommode en droit et en fait d'une importante aliénabilité des meubles domaniaux. / French public entities (the State, local entities) can be owners of real property or movables. When these movables have a cultural value, they can be a matter of what the French law calls ‟domaine public mobilier”. These properties are subjected to legal rules which grant them a particular protection: they are inalienable; they are subjected to special rules regarding their preservation, their safety and their security. And these properties are subjected to particular legal rules allowing people to discover them in public museums, in public exhibitions, etc. How does the law identify these properties? Is the inalienability of these properties as “authoritarian” as the law wants it? These questions are in the heart of the present work.