The background variables, GDP per capita, marketization, industrialization and urbanization are used to control different levels of development across provinces. The role of the state is measured in the following ways. First, financial capacity, administrative capacity and coercive capacity are used to measure the role of state capacity in BMI extension. The study examines whether there is a difference in choosing different agencies to collect social insurance premiums: one is local taxation agency and the other is social insurance agency. Third, the performance of BMI is measured through the deposit rates of BMI funding which reflects governments' ability to manage the BMI program. In the current policy, employers are charged largely the social insurance fees. So their willingness and capabilities to pay will affect BMI coverage. The study investigates two kinds of employers: loss making State-Owned-Enterprises (SOE hereafter) and Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIE hereafter). On the employee's part, the percent of informal employment in total urban employment is used to measure the effect of adverse employment conditions on BMI coverage. Trade union density is used to estimate the labor organization strength. / The complicated process of extending coverage is related to three major stakeholders: state, employers and employees. These three stake-holders influence BMI progress. Also, the background factors (such as the economic growth) should be taken into account for the regional variations in development level. Since BMI is a typical social policy field, this study reviews major theories about social policy development: logic of industrialism, power resource theory and state-centered approach and so on. These theories help organize pieces of phenomena into a unified framework and testable hypotheses are also derived. / The contributions of this study can be twofold. First, from the theoretical aspect, this research tests several welfare state development theories using Chinese data. In this way, it does not only expand the scope conditions of theories, but also improves our understanding of the social policy development in China, an outlier of traditional western democracies. Second, this study tests some controversial issues on BMI development and the research findings provide knowledge support for the policy practice in the real world. / The low coverage of social health insurance is one of the causes of the problems in Chinese health care system which is criticized for the rising health cost, large share of out-of-pocket payments and health inequality issue. The Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Employees (BMI hereafter) was chosen as the subject of my investigation. It was established in 1998 for the working population and till now it has not achieved universal coverage yet. The Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Residents (BMI-R hereafter) was started in 2007 and it is still in pilot stage, therefore data are still inadequate. In rural areas, the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS hereafter) achieved almost full coverage in 2008. Thus extending coverage is not issue at concern for NCMS. Besides, the NCMS data at province level are quite limited. Considering the stages of policy development and data access, BMI-R and NCMS are not included in this study. / The proportion of winning lawsuit in labor disputes is used to measure the function of labor protection system. This study adopts the panel method. Data is ranging from the year 1999 to 2005 and the unit of analysis is province/year. They were collected from various official statistics and constructed into a panel database which can trace the development of BMI from its origin to most recent situation. / The research question is what are the determinants of BMI's coverage? It is originated from some puzzling observations: the NCMS achieved full coverage in four years and it is a voluntary participation insurance program. On the contrary, why the mandatory BMI did not reach universal coverage after almost ten years' development? Besides, the progress of BMI across different provinces varied greatly. Given the policy designing and starting points are rather similar, how can we explain these variations? / The research yields several interesting results. First, the roles of financial capacity and administrative capacity in BMI development are supported by data, especially the social insurance agency. Second, results show that using local taxation to collect social insurance premiums has better effects in extending coverage than the alternative approach. This result will give an end to the decade-long debate on choice of social insurance premiums collection agencies. Third, the deposit rates of BMI funding are negatively related with BMI coverage. It implies that governments should improve the performance of BMI so as to attract more people to enroll in this program. Fourth, the union density in the private sector is positively related with BMI coverage. This result disagrees with the conventional wisdom that the Chinese trade unions are useless. It implies that strengthening the organization of employees (even through the official channel) can protect the rights of employees in some degree. / 劉軍強. / Adviser: Cheek-Kie Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 198-222) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liu Junqiang.

李艷紅. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2004. / 參考文獻 (p. 320-328). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Yanhong. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004. / Can kao wen xian (p. 320-328).

L’expérimentation sociale de Titus Salt (1803-1876) à travers sa communauté industrielle modèle de Saltaire, dans la région du Yorkshire, a été considérée jusqu’à nos jours comme une référence pour répondre aux maux urbains résultant de la rapide industrialisation du début du dix-neuvième siècle. L’enjeu de cette recherche est de contextualiser cette expérience, débutée en 1853, dans le mouvement de réformes sociales entre 1850 et 1880 à Bradford que nous considérons comme la ville à l’origine de Saltaire. Nous centrerons cette étude sur les différents aspects et influences alors à l’oeuvre dans la promotion de l’évolution ouvrière, tels que le bien-être social mais aussi les pressions économiques, politiques et religieuses. A travers cette comparaison nous constaterons l’étendue de la participation réformatrice et innovatrice sociale du village sous la direction de Titus Salt et observerons dans quelle mesure l’expérimentation à Saltaire prit part à l’avancée de la condition des ouvriers du textile lainier. / Titus Salt’s social experiment conducted through his model industrial community of Saltaire, in Yorkshire, has been perceived and presented this far as a solution to the contemporary issues resulting from rapid industrialisation. The aim of the present research is to put into context this experiment, started in 1853, within the wider social reform movement that occurred from 1850 to 1880 in Bradford- which we consider as the “mother town” of Saltaire. This study focuses on the various influences promoting the advancement of the factory workers’ conditions, such as social welfare concerns but also religious, political and economical pressures, in order to see their achievements on the urban life. This comparative study is aiming to demonstrate the extent to which the model village, under Titus Salt’s leadership, took part in the social reformation and in the progress of the worsted trade workers’ circumstances.

In the financial industry, there is a high demand for employees to possess all the necessary skills and motivation to perform highly specialized functions, and handle demands that accompany increasing stress levels. The aim of the research was to determine whether there is a relationship between work and non-work stressors and work-life balance in the Global Market Trading industry. A cross-sectional survey design was used, with a sample of 72 global market trading professionals drawn from a financial institution in Gauteng. Two questionnaires and a biographical questionnaire were administered. The questionnaires proved to be reliable. The power of the study was calculated. Descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation was used to organise, summarise and describe the data. The findings of the study show that as global market trading professional’s intrinsic factors at work and stress regarding their personal time increases, their experience of negative WHI increase as well. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology )

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This thesis explores the representation of emotion and feeling in the 1910’s and 1920’s fictional works of Swedish working class writer Karl Östman, against the historical background of the working class movement and its social communities. The material consists mainly of three collections of short stories (Pilgrims, A Fiddle and a Woman and Hunger) and one novel (The Broad Road). The author analyses how emotions arise and are represented, the relationship between emotion and action, the individual and collective practices of feeling, as well as the emotional reactions following suffering. Dreams of love and compassion are also addressed to investigate whether the texts point to the possibility of a new emotional community for the working class. The theoretical basis of the thesis is Barbara H. Rosenwein’s concept of ”emotional communities”, along with Sara Ahmed’s theories of emotions as patterns of action. The thesis argues that all actions in Östman’s fiction are, fundamentally, emotional reactions. To gain an understanding of capitalism and class society as the causes of oppression, Östman’s characters must first understand their own emotions from the perspective of a socialist emotional community, rather than the prevailing emotional community of working class men. Only then can their emotional response to suffering become anger and action rather than hopelessness. Östman identifies the great shame of the worker not as his vulnerable position under capitalism but as the culture of non-feeling that workers impose on one another – a change of perspective that becomes a call for action. If read attentive to the role of emotions in the text, the thesis argues, Östman’s fiction possesses an urgency and a complexity previously not accredited to him.

No description available.

Text in Afrikaans / According to Kerkspieel III (s.a. :20) a tendency has been observed in the Dutch Reformed Church during the last decade, to aim its ministry mainly at members of ·the higher professional careers, consequently failing to reach people from the lower blue collar occupations. This tendency has caused a rise in membership of the higher professional career group, from 27.43% to 36.90%; and a consequent drop in that of the lower blue collar occupations, from 28.74% to·20.21% during this time. Is it possible for members of the Dutch Reformed Church, belonging to a -lower socio-economic status (S.E.S.), to have certain needs which ~he church cannot satisfy? The purpose of· this study is to investigate the issue of church members with a lower S.E.S., having peculiar needs which are not satisfied by the ministry of the Dutch Reformed Church. Ellisras-Wes, are atively young industrial congregation. _ It was revealed from the literature· study that churches or denominations in general are inclined to feel an affinity with a limited section of society. Protestant Churches in particular are inclined to pay special attention to ·certain S.E.S. groups. Although certain differences regarding patterns of conduct and attitude have been. identified among various S.E.S. groups,. there was no considerable indications that a correlation exists between members' S.E.S. and needs. The perception that.people with a lower S.E.S. would be irreligious, uninvolved and disinterested, can therefore be rejected. Evidence to the contrary is that the religious experience of lower S.E.S. members is more genuine and traditional, while members with a higher S.E.S. tend to have a critical attitude against the Bible and church-doctrine. Even atheism occurs to a greater extent within this group. This tendency will continue until such time as the Dutch Reformed Church acknowledges its deficiency in this respect and reach to lower S.E.S groups. The church may consequently show a considerable growth. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Practical Theology)

In modern South African society, many women have overcome traditional notions of gender by becoming breadwinners in their homes and providing primary financial support for their families. Employing a Phenomenological Feminist viewpoint, this dissertation contextualises the meaning that South African female breadwinners (FBW) ascribe to their experiences within their lived environment, utilising data collected from in-depth, unstructured interviews with FBW from the Mpumalanga and Gauteng provinces. While taking into consideration their intersectional experiences of gender, race, as well as cultural and traditional societal pressures, this study represents these womens’ voices in order to understand how they make meaning of and negotiate their spaces and roles as breadwinners. In the course of interviews and analysis, the realities faced by FBW revealed experiences, individual and communal, shared and unique, which expose archaic divisions of gender within our society, which have been hiding behind constructions of reform advocating equality among the sexes. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Thesis (MEd)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The shaping of students. educational aspirations in their school and neighbourhood context is a complex process of confluence, and largely depends on their context-specific perceptions and conceptualisation. From a sociological perspective, this study focuses on how high-school students at a working-class school in a working-class neighbourhood shape their educational aspirations amidst their particular community dynamics. The study uses the analytical lens of space in order to investigate the underlying relationship between youth development and the youth.s educational aspirations in their neighbourhood context. It emphasises students. life experiences in two spaces, namely their residential space (the neighbourhood) and their institutional space (the school). This is an important focus in order to explore the dynamic relationship between students. spatial living dynamics and how they navigate within these to shape their educational aspirations. The study focuses on how the students experience the neighbourhood and school in relation to their educational aspirations, and how these aspects manifest in the shaping of their aspirations. Also key to the study is the students. prior socialisation processes with regard to their educational aspirations. The study.s primary point of departure is that there is a unique relationship between these students. living contexts and how they construct and position their educational aspirations within these contexts. The study belongs within the qualitative interpretative paradigm, as I attempt to describe and understand how these students consciously draw from practices and interactions in their living contexts to shape their educational aspirations. Qualitative research instruments, such as field notes, participatory and non-participatory observations as well as formal and informal interviews, were used to answer the research question and achieve the research objectives of the thesis. The findings are presented in narrative format according to relevant themes, and are also analysed on a narrative basis. The research shows how the students . based on their own resources, networks and interactions as well as their own agency . position themselves in relation to their educational aspirations in order to shape their aspirations. In this way, the study reveals how the participating students dualistically draw from the practices of both their living spaces . school as well as neighbourhood . in order to give content to their educational aspirations; how they navigate the shaping of their educational aspirations .in parallel., as it were, in line with both the aforementioned living contexts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Studente se opvoedkundige-aspirasievorming in hul skool- en woonbuurtkonteks is 'n komplekse proses van samevloeiing, en hang grootliks van hul konteksspesifieke opvattings en konseptualisering af. Uit 'n sosiologiese perspektief konsentreer hierdie studie op hoe hoërskoolstudente by 'n werkersklasskool in 'n werkersklaswoonbuurt aan hul opvoedkundige aspirasies gestalte gee te midde van hul besondere gemeenskapsdinamiek. Die studie gebruik die analitiese lens van ruimte ten einde ondersoek in te stel na die onderliggende verwantskap tussen jeugwording en die jongmense se opvoedkundige aspirasies in hul woonbuurtkonteks. Die klem val op studente se lewenservarings in twee ruimtes, naamlik hul omgewingsruimte (die woonbuurt) en hul institusionele ruimte (die skool). Dit is 'n belangrike fokuspunt ten einde die dinamiese verwantskap te ondersoek tussen studente se ruimtelike leefdinamiek en hoe hulle daarin hul weg baan ten einde aan hul opvoedkundige aspirasies gestalte te gee. Die studie konsentreer op hoe die studente die woonbuurt en skool met betrekking tot hul opvoedkundige aspirasies beleef, en hoe hierdie aspekte in hul aspirasievormingsprosesse na vore kom. Nog 'n belangrike faktor in die studie is die studente se vorige sosialiseringsprosesse met betrekking tot hul opvoedkundige aspirasies. Die hoofuitgangspunt van die studie is dat daar 'n unieke verwantskap bestaan tussen hierdie studente se leefkontekste en hoe hulle hul opvoedkundige aspirasies daarin konstrueer en plaas. Die studie hoort tuis binne die kwalitatief-vertolkende paradigma, aangesien ek probeer beskryf en verstaan hoe hierdie studente op beredeneerde wyse uit praktyke en wisselwerkings in hul leefkontekste put om hul opvoedkundige aspirasies te vorm. Kwalitatiewe navorsingsinstrumente soos veldnotas, deelnemende en niedeelnemende waarnemings sowel as formele en informele onderhoude is gebruik om die navorsingsvraag te beantwoord en die navorsingsdoelwitte van die tesis te bereik. Die bevindings word in 'n narratiewe vorm aan die hand van tersaaklike temas aangebied en ook op 'n narratiewe grondslag ontleed. Die navorsing toon hoe die studente hulle - op grond van hul eie bronne, netwerke en wisselwerking sowel as hul eie agentskap - in verhouding tot hul opvoedkundige aspirasies plaas ten einde daaraan gestalte te gee. Sodoende onthul die studie hoe die deelnemerstudente op dualistiese wyse uit die praktyke van albei hul leefruimtes - skool en woonbuurt - put om hul opvoedkundige aspirasies te vorm; hoe hulle hul opvoedkundige-aspirasievorming as't ware 'parallel' in pas met albei voormelde twee leefkontekste navigeer.