L'inscription perpétuelle sur l'agenda politique des problèmes récurrents liés à la « crise du système de santé » français depuis les années 1970-1990 justifie l’intérêt de la science politique.Tandis que l’affirmation forte d’un État, seul responsable légitime de la politique de santé, était la marque de la réforme en 2004, les discours de la réforme de 2014-2016 sont emprunts d’une nouvelle grammaire conjuguant territorialisation et gouvernance.La territorialisation comme réponse à la crise de l’État providence et la nouvelle gouvernance comme réponse à la crise de la gouverne de l’État sont des phénomènes décrits par les analystes des politiques publiques dans d’autres secteurs.Cependant, la « crise du système de santé » se présente comme étant de nature économique, fonctionnelle et organisationnelle et non pas politique. La rhétorique de la réforme promeut des solutions en tant que réponses à des problèmes décrits à l’aune de ces motifs.Nous nous proposons d’étudier non pas les problèmes justifiant la mise sur l’agenda, mais la fabrique de la réforme, l’étiquetage des problèmes, les solutions mises en mots dans les discours, les éléments de légitimation des solutions, la trame cognitive et les éléments normatifs constitutifs du discours de la réforme.Nous montrerons qu’une approche pluridisciplinaire associant courant cognitif de l’analyse des politiques publiques empruntant à la théorie de Kuhn, démarche pragmatique en référence à John Dewey, et théorie politique, ainsi qu’épistémologie de la santé croisée avec la connaissance en santé publique, permet de renouveler l’analyse de cette politique publique finalement singulière.La première étape de notre travail sera de procéder à une généalogie de l’ère de la réforme ayant débuté dans les années 1970, en intégrant deux oubliés, politique de santé publique et décentralisation en santé. Puis, nous nous attacherons à une déconstruction des deux notions communes de la rhétorique de la réforme : « santé » et « système de santé ». Enfin, nous analyserons cette dernière à l’aide des outils théoriques empruntés à la sociologie.Ayant ainsi repéré le cadre cognitif et normatif de la politique de santé en France et défini les thèmes-clefs qui la constituent, nous aborderons par une étude de contenu les discours des moments 2004 et 2014.À l’issue de cette étude, nous approfondirons notre étude par l’analyse du fondements de la crise et des éléments les plus signifiants constitutifs des derniers discours étudiés : gouvernance et démocratie en santé.Notre enquête met en évidence le motif central de la réforme : la fabrique d’une réforme perpétuelle comme processus de légitimation de l’État républicain. Au-delà de la réforme, se manifestent, un public en démocratie ainsi qu’un problème public, la question des principes de la politique de santé ainsi que de sa finalité / The repeated and persistent appearance of issues related to the Health System crisis on every political agenda justifies the interest of political science in this field of research.As the 2004 reform’s bottom line was a strong affirmation that only the government can be legitimately responsible for health policy -a statement still favored by recent reforms- numerous official speeches about the last year’s reform contain a new language, using the “ territorialisation” and “gouvernance ” words.In fact, “territorialisation” as an answer to the Welfare State crisis, and “gouvernance” as an answer to the crisis in the ways of State governing, are both well-known Political Science subjects.Yet, the health crisis is not purported to be a political issue, but due to economics rather, mainly a functional and organizational one. As a consequence, matching solutions are usely thought in an economic and administrative way.Using cognitive and pragmatic approaches, our study neither aims at defining the terms of said crisis, nor justifying its presence on the political agenda. Rather, it addresses the solutions that are brought forward in the so-called ‘reform factory’ that are political speeches, as they have the power to legitimate deciding actors or their action.The first step taken in our method will consist in reporting bibliographic references for a political and historical deconstruction of the French health system, as well as analyzing the ‘health’ concept, in order to describe the cognitive framework of health policy. Special attention vill be paid to decentralization et public health.Then, these categories should prove to be helpful to study the current trends in the 2004 and 2014 periods of health reform in a discursive analysis, as we intend to do.To further investigate health reform manufacturing, we will focus on the new themes observed in these speeches : « gouvernance » et health democracy.Our thesis is that, through the language at play among these actors, there is a semantic fight loaded with power challenges to the State role in health Policy and therefore in the place ought to be given to the various actors in health public Policy. Finally, throw reforms, a new public for democracy came forward and new issues, that are principles and goals of health policy, appeared.

Los Sueños de Quevedo es una obra satírica que contiene una incisiva crítica social, de la que no escapa la realidad jurídica de la época. Con la ayuda que prestan los puentes metodológicos generados con la combinación de las ciencias literaria y jurídica, en este trabajo de investigación interdisciplinar se analiza el componente jurídico presente de forma dispersa en esta narración ficcional de naturaleza satírica, estudiando su contenido y forma de presentación en base a la clasificación que se propone de los elementos de carácter jurídico. Mediante su comparación con fuentes documentales jurídicas de la época y con el filtro que proporciona el pensamiento pluridimensional filosófico y doctrinal del autor, se pretende además una aproximación a las circunstancias histórico-jurídicas de finales del siglo XVI y principios del XVII, así como, a la visión que tiene Quevedo de la misma y la valoración que otorga a la administración de justicia y a la justicia misma, contribuyendo con ello al mejor conocimiento de la obra literaria, de su creador y de la época en la que se escribió. / Sueños by Quevedo is a satirical work that contains an incisive social criticism, from which the legal reality of the time does not escape. This interdisciplinary research analyzes the legal component present in Quevedo’s fictional narrative with help from the methodological bridges built between the literary and legal sciences. In this paper a proposed classification of the legal elements is used as the basis for analysis of Sueños’ content and form. By comparing the results with legal documentary sources of the time and with the filter provided by the author's multidimensional philosophical and doctrinal thought, an approach to the historical-legal circumstances of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries is also reached, as well as, Quevedo's view and assessment of the administration of justice and justice itself in his contemporary society. The analysis contributes to a better understanding of Sueños, its author and the time in which it was written.

Die Arbeit geht einem Rezeptionsgeschehen zwischen Theologie und Philosophie im 20.Jahrhundert nach, das nach dem Verhältnis von Sprache und Wirklichkeit fragt. Rudolf Bultmanns Kerygma und Martin Heideggers Ereignis versuchen zu beschreiben, wie Sprache auf die Wirklichkeit und die Existenz wirkt. Ernst Fuchs und Gerhard Ebeling gehen in ihrer Hermeneutischen Theologie von einer christologischen Verhältnisbestimmung aus: Weil Gott im Wort wirkt, ist der Mensch sprachlich bestimmt. Ihr Konzept Wortgeschehen verbindet die sprachliche mit der existentialen Ebene, um das Wort Gottes als dynamisch und rechtfertigend wirkmächtig zu interpretieren. Der Philosoph Paul Ricœur rezipiert diese theologische Verhältnisbestimmung. Er versucht mit seiner Hermeneutik des Symbols, der Metapher und des Textes, existentiale Strukturen und Wirkweisen von Sprache zu beschreiben und setzt sich dazu auch mit dem Wortgeschehen auseinander. Allerdings weist Ricœurs Rezeption des theologischen Konzeptes auf strukturelle und hermeneutische Probleme hin. Ricœurs eigener Entwurf eines hermeneutischen Prozesses bezieht Struktur und Bedeutung des Textes, sowie Kritik und Glaube des Verstehenden in den Interpretationsvorgang ein und öffnet sich für bibelhermeneutische Überlegungen. Der Philosoph Ricœur wird daher theologisch vielfach rezipiert. Eine konkrete Schnittstelle stellt die Gleichnisdiskussion ab den 1970er Jahren dar, an der Ricœur sich beteiligt und in der seine Hermeneutik theologisch rezipiert wird. Gleichzeitig vertieft diese Diskussion das Konzept Wortgeschehen, weil sie sprachliche Mechanismen und deren existentiale Wirkung genauer beschreibt. Nachdem das Wortgeschehen philosophisch wie theologisch weiterentwickelt wurde, erweist es sich in der Frage nach einer Hermeneutik des Wortes Gottes als dienliches Konzept, weil es die sprachliche Ebene des Wortes Gottes mit hermeneutischen und theologischen Begründungen seiner existentialen Wirkung verbindet. / This dissertation investigates a mutual reference between theology and philosophy in the 20th century dealing with the issue of the relation between language and reality. Rudolf Bultmann‘s Kerygma and Martin Heidegger‘s Ereignis try to describe, how language effects reality and existence. In their Hermeneutical Theology, Ernst Fuchs and Gerhard Ebeling define a christological relation: Because God acts through the word, human existence is defined through language. Their concept Wortgeschehen relates linguistic to existential layers of meaning in order to interpret the word of God as dynamic and justifying. The philosopher Paul Ricœur refers to this theological relation. In his hermeneutics of symbols, metaphors and texts, he tries to describe existential structures and effects of language and concerning this question also discusses the Wortgeschehen. Yet, Ricœur‘s reference to the theological concept points out structural and hermeneutical problems. Ricœur‘s own concept of a hermeneutic process integrates structure and meaning of a text, as well as the critical and faithful understanding into the process of interpretation. His position is open for hermeneutics of the Bible. Thus, there are several theological references to the philosopher. The discussion on parables in the 1970s represents a concrete intersection of both disciplines, involving Ricœur and the theological reception of his hermeneutics. At the same time the discussion elaborates the concept Wortgeschehen describing language mechanisms and existential effects more precisly. Through its continuing philosophical and theological development the Wortgeschehen proves a helpful concept concerning the question of hermeneutics of the word of God, because it connects the linguistic layer of the Word of God to hermeneutic and theological reasons of its existential effect.

Ce mémoire, qui s’intéresse aux enjeux de l’imbrication du philosophique et du romanesque chez les penseurs des Lumières françaises, cherchera à mettre de l’avant la contribution originale de Denis Diderot à la réflexion philosophique sur le roman, de même qu’à l’exploration des ressources littéraires permettant de philosopher par le roman. Nous nous proposons, dans un premier temps, d’examiner ce qui relève d'une théorisation explicite de l'écriture des fictions narratives dans l’oeuvre du philosophe langrois. Nous nous attacherons à montrer comment l’approfondissement des thèses de son matérialisme, ainsi que les déceptions consécutives à ses projets de réforme du théâtre, sont venus bouleverser les conceptions esthétiques et morales qui formaient le premier horizon normatif à partir duquel Diderot envisageait les modalités idéales de l'écriture et de la réception romanesques. Puis, dans un deuxième temps, nous chercherons à faire voir comment Diderot, à titre d’auteur de fictions narratives, entreprend une exploration aussi originale que féconde des ressorts proprement philosophiques de l’écriture romanesque. Les dernières sections de notre étude seront consacrées à une lecture approfondie de Jacques le fataliste et son maître. Nous tâcherons d’abord d’en dégager les principales ressources mises au service de la formation d’un lecteur de romans plus lucide et plus critique. Puis, nous chercherons à mettre en lumière de quelle façon cette propédeutique, si elle réussit, doit ultimement conduire le lecteur à entamer un véritable dialogue avec l’oeuvre, tant sur les questions métaphysiques et ontologiques qu’entraîne le « fatalisme » de Jacques, que sur les enjeux moraux qui en découlent. / This thesis, which deals with the interweaving of philosophy and literature in the work of French Enlightenment thinkers, seeks to shed light on Denis Diderot’s unique contributions to philosophical reflection on the novel, as well as to the exploration of the literary resources that make it possible to delve into philosophical issues through the novel. Beginning with an examination of Diderot’s explicit theories about writing narrative fiction, it argues that the outgrowth of his materialism and the disenchantment following his attempts at theatre reform upended the aesthetic and moral basis for the initial normative framework underpinning his analysis of how fiction is ideally written and received. It goes on to examine how Diderot, as a novelist, undertook an innovative and fruitful exploration of the unsuspected philosophical resources that narrative fiction offers. The final sections are devoted to a close reading of Jacques the Fatalist and His Master, beginning with an attempt to identify the main resources it deploys to train more lucid and critical readers of fiction. The thesis then seeks to show how this knowledge base, if successfully transmitted, ultimately leads the reader to engage in a genuine dialogue with the work, both in terms of the metaphysical and ontological issues raised by Jacques’ “fatalism” and the moral issues that ensue.

In The gendered Human Being. Gender Difference from the Perspective of Helmuth Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology, gender difference in the two-gender model is examined from the perspective of philosophical anthropology. For this purpose, three social constructivist theories of gender difference are brought into conversation with each other under the prism of lived body-body-person. In this way, the work aims to catch a glimpse of the gendered human being in all the spheres that open up their world. Key words: Helmuth Plessner, Philosophical Anthropology, anthropology, gender difference, gender studies, philosophy of the twentieth century, phenomenology, social philosophy, Judith Butler, Doing Gender, theory of interaction, constructivism

<div>This dissertation redefines the placebo effect in light of new empirical observations and certain strands of philosophical ethics. </div>Chapter 1 critically reviews available definitions of placebo responsiveness against their abilities to hang together the diversity of empirical observations and emerging research interests. Projecting Wittgenstein's example of a child learning pain language, Chapter 2 redefines the phenomenon as a particular kind of experience of meaning and reconsiders clinical empathy in terms of the loss and recovery of language that belongs to illness experience and diagnosis. Chapter 3 broadens the account of psychosomatic responsiveness from the experience of meaning to the experience of values, utilising Canguilhem's definition of health and Nietzsche's genealogical account of the health of values. Chapter 4 explores the foregoing by recounting how Wittgenstein's moral philosophy might hold together the traditional ethical and bioethical question of what makes life worth living with psychosomatic responsiveness.

<p>   </p> <p>Motivated by the lack of research that has explored the rhetorical structure of research articles in the humanities, this dissertation analyzes professional philosophical discourse using move-analysis as an approach. A corpus of 60 research articles was compiled from some of the leading philosophy journals. The articles were selected from three sub-disciplinary areas: (a) metaphysics and epistemology, (b) the history of philosophy, and (c) ethics. To analyze the articles, a move analysis codebook was developed, which identified the rhetorical functions (i.e., moves and steps) that different text segments played. The codebook was then applied to the entire research article structure of the 60 research articles. Linguistic features of certain functional units were also identified via corpus analysis techniques. The results of the study show that rhetorical structure of philosophical writing is distinctive compared to other fields and disciplines. On one hand, at the macro level, philosophical writing uses a problem-solution structure rather than the IMRD (intro-methods-results-discussion) structure, common in the social and natural sciences. At the move and step level, philosophical writing heavily relies on evaluation to critically analyze solutions to philosophical problems. Finally, the dissertation found systemic rhetorical functions that permeated the entire research article. Most notably, philosophers heavily qualify and outline their arguments throughout the text. </p> <p>  </p>

Despite credible research to support a constructivist-based approach in early childhood programs, policymakers continued to push for a more academic-based philosophy in an effort to reach standardized testing goals. Reggio Emilia, a constructivist-based early childhood philosophy that originated in Northern Italy, has been shown to be an excellent model to facilitate optimum learning in young children. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to investigate parental experiences when choosing the constructivist-based early childhood program, Reggio Emilia, for their children and to explore parents' perceived benefits after their children attended. A constructivist conceptual framework was used to provide context for the Reggio Emilia philosophy. A purposeful sampling strategy was used to select a Reggio Emilia inspired program, Foundations Early Learning Center, in the American Midwest. Five parents who had enrolled their children at Foundations Early Learning Center for a minimum of 6 months participated through in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed, categorized, and clustered into similar themes that described the phenomenon. Results indicated parents identified an overall satisfaction for choosing a Reggio Emilia experience for their preschool children. Ten perceived benefits from parents were identified that were associated with their children after they attended the Reggio Emilia inspired program. Findings of the current study have the potential to bring awareness to policymakers and early childhood program directors when making decisions on what type of educational philosophy to implement into early childhood programs with results favoring the choice of a constructivist-based Reggio Emilia inspired program over alternative options.

This applied dissertation was designed to provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of out-of-class safety net corrective instructional activity practices conducted beyond regular classroom instruction for lower secondary level (9th- and 10th- grade high school) students within mastery learning educational environments. The study was designed to shed light on the impact and implications of these practices on Bloom’s vanishing point (Bloom, 1971) and Arlin’s leveling effect (Arlin & Westbury, 1976). Seven mastery learning structured international schools in geographic proximity, of similar size, and utilizing the same program of study were used in this study. Three of the schools that employed a safety net program were the basis of this study, and the four schools that did not have in place a safety net program were used as a control for this observational research. Normed Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) RIT scores (Northwest Evaluation Association, 2005), grade point averages, and safety net program data were used in a series of case-control tests to determine the effectiveness of out-of-class corrective instructional activity safety net programs for above-average and below-average achieving students. The mean study and control group RIT percentile ranking scores for the students was nearly 1 standard deviation above the averages reported by the Northwest Evaluation Association (2005), so these relative comparisons involved bright students. This large volume of data enabled analysis of the effects of out-of-class safety net activities on school-wide and individual improvement in literature, writing, mathematics, and comprehensive results. Series of conclusive nonparametric analysis were used instead of normal distribution tests because of the out-of-bounds skewed nature of the data. Analysis of the data suggested that safety netting programs benefit all students, irrespective of whether or not students received out-of-class corrective instructional activities. The MAP RIT scores of below- average achieving students were not affected by attending a school with a safety net program but their GPA results improved in all subjects. Arlin’s leveling effect (Arlin & Westbury, 1976) most likely accounted for improvement of MAP RIT scores for above- average students who attended a school with a safety net program but their GPA results were not affected. These contrasting benefits masked the school-wide test results, which suggested that a school district might not realize an overall increase in MAP RIT and GPA results when adopting a safety net program. Students identified in need of safety netting services benefited by having been placed in the program up to twice in any respective course, but a point of diminishing returns was reached when a student fell 3 or more units behind in a course in relation to the progress of the class.

Figure patricienne incontournable du panorama de la création théâtrale, digne successeur d’Eugene O’Neill, de Tennessee Williams et d’Arthur Miller, Edward Albee (1928-2016) a insufflé une nouvelle vitalité au théâtre américain. Son œuvre iconoclaste, reçue avec ricanements, consternation ou enthousiasme, rejette l’existence d’une coupure entre la réalité, ses apparences, et l’imaginaire. Meneur de jeu imaginatif et provocateur, Albee cherche à produire un théâtre “réaliste” en abordant le problème des rapports entre apparences et réalité dans le théâtre du monde (Theatrum Mundi), sur le plan social (rôle et dimension humaine), logique (sens et non sens) et psychologique (raison et folie), ainsi que sur le plan de la représentation théâtrale (personnage et acteur). Cette étude explore, sous l’angle de la métaphore du jeu, les dernières pièces du dramaturge, riches en questionnements philosophiques, qui présentent le parcours initiatique du Sujet entre représentation et expérience, imaginaire et réalité. Du jeu au “je”, le personnage protéen, dans les coulisses du théâtre de l’intime, prépare son audition sur la scène du théâtre du monde. Empreinte de mystère, de poésie, de sagesse, de cocasserie ou de pathétique, l’aire de jeu inédite du dramaturge, où se prépare une expérience de vérité, déploie une vision humaniste optimiste qui ouvre in fine sur l’expérience esthétique de la catharsis. / A patrician key figure of the theatrical landscape, the worthy heir of Eugene O’Neill, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller, Edward Albee (1928-2017) has breathed new life into the American theatre. His iconoclastic body of work, which was met with sneering, dismay or enthusiasm, disproves the split between the real, its appearances and imagination. An imaginative, provocative playmaker, Albee aims at producing a “realistic” drama by tackling the problem of the links between appearances and reality in the Theatrum Mundi on various levels : social (role and human dimension), logical (meaning and absurdity), psychological (reason and madness), as well as on the level of performance (character and actor). Through the game metaphor, this study focuses on the playwright’s last plays, which are rife with philosophical interrogations and stage the Subject’s initiatory journey between representation and experience, imagination and reality. As a player, Albee’s protean character prepares backstage to audition for his role on the stage of the Theatrum Mundi. Imbued with mystery, poetry, wisdom, comicality and pathos, the playwright’s original playground, where an experience of truth is under way, brings forth an optimistic, humanistic vision that opens onto the aesthetic experience of catharsis.