Na construção de processos inclusivos encontram-se obstáculos relativos aos supostos limites e possibilidades de escolarização de crianças e adolescentes com autismo e psicose infantil. Em conseqüência de sua estruturação psíquica singular, estes sujeitos apresentam comportamentos estereotipados, falas descontextualizadas, escritas e leituras presas na literalidade ou com sentido errante. Tais diferenças são, constantemente, percebidas como impedimentos para a educação escolar, justificando-se, assim, a ausência de escolarização ou o encaminhamento para espaços reeducativos, com vistas à adaptação comportamental. Pretende-se contribuir para a construção de um novo olhar sobre esses sujeitos e suas possibilidades subjetivas e educacionais. Para tanto, optou-se por analisar o conhecimento acadêmico-científico, dissertações e teses, produzido nos programas de pósgraduação brasileiros, de 1978 a 2006. Foram identificadas 264 pesquisas. Um primeiro gesto de leitura mapeou as diversas áreas envolvidas e a singularidade do debate instituído. Pode-se dizer que a principal pergunta é pelo diagnóstico e a etiologia, modo pelo qual se formaliza a questão sobre quem são esses sujeitos e de onde derivam as múltiplas propostas terapêuticas e educacionais. Como lentes teóricas têm-se as proposições da educação inclusiva em diálogo com a psicanálise freudo-lacaniana e a hermenêutica filosófica. A presente tese narra a construção de um percurso investigativo, do inventário enciclopédico à invenção de uma leitura. Parte-se da premissa de que existe uma centralidade do diagnóstico na condução dos percursos educacionais de crianças com autismo e psicose infantil. Freqüentemente, o diagnóstico é identificado com o ato de desvelar e/ou decodificar. Defende-se que a relação diagnóstico-escolarização implica a construção de uma leitura, a invenção de possibilidades. Não sendo possível determinar a veracidade das diferentes teorias, o processo de escolarização inclui um não-saber constitutivo. Como não há um percurso pré-estabelecido, garantido e antecipado pelo diagnóstico, o professor e a escola responsabilizam-se por suas escolhas, visando à experiência escolar de seu aluno. Daí a base de sua conduta ser ética, em lugar de um método ou técnica. Do impossível de saber ao contingencial do ser constroem-se as possibilidades de escolarização. / In the development of inclusive processes there are obstacles related to the supposed limits and possibilities of schooling for children and adolescents with autism and infant psychosis. As a consequence to their unique psyche structuring, those subjects present stereotyped behaviors, disrupted speech, writing and reading grounded on literalism or on errant meanings. Such differences are often perceived as impediments for schooling. Thus, attendance of spaces for the purpose of behavioral adaptation to the detriment of schools is by that means justified. This research is intended to contribute to the construction of a new view on and about those subjects as well as their subjective and educational possibilities. To achieve such aim, scientific and academic knowledge contributed by theses and dissertations produced within Brazilian post-graduate programs from 1978 to 2006 were analyzed. 264 researches were identified. In a first approach to content, the diverse areas involved and the uniqueness of the debate have been mapped out. The main question regards the diagnosis and the etiology, the way by which the matter of who those subjects are and where the multiple therapeutic and educational propositions stem from. Theoretical background builds on the propositions of inclusive education in dialogue with freudian-lacanian psychoanalysis and philosophical hermeneutics. The present thesis narrates the construction of an investigative trajectory, from an encyclopedic inventory to the invention of reading. It is taken as the founding premise that there is centrality on the diagnosis for the conduction of educational paths for children with autism and infant psychosis. The diagnosis is often identified as an act of unveiling and/or decoding. It is defended that the relationship between diagnosis and schooling implies the construction of a reading, an invention of possibilities. As it is not possible to determine the veracity of different theories, schooling processes includes an constitutive unknowing. As there is no path pre-established, guaranteed and anticipated by the diagnosis, teachers and schools are held responsible for their choices in order to build students’ school experience. Thus, the basis of its conduct is based on ethics instead of a method or technique. From the impossible to be known to the contingence of being the schooling possibilities are built up. / En la construcción de procesos inclusivos se encuentran obstáculos relativos a los supuestos límites y posibilidades de escolarización de niños y adolescentes con autismo y psicosis infantil. En consecuencia de su estructuración psíquica singular, estos sujetos presentan comportamientos estereotipados, hablas descontextualizadas, escritas y lecturas atadas en la literalidad o con sentido errante. Tales diferencias son, constantemente, percibidas como impedimentos para la educación escolar, justificándose, así, la ausencia de escolarización o el encaminamiento para espacios reeducativos, con vistas a la adaptación comportamental. Se pretende contribuir para la construcción de una nueva mirada sobre esos sujetos y sus posibilidades subjetivas y educacionales. Para tanto, se optó por analizar el conocimiento académico-científico, disertación y tesis, producido en los programas de posgrado brasileros, de 1978 a 2006. Fueron identificadas 264 pesquisas. Un primero gesto de lectura mapeó las diversas áreas involucradas y la singularidad del debate instituido. Se puede decir que la principal pregunta es por el diagnóstico y la etiología, modo por el cual se formaliza la cuestión sobre quién son esos sujetos y de dónde derivan las múltiples propuestas terapéuticas y educacionales. Como lentes teóricas se tiene las proposiciones de la educación inclusiva en diálogo con el psicoanálisis freudo-lacaniano y la hermenéutica filosófica. La presente tesis narra la construcción de un recorrido investigativo, del inventario enciclopédico a la invención de una lectura. Se basa en la premisa de que existe una centralidad del diagnóstico en la conducción de los recorridos educacionales de niños con autismo y psicosis infantil. A menudo, el diagnóstico es identificado con el acto de aclarar y/o decodificar. Se defiende que la relación diagnóstico-escolarización implica la construcción de una lectura, la invención de posibilidades. No siendo posible determinar la veracidad de las diferentes teorías, el proceso de escolarización incluye un no-saber constitutivo. Como no hay un recorrido pre-establecido, garantizado y adelantado por el diagnóstico, el profesor y la escuela se responsabilizan por sus elecciones, visando a la experiencia escolar de su alumno. Por eso la base de su conducta ser ética, en lugar de un método o técnica. Del imposible de saber al contingencial del ser se construyen las posibilidades de escolarización.

This work presents a new paradigm for legal hermeneutics, divorced from positivism and hence the legal doctrine. To do so, outlines the doctrinal framework that preceded the construction of the theoretical framework used here , the philosophical hermeneutics of Gadamer, whose keynote is in opposition to the method as the only means to get to the truth. When entering your analysis itself, seeks to work with the most important concepts, such as tradition, authority, pre-understanding and the fusion of horizons, in order to pave the way to understand what he describes as a circle hermeneutic, a key concept for the demarcation of the proposal developed here. On this, also seeks to make an evolutionary analysis of the proposals of the thinkers that preceded the gadameriano concept. Outlined the substance of philosophical hermeneutics, we proceed to the analysis of its operation in legal interpretation, printing a critical reflection on the understanding in the application of law and, as a corollary, contributing to overcome the positivist paradigm and its aporias and as for the discussion about the legitimacy of judicial decisions. Thus seeks to clarify the contribution of Gadamer to legal thought, from his philosophical hermeneutics to explain, justify and legitimize the path taken by the judge pronouncing judgments. / A presente dissertação apresenta um novo paradigma para a hermenêutica jurídica, divorciado do positivismo e, consequentemente, da dogmática jurídica. Para tanto, delineia o arcabouço doutrinário que antecedeu a construção do marco teórico aqui utilizado, a hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer, cuja tônica consiste na oposição ao método como único meio para se chegar à verdade. Ao ingressar em sua análise propriamente dita, busca trabalhar com os conceitos mais importantes, a exemplo da tradição, da autoridade, da pré-compreensão e da fusão de horizontes, com a finalidade de sedimentar o caminho para a entender aquilo que ele descreve como círculo hermenêutico, conceito-chave para o deslinde da proposta aqui desenvolvida. Quanto a este, também procura fazer uma análise evolutiva das propostas dos pensadores que precederam ao conceito gadameriano. Delineada a substância da hermenêutica filosófica, parte-se para a análise de seu operar na hermenêutica jurídica, imprimindo uma reflexão crítica sobre a compreensão no âmbito da aplicação do direito e, como corolário, contribuindo para a superação do paradigma positivista e suas aporias, bem como para a discussão acerca da legitimidade das decisões judiciais. Assim, busca explicitar a contribuição de Gadamer para o pensamento jurídico, partindo de sua hermenêutica filosófica para explicar, fundamentar e legitimar o caminho trilhado pelo julgador ao prolatar as decisões judiciais.

Este trabalho propõe um método transdisciplinar de pesquisa para servir como modelo para estudos, investigações e pesquisas transdisciplinares, utilizando um critério denominado: estatístico-matemático-filosófico. Este método transdisciplinar, denominado método das intersecções foi aplicado: na reconstrução de alguns conceitos tabacológicos; na revisão de pressupostos da tabacologia; em descobertas que trazem novas hipóteses sobre a origem do tabaco e de sua utilização; na investigação sobre a utilização saudável e sobre o uso patológico do tabaco; nos diagnósticos, prognósticos e tratamentos bioecopsicosocioespirituais do tabagismo; na construção do Teste Projetivo e Transdisciplinar de Tabagismo (TPTT) e na prétestagem formal deste instrumento. Algumas conclusões destes estudos podem ser sintetizadas das seguintes formas: 1ª) Algumas descobertas científicas apontam para a origem do tabaco, e de sua utilização, a partir de, pelo menos, 3.200 anos atrás, na civilização egípcia; 2ª) Além da utilização patológica, denominada tabagismo, existem formas saudáveis de consumo do tabaco; 3ª) Os diagnósticos, prognósticos e formas de tratamento do tabagismo podem ser realizados de acordo com o modelo bioecopsicosocioespiritual, que considera as perspectivas: biológica, ecológica, psicológica, sociológica e espiritualista, ampliando a observação e a atuação diante deste problema. 4ª) A pré-testagem formal do Teste Projetivo e Transdisciplinar de Tabagismo (TPTT) demonstrou a possibilidade deste instrumento se constituir em ferramenta útil para se descobrir o índice geral de tabagismo, bem como para se encontrar as perspectivas preponderantes para tal compulsão ou consumo exagerado, e também as motivações que levam à tal utilização do tabaco / This dissertation suggest a transdisciplinary method of research in order to serve as a model in transdisciplinary studies, investigations and researches, utilizing a criterion called: statistics-mathematics-philosophical. This transdisciplinary method called intersections method was applied: in the reconstruction of some concepts of tabacology; in the revision of some assumptions in tabacology; in discoveries that brings new hypothesis about the origin of tobacco and its uses; in the investigation about the healthy and pathologic use of tobacco; in the bioecopsychosocialspiritual diagnostics, forecasts and treatments of tabagism; in the construction of the Projective and Transdisciplinary Test of Tabagism (PTTT) and in the formal pre-testing of this instrument. Some conclusions of these researches can be summarized as follows: 1ª)Some scientific discoveries indicates an origin of tobacco and its uses from 3.200 years ago, at least, in egyptian civilization. 2ª) Besides of the pathologic use called tabagism there are healthy ways of consumption of tobacco. 3ª) The diagnostics, forecasts and treatments of tabagism can be done following the bioecopsychosocialspiritual model that consider the perspectives: biological, ecological, psychological, sociological e spiritualistic, extending the observation and acting over this problem. 4ª) The formal pre-testing of the Projective and Transdisciplinary Test of Tabagism (PTTT) show the possibility of this instrument became a useful tool to find out the general index of tabagism and to achieve the prevalent perspective of this compulsion or overdose and the motivations in order to use tobacco in this way

Para verificar como a noção de categoria é utilizada historicamente nas linguagens documentárias, partimos de uma breve sistematização das propostas de categorização na filosofia, tal como ela se apresenta em Aristóteles, Kant e Wittgenstein, na semântica cognitiva, segundo Lakoff, com base em Rosch, e na sociologia do conhecimento, com Mauss. Analisamos, em seguida, reflexões feitas sobre a categorização nas linguagens documentárias realizadas por autores clássicos da Biblioteconomia - Shera, Dahlberg, Piedade, Fonseca, Grolier - e pelos autores contemporâneos - Blair e Iyer. O levantamento permitiu verificar que as noções de categoria e de categorização, embora nem sempre trabalhadas de modo explícito na literatura da Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, permeiam os princípios de elaboração das linguagens documentárias refletindo, de certo modo, as várias formas de conceber os conceitos. Os sistemas enciclopédicos de classificação tendem a utilizar o conceito a partir de Aristóteles, aplicando-o prioritariamente como noção de classe que se divide, de modo apriorístico e sucessivo, em gêneros e espécies etc., procedimento que se altera gradativamente por influência de Kant, quando a noção passa a privilegiar as propriedades dos objetos e fenômenos. Atualmente existe uma tendência fugaz de categorização nas linguagens documentárias de acordo com as variações socioculturais, enfatizando as funções e locais onde estas variações ocorrem. Este procedimento confere maior flexibilidade à linguagem documentária. / In order to find out how the concept of category is historically used in documentary language we start from a limited systematization of philosophy categorization as proposed by Aristotle, Kant and Wittgenstein, the cognitive semantic categorization according to Lakoff who based his proposal on Rosch, and in knowledge sociology as per Mauss. We then proceed to analyze categorization of documentary language as presented by Librarianship classic authors such as Shera, Dahlberg, Piedade, Fonseca, and Grolier. We also looked into the contemporary authors Blair and Iyer. The investigation allowed us to see that although not always apparent in the literature of Librarianship and Information Science, the notion of category and categorization is implicit in the principles of documentary language elaboration which influences the several ways of elaborating concepts. The encyclopedic classification systems have a tendency of utilizing concepts according to Aristotle, applying it as a notion of class which breaks down according to priority, successiveness, genre, type, etc. This classification style was gradually altered by Kant, where the concept of category and categorization first emphasizes the properties of objects and phenomena. Today we see a brief tendency to categorizing documentary language according to social and cultural variations, observing the functions and sites where the processes occur. This tendency allows more flexibility to documentary language.

Este trabalho buscou demonstrar que a concepção de mundo/cosmovisão, (reunião das escolhas ontológicas, epistemológicas e metodológicas) base teórica/paradigmática do pesquisador das Ciências Sociais, posta em crise pela passagem da modernidade para a pós-modernidade, pode ser retomada através da construção da sua Identidade Intelectual - expressa na sua palavra - prova da autonomia e da autodeterminação. / This research aimed at demonstrating that the conception of the world/Cosmo vision (assembly of ontological, epistemological and methodological choices) theoretical grounds for the researcher in Social Sciences, in crisis by the transition from Modernity to Post-Modernity, can be rescued through the building of its intellectual identity - expressed in ones voice - proof of autonomy and self-determination.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dirlei de Azambuja Pereira_Tese.pdf: 1071105 bytes, checksum: 13df1af61878556fa583cb9635688377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Paulo Freire, ao construir a sua pedagogia, recebeu influências diversas. Na teoria do pedagogo brasileiro, podem ser encontradas categorias filosóficas provenientes da Fenomenologia, do Existencialismo, do Cristianismo, da Teologia da Libertação, da Hermenêutica, do Marxismo e do Humanismo. Diante dessa constatação, há a necessidade de ser questionada a viabilidade de um diálogo que tenciona articular tantas e complexas influências. Haveria na obra de Paulo Freire apenas uma justaposição de fontes filosóficas? Seria o pedagogo brasileiro um autor eclético? Ou Freire elabora uma síntese intelectual, criativa e original, sem lesar, em seu cerne, os paradigmas filosóficos com os quais dialoga? Por meio da investigação desenvolvida, de matriz bibliográfica, concluiu-se que a última possibilidade exposta é a mais coerente em se tratando da teoria freiriana. O pedagogo brasileiro, como já asseveraram muitos estudiosos de sua obra, realiza uma síntese. Feita essa verificação, constatou-se que resta ainda sem resposta o fundamento de tal síntese, ou seja: se Freire desenvolveu esse processo, qual seria o núcleo sintético que o realiza? A resposta apresentada, frente a essa interrogativa, é que o núcleo que sintetiza as diversas categorias, que influenciam a pedagogia de Paulo Freire e que são oriundas de diferentes correntes filosóficas, é a ideia de transformação social radical na mesma perspectiva desenvolvida na filosofia social marxiana, entendida, neste contexto, como o movimento que envolve uma discussão radical sobre classe social e alienação, que decorrem do modelo social do capital e que, obrigatoriamente, precisam ser superadas tendo em vista a plena realização da emancipação humana. A contribuição intelectual e criativa que Paulo Freire oferece para a conquista desse horizonte é uma elaboração pedagógica que rigorosamente pensou e pôs em prática. A pedagogia freiriana, é relevante explicitar, potencialmente embasa uma práxis educativa radicalmente transformadora. Ainda seria oportuno argumentar que só foi possível para Freire trazer para o seu construto teórico as contribuições de diferentes correntes filosóficas, porque todas elas, com suas especificidades, providenciam determinações mais precisas para um projeto educativo que tem como horizonte a transformação social radical, que leve à superação do sistema social do capital e efetive a emancipação humana. E esse objetivo é o fio condutor que permeia a teoria de Karl Marx. / In order to build his pedagogy, Paulo Freire was influenced by several theories and, in his pedagogy, there can be found philosophical categories from Phenomenology, Existentialism, Christianity, Theology of Liberation, Hermeneutics, Marxism and Humanism. Considering this fact, there is a necessity of questioning the feasibility of a dialogue that intends to articulate so many and complex influences. Would there be, in Paulo Freire‘s work just an overlapping of philosophical sources? Would Brazilian teacher be an eclectic author? Does Freire develop an intellectual creative and original synthesis without damage, at its core, the philosophical paradigms? Through the research carried out, based on bibliographic literature, we conclude that the latter possibility is more coherent in Freirian theory. Freire, as asserted many scholars of his work, performs a synthesis. Accepting this thesis, it was found that remains unanswered the foundation of such a synthesis, i.e.: if Freire developed this process, which would be the synthetic core that performs the synthesis? The answer to this question is that the core summarizing the various categories that influenced Paulo Freire‘s pedagogy are from different philosophies. It is the idea of a radical social transformation in the same perspective outlined by Marxian social philosophy. It is understood in this context as the movement that involves a radical discussion of social class and alienation, under capitalism social model that needs to be overcome with a view to fulfill human emancipation. The intellectual and creative contributions that Paulo Freire offers to achievement of this horizon is a pedagogical preparation to rigorous thought and implement. Freire's pedagogy emphasized a radical transformative educational praxis. We argued that it was possible to Freire bring his theoretical contributions of different philosophical, because all of them, with their specific features, provide very precise determinations for an educational project which has a horizon of the radical social transformation. This transformation takes to overcome the social system of the capital and visualizes effective human emancipation. Human emancipation is the argumentative path that permeates Karl Marx‘s theory.

Centrée sur la thématique de la « fureur héroïque » développée dans le dernier ouvrage écrit en langue italienne par Giordano Bruno, De gli eroici furori (1585), cette recherche explore une double problématique suivant deux perspectives. D’une part, du point de vue historique, quels sont les schèmes philosophiques qui peuvent être considérés comme des conditions de possibilité de l’émergence de la figure du Furioso, le philosophe-poète dont les poèmes et leur commentaire philosophique nous font suivre l’itinéraire affectif et cognitif dans sa poursuite d’une union naturelle et rationnelle avec le principe infini du réel ? Suivant une méthode archéologique, il s’agit de retrouver dans les strates de la culture philosophique des traces précises et exemplaires de la mise en place, de la transmission et de la transformation de ces schèmes fondamentaux chez des auteurs de l’Antiquité, du Moyen Âge ou de la Renaissance. D’autre part, du point de vue conceptuel, comment une expérience psychologique telle que cette rencontre noético-amoureuse, qui n’est jamais totalement aboutie en raison de la disproportion entre « le sujet » et « l’objet », et qui se présente, néanmoins, comme une dissolution de soi dans la disparition de la distinction entre sujet et objet, met-elle en oeuvre, paradoxalement, une constitution de soi ? / Focused on the theme of the “heroic frenzy” developed in Giordano Bruno’s last opus written in Italian language, De gli eroici furori (1585), this work explores a double issue from two perspectives. On the one hand, from an historical point of view, what are the philosophical schemes that may be considered as conditions of possibility for the emergence of the Furioso’s figure, the philosopher-poet whose poems and their commentary lead through a path of affects and knowledge in his own intellectual pursuit of a natural and rational bonding with the infinite principle of reality? Following an archeological method, specific and exemplary traces of these fundamental schemes are found within layers of philosophical culture, throughout works of authors of Antiquity, Middle Ages or Renaissance who set, relayed and modified them. On the other hand, from a conceptual point of view, the process of the Furioso’s psychological experience is studied. His both noetic and loving encounter with the Principle is never completely fulfilled because of the disproportion between “the subject” and “the object”. Nevertheless, it is presented as a dissolution of self by ending the distinction between the subject and the object. How does this experience paradoxically implements a constitution of self?

The thesis has two aims. The first is to show that a more charitable approach to Manilius, such as Lucretian scholarship has exhibited in recent decades, yields a wealth of exciting discoveries that earlier scholarship has not thought to look for. The thesis' contributions to this project centre on three aspects of the poem: (I) the sophistication of its didactic techniques, which draw and build on various predecessors in the tradition of didactic poetry; (II) its cosmological, physical and theological basis, which has no exact parallel elsewhere in either astrology or natural philosophy, and despite clear debts to various traditions, is demonstrably the invention of our poet; (III) the extent to which rationales and physical bases are offered for points of astrological theory – something unparalleled in other astrological texts until Ptolemy. The second, related aim of the thesis is to offer a more satisfying interpretation of the poem as a whole than those that have hitherto been put forward. Again the cue comes from Lucretius: though the DRN is at first sight primarily an exposition of Epicurean physics, it becomes clear that its principal concern is ethical, steering its reader away from superstition, the fear of death and other damaging thought-patterns. Likewise, the Astronomica makes the best sense when its principal message is taken to be not the set of astrological statements that make up its bulk, but the poem’s peculiar world- view, for which those statements serve as an evidential basis. It is, on this reading, just as much a poem ‘on the nature of the universe', which provides the title of my thesis. At the same time, however, it finds new truth in the conventional assumption that Manilius is first and foremost an advocate of astrology: it reveals his efforts to defend astrology at all costs, uncovers strategies for making the reader more amenable to further astrological study and practice, and contends that someone with Manilius' set of beliefs must first have been a devotee of astrology before embracing a natural- philosophical perspective such as his. The thesis is divided into prolegomena and commentaries, which pursue the aims presented above in two different but complementary ways. The prolegomena comprise five chapters, outlined below: Chapter 1 presents a comprehensive survey of the evidence for the cosmology, physics and theology of the Astronomica, and discovers that a coherent and carefully thought-out world-view underlies the poem. It suggests that this Stoicising world- view is drawn exclusively from a few philosophical works of Cicero, but is nonetheless the product of careful synthesis. Chapter 2 explores the relationship between this world-view and earlier Academic criticism of astrology and concludes that the former has been developed as a direct response to these criticisms, specifically as set out in Cicero’s De divinatione. Chapter 3 examines the later impact of Manilius’ astrological world-view, as far as it can be detected, assessing the evidence for the early reception of his poem and its role in the history of philosophical astrology. The overwhelming impression is that the work was received as a serious contribution to debate over the physical and theological underpinnings of astrology; its world-view was absorbed into the mainstream of astrological theory and directly targeted in the next wave of Academic criticism of astrology. Chapter 4 looks at the more subtle strategies of persuasion that are at work in the Astronomica. It observes, first, a number of structural devices and word- patternings that set up the poem as a model of the universe it describes. This first part of the chapter concludes by asking what didactic and/or philosophical purpose such modelling could serve. The second part examines how, by a gradual process of habituation-through-metaphor, the reader is made familiar with the conventional astrological way of thinking about the world, which might otherwise have struck him as a baffling mass of contradictions. The third part looks at the use of certain rhetorical figures, particularly paradox, to re-emphasise important physical claims and assist the process of habituation. Chapter 5 takes on the task of making sense of the Astronomica as a whole, seeking out an underlying rationale behind the choice and ordering of material, accounting as well as is possible for its apparently premature end, and asking why, if it is a serious piece of natural-philosophical teaching, it so often appears to be self- undermining. A short epilogue asks what path can have led Manilius to embark on such a work as the Astronomica. It offers a sketch of the author as an adherent (but not a practitioner) of astrology, who had developed a philosophical system first as scaffolding for an art under threat, but had then come to see more importance in that philosophical underpinning than in the activities of prediction. The lemmatised commentaries that follow cover several passages from the first book of the Astronomica. As crucial as the remaining four books are to his natural-philosophical teaching, it is in this part of the poem that Manilius concentrates the direct expositions of his world-view. Like the chapters, the commentaries' two concerns are the nature and the exposition of the work's world-view. Each of the commentaries has its own focus, but all make full use of the format to tease out the poet's teaching strategies and watch his techniques operate 'in real time' over protracted stretches of text. Finally, an appendix presents the case for the Astronomica as the earliest evidence for the use of plane-image star maps. At two points in his tour of the night sky Manilius describes the positions of constellations in a way that suggests that he is consulting a stereographic projection of each hemisphere, and that he is assuming his reader has one to hand, too. This observation casts valuable new light on the development of celestial cartography.

M.Tech. (Architectural Technology) / Contested territories have strongly contributed to the displacement of people worldwide, resulting in the loss of the right to belong. Considering the boundaries of belonging in Mayfair, a marginalised social landscape in Johannesburg, this architectural response to a social and urban investigation will ascertain whether and how architecture can respond to the global issue of xenophobia. Johannesburg as uitvalgrond has, since its founding, offered migrants opportunities for meaningful participation and self-actualisation. This reiterates the idea that the city’s in-between spaces often allow for a new realisation or actualisation of identity. The author argues that space-and-place-making and identity are intrinsically linked - the one enforcing, defining or denying the Other. The dissertation conceptualizes how architecture can acknowledge Mayfair residents’ unique and evolving post-national identity as a marginalised community in an young democracy. The study suggests how architecture can give form to contemporary African public space that contributes to a sense of belonging for both the Self and the Other in Mayfair. The methods used in this study are: observation through site visits, drawing, on-site interviews and film; mapping boundaries and edges defining various ethnic territories, open space network (utilised and unutilised), mobility, nodes and landmarks, actual land use as opposed to zoned land use and experiential observations; correspondence and discussions, making use of official databases to research historic maps and photographs; examining precedents, and applying all of the above into an appropriate architectural model. Each chapter concludes with a reflection extracting the most important notions from that chapter to be taken into the next section. This dissertation interrogates the importance and the role of architecture and public open space in Johannesburg by exploring new ways of thinking, doing and making in Johannesburg’s present, changing urban condition.

This compilation thesis engages with practices that in some way place stakes in the social existence of Övdalsk (also älvdalska, Elfdalian, Övdalian), a marginal form of Scandinavian used mainly in Sweden’s Älvdalen municipality. The practices at hand range from early 20th century descriptive dialectology and contemporary lay-linguistics to language advocacy and language political debate. The four studies focus on the logic by which such practices operate, on the historically produced visions that they bring into play, as well as on the symbolic effects that they have produced. Study I provides a zoomed-out account of the ordering of Övdalsk in Sweden’s linguistic market. Focusing on a relatively recent debate over the institutional regimentation of Övdalsk, it analyses the forms of agreement upon which the exchange in question has come to rest. The contention has mainly developed over the classification of Övdalsk, percolating in the question of whether Övdalsk ‘is’ a ‘language’ or a ‘dialect’. Analysing this debate, the study takes interest in the relationship between state power and metapragmatic exchange. Study II deals with the history of linguistic thought and research on Övdalsk. It analyses the genesis of some durable visions of the relationship between Övdalsk and linguistic authenticity, focusing on the research practice of the Swedish dialectologist Lars Levander (1883–1950), whose work on Övdalsk commands representative authority to this day. By engaging with Levander’s techniques of scholarly objectivation, as well as with their language theoretical fundaments, the study seeks to create some perspectives on, and distance to, the canonical representations of Övdalsk that have precipitated from Levander’s research. Study III looks into the reuse and reordering of such representations. It provides an ethnographic account of a metapragmatically saturated exchange over Övdalsk grammar, in which descriptivist artefacts play an important part. Through an analysis of texts, in situ interaction, and interviews, the study seeks to grasp the ways in which textual renditions of grammar interrelate with practically sustained, socially recognized models of language and language use (i.e. registers). Study IV tracks the ways in which such visions of authenticity have been drawn into institutionally and politically invested metapragmatic exchanges. It looks into a process of naming of roads in Älvdalen, in which ideas about the contrast between Swedish and Övdalsk played a central part. In all studies, various visions of Övdalsk authenticity and authentic Övdalsk constitute a central theme. The thesis maintains that such visions must be understood in relation to the practices in which they hold currency. Following Silverstein, this epistemological stance entails an engagement with the dialectic between historical formations and situated exchange. Through this analytical orientation, the studies seek to account for the visions of authenticity that have been at the forefront of various symbolic struggles over Övdalsk. Thus, in addition to their respective analytical accounts, the separate studies seek to add shifting temporal horizons to the superordinate heuristic, combining a deep historical backdrop with accounts of protracted institutional processes and analyses of situated linguistic interaction. Ultimately, this mode of analysis provides an in-depth understanding of the object of inquiry. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted.</p>