The Master´s thesis is focused on optimizing the procedure for the transfer of ownership of agricultural land, which will also form the aim of this work. The theoretical part consists of information on the acquisition of property rights to agricultural land. They also described the basic concepts related to the issue. The practical part is formed at the beginning of the analysis of the situation on the market of agricultural land type arable land species in the selected area. It is followed by the creation of objective work, which is creating the optimal procedure for the transfer of ownership of agricultural land. Conclusion the Master´s thesis contains a description of differences in the transfer of ownership of practice and also a summary of the law legislation in the Czech and Slovak Republics

A sociedade e economia brasileira apresentam heranças do sistema colonial e do escravismo, como o racismo e a restrição do acesso legal à terra aos produtores diretos, que não foram superados nem com a Abolicação ou a República, sequer com o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e as formas de Estado que o acompanharam durante o século XX. A Constituição de 1988 incorporou algumas das reivindicações que apontam para a superação desse legado de opressão e de desigualdade. Entre elas, o artigo 68 do Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias, reconhecendo as comunidades remanescentes de quilombos e a propriedade dos territórios que ocuparam historicamente. No entanto, após três décadas da aprovação desse direito constitucional, foi constatado que apenas 6,7% das comunidades remanescentes de quilombo receberam o título de propriedade da terra. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar os conflitos por terra envolvendo os quilombos, a partir da categoria de expropriação, considerando a historicidade dos quilombos no Brasil, além de realizar uma análise do quadro atual do reconhecimento e titulação das comunidades remanescentes de quilombos. / Brazilian society and economy presents legacies of the colonial system and slavery, such as racism and the restriction of legal access to land to direct producers, which have not been surpassed either with Abolition or the Republic, not even with the development of capitalism and the forms that accompanied him during the twentieth century. The 1988 Constitution incorporated some of the claims that point to overcoming this legacy of oppression and inequality. Among them, Article 68 of the Transitional Constitutional Provisions Act, recognizing the remaining communities of quilombos (contemporary quilombos) and the right to property of the territories they occupied historically. However, after three decades of the approval of this constitutional right, it was found that only 6.7% of the remaining communities of quilombo received title to the land. This work has the objective of analyzing land conflicts involving the quilombos, from the category of expropriation, considering the historicity of quilombos in Brazil, besides analyzing the current framework of the recognition and titling of the remaining communities of quilombos.

Šiame magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama privačios žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams procesas ir tvarka, aptariami charakteringi žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams atvejai Kauno rajone. Tyrimo tikslas įvertinti žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams procesą Kauno rajone, bei išanalizuoti teorines ir praktines problemas, susijusias su nuosavybės paėmimu visuomenės poreikiams. Galima teigti, jog nuosavybės teisė nėra priskiriama absoliučioms žmogaus teisėms, ji gali būti paimama visuomenės poreikiams. Nuosavybė iš jos savininko, nepriklausomai nuo jo valios, gali būti paimama tik Žemės įstatymo nustatyta tvarka, bei už paimamą nuosavybę yra privalomas teisingas atlyginimas. Viena iš pagrindinių žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams problemų yra šio proceso trukmė, kuri gali užsitęsti nuo 3 iki 8 m., bei ginčai kylantys tarp paimamos žemės savininkų ir žemės paėmimu suinteresuotos institucijos. 2011 metais priėmus naują žemės įstatymo redakciją tikimasi nustatyti aiškesnę ir skaidresnę žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams tvarką, leisiančią greičiau įgyvendinti visuomenei svarbius investicinius projektus. Iki šiol galiojusi žemės paėmimo visuomenės reikmėms tvarka nepakankamai tiksliai reglamentavo konkrečius šios procedūros terminus ir etapus. Įstatymo pataisomis įtvirtinama greitesnė, paprastesnė ir skaidresnė žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams procedūra. / The study for Masters degree contains 73 pages, 15 pictures, 2 tables, 40 reference sources, written in the Lithuanian language. Subject of the study: Legal acts that have been issued in the Kaunas Region that are connected with taking the land for public needs. The study is aimed at revealing problems related to projects for taking the land for public needs in Kaunas region. Objectives of the research: 1. To analyse the law that deternines rules for taking the land for public needs. 2. To reveal the problems which arise when projects are prepared for taking the land for public needs. 3. To describe some objects which are needed for public in the Kaunas Region. 4. To analyse the most common cases of land taking in the Kaunas Region. 5. To analyze the processes that went when the land was taken for building the Vainatrakis cemetery. Research methods: To analyse the processes that are required to take the land for public needs, and for the analysis of the most comon cases of this process in the Kaunas region, an in-depth analysis of reference sources and their content was performed. A systematic analysis, a logical analysis, comparison and other scientific methods were used. Results of the research: • Part One examines the law which deals with taking the land for public needs. The procedures of land taking for public needs, and the most common problems that occur in the process are also discussed. • Part Two overviews the territories of the Kaunas Region and analyses the most... [to full text]

Land ownership is specific not only for the unique features of the land but also because it constitutes an extremely important legal institute that affects the existence and functioning of the society. Land ownership is historically inherently connected with the churches and has also been the subject of frequent disputes. The property of churches was also subject to continuous public oversight, which was intensified during the period of the reform of the Josef II, Holy Roman Emperor and subsequently intensified in the course of the 20th century, when numerous limitations of ownership right toward land were made. In this thesis I focus on the specifics of land ownership of churches, their description and historical development. In conclusion of my work I discuss the process of the settlement between Czech state and churches in relation to lands that have been the subject of proprietary wrongdoing and, all on the basis of the long-awaited Act No. 428/2012 Coll., on property settlement with churches and religious societies. Due to my previous work experience at the law firm, where I was able to participate in the assessment of the requests for historically expropriated land and other immovable property applied by authorized persons, I decided to break down the subject matter in my diploma thesis more...

Land ownership is specific not only for the unique features of the land but also because it constitutes an extremely important legal institute that affects the existence and functioning of the modern human society. Land ownership is historically inherently connected with the churches and has also been the subject of frequent disputes. The property of churches was also subject to continuous public oversight, which was intensified during the period of the reform of the Josef II, Holy Roman Emperor and subsequently intensified in the course of the 20th century, when numerous limitations of ownership right toward land were made. In this thesis I focus on the specifics of land ownership of churches, their description and historical development. In conclusion of my work I discuss the process of the settlement between Czech state and churches in relation to lands that have been the subject of proprietary wrongdoing and, all on the basis of the long-awaited Act No. 428/2012 Coll., on property settlement with churches and religious societies. Due to my previous work experience at the law firm, where I was able to participate in the assessment of the requests for historically expropriated land and other immovable property applied by authorized persons, I decided to break down the subject matter in my diploma...

Southern Africa is experiencing land conflicts themselves in very different ways between state and stakeholders, within and between communities, within families, and specially within singular persons. The conflict of interests in the right to land in southern Africa with particular reference to Mozambique becoming a major issue and evidence conflicts at various levels of society and some of them are quite destructive. The present thesis seeks to address some juridical aspects on access, tenure and land use rights. Land problems have clear roots in the dispossession of Africans under colonialism and apartheid, and the powerful legacy this has left both in terms of outright suffering and also in the historical memory. Land issues are probably the most contentious topic in Mozambique since the independence in 1975. In Southern Africa and Mozambique in particular, one of the most profound causes of such struggles has related to the tenure, the ownership and control of land. In fact the right to land is the major issue in many societies and in Mozambique the unlimited interest in land are quite similar, due the fact that majority of people are peasant or agriculturists. Land is therefore a very strategic socio-economic asset, particularly in poor societies like Mozambique where wealth and survival are measured by control of and access to land. However, land is also a state symbol and source of political influence and power. The Law in Mozambique retains the principle that land is the property of the state and cannot be sold or mortgaged, but it attempts to adjust this legacy from the socialist past to the reality of a market economy. Despite existing land law the government still not enable to control the access and right of use of land. The situation is compounded by a weak or non functioning judiciary system. / Os problemas sobre o direito de acesso, posse, propriedade, uso e aproveitamento da Terra, constituem matéria de debate actual a nível internacional, com realce para a região da Africa Austral e Moçambique em especial. É uma matéria que preocupa os governos e a população em geral, por a terra ser um bem de grande utilidade sócio-económica e política. Moçambique possui um regime jurídico sobre terra (lei nº-19/97 de 1 de Outubro, seu Regulamento e Anexo Técnico), no entanto, ela é lacunosa e carece de reforma afim de se adaptar à realidade dos problemas que se levantam no âmbito da posse, uso e aproveitamento e dos conflitos emergentes. Alguns factores do surgimento de conflitos no âmbito do processo da posse, uso e aproveitamento da terra resultam no entanto, da perda de confiança dos particulares em relação aos órgãos do aparelho do Estado que lidam com matérias sobre terras, devido a burocracia e a corrupção praticada por alguns funcionários. A terra em Moçambique é propriedade do Estado, o que implica uma maior responsabilidade por parte do governo, na sua gestão. O actual regime jurídico sobre a terra, carece de concertação de alguns aspectos fundamentais do ponto de vista legal. Trata-se da harmonização da legislação pertinente sobre terras. As leis promulgadas sobre a matéria embora defendem a necessidade de gestão da terra que beneficie os seus utilizadores, tal vontade, entretanto, não têm produzido efeitos satisfatórios. É, pois, neste contexto, que a presente tese cujo título é Alguns Aspectos do Regime Jurídico da posse e do Direito de uso e aproveitamento da terra e os conflitos emergentes em Mçambique, pretende contribuir na contínua abordagem sobre a problemática da posse da terra e dos conflitos emergentes. Bem gerida, a terra pode constituir um importante factor de paz, estabilidade sócio-política e de desenvolvimento económico. / Public Constitutional and International Law / Thesis (LL.D. )

Southern Africa is experiencing land conflicts themselves in very different ways between state and stakeholders, within and between communities, within families, and specially within singular persons. The conflict of interests in the right to land in southern Africa with particular reference to Mozambique becoming a major issue and evidence conflicts at various levels of society and some of them are quite destructive. The present thesis seeks to address some juridical aspects on access, tenure and land use rights. Land problems have clear roots in the dispossession of Africans under colonialism and apartheid, and the powerful legacy this has left both in terms of outright suffering and also in the historical memory. Land issues are probably the most contentious topic in Mozambique since the independence in 1975. In Southern Africa and Mozambique in particular, one of the most profound causes of such struggles has related to the tenure, the ownership and control of land. In fact the right to land is the major issue in many societies and in Mozambique the unlimited interest in land are quite similar, due the fact that majority of people are peasant or agriculturists. Land is therefore a very strategic socio-economic asset, particularly in poor societies like Mozambique where wealth and survival are measured by control of and access to land. However, land is also a state symbol and source of political influence and power. The Law in Mozambique retains the principle that land is the property of the state and cannot be sold or mortgaged, but it attempts to adjust this legacy from the socialist past to the reality of a market economy. Despite existing land law the government still not enable to control the access and right of use of land. The situation is compounded by a weak or non functioning judiciary system. / Os problemas sobre o direito de acesso, posse, propriedade, uso e aproveitamento da Terra, constituem matéria de debate actual a nível internacional, com realce para a região da Africa Austral e Moçambique em especial. É uma matéria que preocupa os governos e a população em geral, por a terra ser um bem de grande utilidade sócio-económica e política. Moçambique possui um regime jurídico sobre terra (lei nº-19/97 de 1 de Outubro, seu Regulamento e Anexo Técnico), no entanto, ela é lacunosa e carece de reforma afim de se adaptar à realidade dos problemas que se levantam no âmbito da posse, uso e aproveitamento e dos conflitos emergentes. Alguns factores do surgimento de conflitos no âmbito do processo da posse, uso e aproveitamento da terra resultam no entanto, da perda de confiança dos particulares em relação aos órgãos do aparelho do Estado que lidam com matérias sobre terras, devido a burocracia e a corrupção praticada por alguns funcionários. A terra em Moçambique é propriedade do Estado, o que implica uma maior responsabilidade por parte do governo, na sua gestão. O actual regime jurídico sobre a terra, carece de concertação de alguns aspectos fundamentais do ponto de vista legal. Trata-se da harmonização da legislação pertinente sobre terras. As leis promulgadas sobre a matéria embora defendem a necessidade de gestão da terra que beneficie os seus utilizadores, tal vontade, entretanto, não têm produzido efeitos satisfatórios. É, pois, neste contexto, que a presente tese cujo título é Alguns Aspectos do Regime Jurídico da posse e do Direito de uso e aproveitamento da terra e os conflitos emergentes em Mçambique, pretende contribuir na contínua abordagem sobre a problemática da posse da terra e dos conflitos emergentes. Bem gerida, a terra pode constituir um importante factor de paz, estabilidade sócio-política e de desenvolvimento económico. / Public Constitutional and International Law / Thesis (LL.D. )