Ce mémoire explore l’utilisation du concept de «réification» comme concept critique permettant d’appréhender les pathologies propres à la modernité. Georg Lukács, élabore la première définition du concept de «réification» dans son essai «La réification et la conscience du prolétariat». Lukács y définit la réification comme ce moment où «un rapport, une relation entre personne prend le caractère d’une chose» masquant ainsi le fondement même de toute relation: les hommes eux-mêmes. Reprenant ainsi en grande partie le bagage théorique marxiste, Lukács donne un sens plus large au concept «d’aliénation» et de «fétichisme de la marchandise». Lukács développe cette définition du concept de réification à partir d’une relecture de Marx, mais une relecture fortement influencée par les travaux de Georg Simmel sur la «dépersonnalisation» inhérente au développement de l’économie marchande et ceux de Max Weber portant sur la tendance naturelle des sociétés modernes à la «rationalisation formelle». Ces auteurs décrivent de quelle manière la structure de l’échange marchand pénètre toutes les sphères de la vie humaine et a des conséquences autant objectives que subjectives, notamment dans les relations interpersonnelles. Dans un deuxième temps, ce mémoire montre comment cet héritage propre au concept de «réification» est mobilisé par Theodor W. Adorno, dans une tentative pour penser l’émancipation et de critiquer la tendance du «monde administré» à la réification. Il observe cette tendance dans le concept même de «raison» hérité des Lumières. La raison devient purement instrumentale et devient un outil de domination. La réification entraîne une déshumanisation et une plus grande froideur dans les rapports humains. Ainsi, la raison elle-même doit être mise en cause dans l’avènement de la catastrophe que représente «Auschwitz». C’est sur ces fondements théoriques qu’Adorno construit une philosophie morale soucieuse du problème de la réification en énonçant un nouvel impératif catégorique: «la non-répétition d’Auschwitz».

During World War II, the Allies not only defeated Germany; they destroyed the German army and warmaking capability. Five years after the surrender, Theodor Blank received the responsibility for planning the rearmament of West Germany starting from nothing. Although Konrad Adenauer was the driving force behind rearmament, Theodor Blank was the instrument who pushed it through Allied negotiations and parliamentary acceptance. Heretofore, Blank's role has been told only in part; new materials and the ability now to see events in a clearer perspective warrant a new study of Blank's role in the German rearmament process. Sources for this dissertation include: Documents on Foreign Relations of the United States; memoirs, among them those of Konrad Adenauer, Georges Bidault, Lucius Clay, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Anthony Eden, Ivone Kirkpatrick, Harold MacMillan, Kirill Meretskov, Jules Moch, Sergei Shternenko, Hans Speidel, Harry S. Truman, Alexander Vasilevsky, and Georgiy Zhukov; contemporary reports from newspapers, among them the Times (London), New York Times, Le Monde, Pravda, Frankfurter Algemeine Zeitung, Suddeutsche Zeitung, and Das Parlement; Parliamentary Debates; official records; and interviews. Rearmament involved the interrelationship of vast, diverse interests: the conflict between East and West, national and international fears, domestic problems, and the interplay of leading personalities. When the Amt Blank, the planning organization, became functional on 1 December 1950, it consisted of nineteen people; in 1955, when it became the Defense Ministry with Theodor Blank the Defense Minister, it had a staff of one thousand. Cast in the milieu of the Allied negotiations on West German rearmament, this dissertation chronologically focuses on the role that Blank and the Amt Blank personnel played in the planning, negotiations, and domestic issues related to rearmament. Blank's diplomatic skills and managerial ability were key factors in transforming West Germany from a conquered area to a sovereign state, a member of NATO with approval for its own armed force, within a five-year period.

Este trabalho examina os testes psicológicos, especialmente em sua relação com a educação, à luz da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, tanto a partir de seus conceitos internos como das condições sociais e históricas que possibilitaram sua criação. Duas análises são fundamentais, ambas baseadas em Horkheimer e Adorno: primeiro, a da contradição histórica do movimento da razão ocidental, examinada a partir da Dialética do Esclarecimento; segundo, do emprego de métodos estatísticos e tipológicos em pesquisas nas ciências humanas. Como resultado da reflexão, concluiu-se que o conflito entre métodos quantitativos e qualitativos na psicologia mostra-se falso, pois servem para fins diferentes. A "naturalização", a tipologização e a indiferenciação do homem no mundo moderno não devem ser atribuídas aos testes psicológicos. Estes carregam em si a contradição do esclarecimento, de servir à humanidade e ao mesmo tempo à sua barbarização. Apresentam-se nesta dissertação, ainda, alguns autores críticos aos testes e, como ilustração, uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os testes em dois periódicos brasileiros educacionais e dois psicológicos. Verificou-se que os testes são empregados e criticados predominantemente aderidos a seus aspectos regressivos, sem que se pudesse pensar sua transcendência, apesar das mudanças observadas na psicometria atual. / This work examines psychological tests, especially in their relation with education, from the Critical Theory of Society standpoint, considering their internal concepts as well as historic conditions that allowed their creation. Two analysis are fundamentals, both based on Horkheimer and Adorno: first, the historical contradictions of the western ratio movement, examined from the Dialectic of the Enlightenment; second, the employment of statistical and typological methods on research. As a result, it was concluded that the conflict between quantitative and qualitative methods is shown equivocated since they serve different purposes. Man´s "naturalization", typologization and indiferenciation in the modern world cannot be attributed to psychological tests. These ones carry within themselves the contradiction of the enlightenment, of serving the humanity and at the same time its barbarization. It is still presented in this thesis some critical authors to the tests, and as illustration, a bibliographic research about tests obtained from two educational Brazilian journals and two psychological ones. It was verified that tests are employed and criticized mainly linked to their regressive aspects without possibilities of thinking their transcendence, despite changes observed in present psychometry.

A partir da ideia de uma imanência materialista, a tese procura esboçar um sistema estético que se contraponha aos sistemas estéticos românticos e idealistas (principalmente confrontando-­se com noções provenientes do platonismo e do idea-­ lismo alemão e, também, com algumas noções de M. Heidegger). No percurso da tese são centrais as discussões sobre a possibilidade de se pensar por imagens e so-­ bre as implicações filosóficas, políticas, ideológicas e históricas da necessidade de se embaralhar ciência com poesia. O trabalho, pensado a partir de Ulysses de James Joyce, procura compreender o que as concepções de história, filosofia e política po-­ dem aprender com a experiência da literatura e para isso, a tese analisa principalmente as obras de Homero, Platão, G. Vico, Th. Adorno e B. Espinosa; além desses autores, há uma presença forte das obras de K. Marx e S. Beckett. O trabalho se desdobra a partir do capítulo doze de Ulysses, em que Leopold Bloom se confronta com o cidadão. Este confronto, em um pub de Dublin, é a uma espécie de me-­ tempsicose anacrônica do confronto ente Odisseu e Polifemo na caverna homérica. A tese analisa cinco reencarnações históricas deste confronto cavernoso, respecti-­ vamente seguindo a ordem dos capítulos, temos: cap. I -­ Ulysses de Joyce; cap. II a Dialética do Esclarecimento de Adorno e Horkheimer, principalmente Ulisses ou Mito e Esclarecimento; Cap. III a Ciência Nova de Vico, principalmente A descoberta do Verdadeiro Homero; Cap. IV -­ a Odisséia de Homero interpretada por meio da astu-­ ciosa inteligência da Métis grega; Cap. V -­ Ulysses de Joyce, principalmente o cap. XII do romance. A conclusão procura retraçar o percurso da tese, demonstrando como uma ideia de imanência materialista com base na filosofia de Espinosa esteve implíci-­ ta como o fundamento de nossa proposta de uma Estética da Imanência. / Centred on an idea of materialistic immanence, the thesis aims to outline an aesthetic \"system\" in opposition to the romantic and idealistic aesthetic systems (confronting mainly with aesthetic notions from Platonism and German idealism, but also with some notions from M. Heidegger). In the course of the thesis it is central to discuss about the possibility of thinking through images and the implications for philosophical, political and historical need to mix up science with poetry. The work, conceived regarding James Joyce\'s Ulysses, aims to understand what the conceptions of history, philosophy and politics can learn from the experience of literature, for this, the thesis analyses the works of Homer, Plato, G. Vico, Th. Adorno and B. Spino-­ za, in addition to these authors, there is a strong presence of K. Marx and S. Beckett. The work unfolds from the 12th chapter of Ulysses, where Bloom confronts the citi-­ zen. This confrontation in a Dublin pub is an anachronic \"metempsychosis\" of the confrontation between Odysseus and Polyphemus in the Homeric cave present in the Odyssey. The thesis examines five historical \"reincarnations\" of this cavernous confrontation, following the order of the chapters, we have: ch. I -­ Joyce\'s Ulysses; ch. II -­ Dialectic of Enlightenment, especially \'Odysseus or Myth and Enlightenment\' by Adorno and Horkheimer; ch. III -­ New Science, especially \'The discovery of the True Homer\' by Giambattista Vico; ch. IV -­ Homers Odyssey interpreted through the cunning intelligence of the Greek Métis; ch V -­ Joyce\'s Ulysses, especially chap. XII of the novel. The conclusion of the work aims to retrace the course of the thesis demonstrating how an idea of materialistic immanence based on the philosophy of Spinoza was implicitly the fundament of our Aesthetics of Immanence.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-19T10:17:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luisa de Miranda Santiago.pdf: 3183702 bytes, checksum: 5e9f3e9530f9456b132ba93dd2ca8e89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-19T10:17:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luisa de Miranda Santiago.pdf: 3183702 bytes, checksum: 5e9f3e9530f9456b132ba93dd2ca8e89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-16 / This dissertation aims at the work of Teodor W. Adorno, with a focus on theoretical and bibliographic research, in order to better understand the practice of Philosophy teaching, what its objectives should be, as well as the issues that should in any way be misunderstood. Think through the practice based on reflection rather than just a specific methodology. Also work towards the proposed curriculum for the State of São Paulo and performing a critical analysis of part of this curriculum. In addition to that, the reflection exercise proposed from the teacher's point of view is considered vital / A presente dissertação pretende direcionar o olhar para a obra de Teodor W. Adorno, com esteio em pesquisa teórica e bibliográfica, com intuito de compreender melhor a prática do ensino de filosofia, quais deveriam ser seus objetivos, a quais questões não deveria esquivar-se. Pensar a prática a partir da reflexão e não de uma metodologia específica. Bem como voltar-se para o currículo proposto para o Estado de São Paulo e efetuar a análise crítica de parte desse currículo. Considera-se vital o exercício de reflexão proposto do ponto de vista do professor

Esta pesquisa associa a enunciação fílmica ao âmbito do traumático e da repetição, procedimento que produz variações que constituem uma imagem fundamental. Esta imagem não pode ser configurada materialmente no relato, só vislumbrada através justamente das variações, das repetições com diferenças. A inacessibilidade da imagem fundamental reside justamente em sua pregnância, sua perfeição na articulação de sentidos e de significação na síntese. A imagem fundamental pode, por sua vez, dialogar também com o traumático na instância do enunciado, dos significados que podem ser constituídos e alterados a partir do procedimento de repetição dos acontecimentos no decorrer da narrativa. A pesquisa utiliza o Dogma 95 para estudo: o Dogma #1, \"Festa de Família\", e do Dogma #2 \"Os idiotas\", filme que constitui juntamente \"Ondas do destino\" e \"Dançando no Escuro\", a Trilogia Coração de Ouro, de Lars von Trier. / This research associates the filmic enunciation to the extent of the traumatic and its repetition procedure. The variations produced by repetition constitute a fundamental image that cannot be configured in the narrative. This image can only be glimpsed through its variations, its repetitions with differences. The inaccessibility of the fundamental image rests exactly in its pregnancy, its perfect articulation of senses and its possibility of meaning through synthesis. The fundamental image can also dialog with the traumatic in the instance of the story, of the meanings that can be produced and modified by the repetition of the narrative events. This research uses Dogma 95 films: Dogme #1, \"Celebration\", and Dogme #2 - \"The idiots\" which with \"Breaking the waves\" and \"Dancer in the Dark\" constitute Lars von Trier\'s Heart of Gold Trilogy.

This thesis analyses four European writers, whose common denominator is that they have moved to Sweden from other European countries and chosen to write in Swedish: Caterina Pascual Söderbaum, Theodor Kallifatides, Gabriela Melinescu and Sigrid Combüchen. Focus lies on novels published by the authors in the 21st century. The thesis builds upon theories on memory by Pierre Nora and on imagined communities by Benedict Anderson, Chiara Bottici and Benoît Challand. In Imagined Communities, Anderson shows the effects of the emerging nation states on the modern novel in the 19th century. The hypothesis of this study is that the emergence of the European Union and the resulting European movement will affect narratives in a similar way, but on a European rather than national level. The main finding seems to confirm this, showing that an imagined European community takes shape in the studied novels, surpassing that of the nation state’s borders.  All writers focus on memories, but in two different ways: Kallifatides and Melinescu depict long memories, starting in ancient times and with a positive view on remembrance as a focus on what is in common for Europeans. Pascual Söderbaum and Combüchen, on the other hand, depict memories from the dark 20th century and the importance of forgetting and moving on in order to give future generations freedom. In most novels, however, there are examples of lieux de mémoire (sites of memory), with Nora’s terminology, expanding towards a common European identity, in spite of the plethora of myths and languages. / Den här uppsatsen analyserar fyra europeiska författare vars gemensamma nämnare är att de har flyttat till Sverige från andra europeiska länder och valt att skriva på svenska: Caterina Pascual Söderbaum, Theodor Kallifatides, Gabriela Melinescu och Sigrid Combüchen. I fokus är romaner som givits ut av författarna under 2000-talet. Uppsatsen bygger på teorier om minne av Pierre Nora och föreställda gemenskaper av Benedict Anderson, Chiara Bottici och Benoît Challand. I Imagined Communities visar Anderson vilken påverkan de framväxande nationalstaterna hade på den moderna romanen under artonhundratalet. Den här uppsatsens hypotes är att framväxten av EU och den europeiska rörlighet som EU resulterat i påverkar narrativen på ett liknande sätt, men på en europeisk snarare än nationell nivå. De viktigaste resultaten tycks i huvudsak bekräfta denna hypotes, och visar på hur en föreställd europeisk gemenskap tar form i de studerade romanerna, en gemenskap som överskrider nationalstatens gränser. Samtliga författare fokuserar på minnen, men på två vitt skilda sätt: Kallifatides och Melinescu skildrar långa minnen med början i antiken och en positiv syn på hågkomst som det som förenar européer. Pascual Söderbaum och Combüchen, å andra sidan, skildrar minnen av det mörka nittonhundratalet och vikten av att glömma bort och gå vidare för att ge framtida generationer frihet. I de flesta romaner finns det dock exempel på lieux de mémoire (minnesplatser), med Noras terminologi, som vidgar sig mot en gemensam europeisk identitet, trots den stora mångfalden av myter och språk.

Zugl.: Wien, Universiẗat, Diss.

The focus of this essay lies on examining the modernistic aesthetics of prose in Thorsten Jonsson’s novel Konvoj (1947). When Walter Benjamin wrote ”The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” he proved that new technological inventions affected the reception of art. By studying Konvoj in light of Benjamin’s theory, this study indicates that the technology of modernity affects the narrative and the use of metaphors in the novel. In addition I want to investigate how Konvoj can be studied through the theories of Marshall Berman, Theodor W. Adorno and Anthony Giddens, and this by envisioning the modernistic prose as a response to the 19th century modernity. This study illustrates that the style and the narrative aspects of the novel can be understood through modernity, and that the plot (and the characters) are all affected by it. The protagonist of the novel, Antoni Borowski, becomes an object when he is caught in a situation he can’t control, but also a subject when caught in situations he is capable of taking control of. The analysis shows that Konvoj is not only an innovative and an experimental novel in terms of its narrative, but also a novel in which the distinction between nature and culture affects the protagonist Borowski with confusion and alienation.

Ce travail vise à scruter quatre lectures de Kafka dans la philosophie allemande. Pourquoi ces philosophes ont-ils rencontré et interprété Kafka ? La première hypothèse est d’ordre biographique : leurs découvertes de Kafka sont marquées par le sentiment d’une proximité personnelle à l’égard ce qu’il donne à lire. Kafka est l’écrivain d’un certain moment, où le rapport à la langue ne va pas de soi, où l’expérience de l’exil prédomine, et où les mutations historiques rendent les contours de la subjectivité flous. La seconde hypothèse est philosophique : leurs lectures se fondent sur la nécessité de philosopher autrement, afin d’intégrer ces mutations. On ne peut plus penser selon les catégories du sens, de l’identité, de la conscience - mais il faut accepter que le sujet découvre en lui un étranger. Le défi que Kafka dresse devant ces philosophes serait donc de pouvoir « penser la métamorphose ». Celle du sujet, mais aussi celle que subit la philosophie au contact de la littérature. Et enfin, celle que Kafka invente dans l’ensemble de son œuvre, dont nous montrons qu’elle est irriguée par le « devenir-animal ». / We are focusing on studying four readings of Kafka in german philosophy. Why have these philosophers met and interpreted Kafka ? Our first hypothesis is a biographical one : their reading of Kafka’s books are influenced by the feeling of a proximity between his life and their experiences. Kafka represents a crisis : in his work, the language is not innate anymore, experiencing exile is prevailing, the historical mutations affect the concept of subjectivity. The second hypothesis concerns the philosophy itself : because of these mutations, the traditional metaphysical categories of sense or consiousness are obsolete ideas. The subject is becoming a stranger. Kafka is challenging philosophers to « think out the metamorphosis », the subject’s metamorphosis, the philosophy’s metamorphosis, and finally, the one Kafka invented, which is everpresent in his works, the notion of a « becoming-animal ».