Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A análise de gases dissolvidos tem sido aplicada há décadas como a principal técnica de manutenção preditiva para diagnosticar defeitos incipientes em transformadores de potência, tendo em vista que a decomposição do óleo mineral isolante produz gases que permanecem dissolvidos na fase líquida. Entretanto, apesar da importância desta técnica, os métodos de diagnóstico mais conhecidos são baseados em constatações de modelos termodinâmicos e composicionais simplificados para a decomposição térmica do óleo mineral isolante, em conjunto com dados empíricos. Os resultados de simulação obtidos a partir desses modelos não reproduzem satisfatoriamente os dados empíricos. Este trabalho propõe um modelo termodinâmico flexível aprimorado para mimetizar o efeito da cinética de formação de sólidos como restrição ao equilíbrio e seleciona, entre quatro modelos composicionais, aquele que apresenta o melhor desempenho na simulação da decomposição térmica do óleo mineral isolante. Os resultados de simulação obtidos a partir do modelo proposto apresentaram uma melhor adequação a dados empíricos do que aqueles obtidos a partir dos modelos clássicos. O modelo propostofoi, ainda, aplicado ao desenvolvimento de um método de diagnóstico com base fenomenológica.Os desempenhos desta nova proposta fenomenológica e de métodos clássicos de diagnóstico por análise de gases dissolvidos foram comparados e discutidos; o método proposto alcançou desempenho superior a vários métodos usualmente empregados nessa área do conhecimento. E, ainda, um procedimento geral para a aplicação do novo método de diagnóstico é descrito / The dissolved gas analysis has been applied for decades as the main predictive maintenance technique for diagnosing incipient faults in power transformers since the decomposition of the mineral insulating oil produces gases that remain dissolved in the liquid phase. Nevertheless, the most known diagnostic methods are based on findings of simplified thermodynamic and compositional models for the thermal decomposition of mineral insulating oil, in addition to empirical data. The simulations results obtained from these models do not satisfactorily reproduce the empirical data. This work proposes a flexible thermodynamic model enhanced to mimic the kinetic effect of solid formation as a restriction to equilibrium and selects, among four compositional models, the one offering the best performance on the simulation of the thermal decomposition of mineral insulating oil. The simulation results obtained from the proposed model showed better adequacy to reported data than the results obtained from the classical models. The proposed model was also applied in the development of a diagnostic method with a phenomenological basis. The performances of this new phenomenological proposition and of classical dissolved gas analysis diagnostic methods are compared and discussed; the proposed method achieved a performance superior to several methods usually employed in this area of knowledge.Also, a general procedure for the application of the new diagnostic method is described

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5622993 bytes, checksum: 5f55f5275c3e644a55c5f60e02cff6ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Ferrites are well studied materials due to their wide application as: gas detector, optical, electronic and magnetic devices, catalyst and pigments. In the synthesis of materials, the properties are extremely influenced by the synthesis method. In this work, four methods were used in the synthesis of spinel ferrites with composition Zn1-xCuxFe2O4 (x = 0,0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,0). These were: microwave assisted hydrothermal method (HMO), polymeric precursor (PP), solid state reaction (ES) and thermal decomposition (CA). The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), surface area analysis by the BET method e field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM). The synthesis realized with different methods presented very distinct results according to the characterization methods. The sample with composition Zn0,75Cu0,25Fe2O4 was selected as standard for comparison among the applied methods. Samples obtained by the hydrothermal method presented high surface area (128 m2.g-1) and using the particle size obtained by BET and crystallite size calculated from the XRD patterns, it was estimated that there is about 1 crystallite per particle. All samples had high short- and long-range disorder. The sample synthesized by de PP method presented the highest crystallinity, with high short and long range order, leading to a high photoconductivity, intermediary surface area due to the sintering among small particles. The CA method presented an intermediate characteristic between the PP and ES methods. Comparing to HMO method, the PP, ES and CA ones presented small surface areas (not exceeding 2 m2.g-1), and about 9 times more crystallites per particle. Generally, the formation of ZnFe2O4 spinel was achieved by all methods applied, with the synthesis of CuFe2O4 was not possible depending on the reaction media or at lower temperatures. / As ferritas são materiais bastante estudados devido às diversas aplicações como: detector de gases, dispositivos ópticos, eletrônicos e magnéticos, catalisadores e pigmentos. Na síntese de materiais, essas propriedades são influenciadas pelo método de síntese. Neste trabalho, quatro métodos foram empregados na síntese das ferritas do tipo espinélio com composição Zn1-xCuxFe2O4 (x = 0,0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,0). Estes foram: o hidrotermal assistido por micro-ondas (HMO), o precursor polimérico (PP), reação no estado sólido (ES) e decomposição térmica (CA). As amostras foram caracterizadas por difração de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (IV), espectroscopia Raman, espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta e do visível (UV-Vis), análise de área superficial pelo método de BET e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (MEV-EC). Nas sínteses realizadas pelas diferentes metodologias, resultados diferentes foram obtidos em todas as técnicas empregadas. A amostra de composição Zn0,75Cu0,25Fe2O4 foi utilizada como composição padrão como comparação entre os métodos. Amostras obtidas pelo método hidrotermal apresentaram elevada área superficial (128 m2.g-1) e utilizando o tamanho de partícula calculado pelo BET e o tamanho de cristalito calculado pela difração, pode ser estimado que praticamente há cerca de 1 cristalito por partícula. Todas as amostras apresentaram elevada desordem a curto e a longo alcance. A amostra sintetizada pelo método PP apresentou a maior cristalinidade, com elevada ordem a curto e longo alcance, gerando alta fotocondutividade, com área superficial intermediária, devido à sinterização entre partículas pequenas. O método CA, em geral, apresentou comportamento intermediário entre o método PP e ES. Os métodos PP, ES e CA, quando comparados ao método HMO, apresentaram pequena área superficial (não excedendo 2 m2.g-1) e cerca de 9 vezes mais cristalitos por partícula. De um modo geral, a formação do espinélio ZnFe2O4 foi alcançada por todos os métodos utilizados, enquanto a síntese do CuFe2O4 não foi possível em alguns meios reacionais ou em temperaturas mais baixas.

Em virtude da grande atenção que os nanomateriais magnéticos recebem atualmente, cientistas de diversas áreas (química, física, engenharia e medicina) vêm estudando as propriedades e as aplicações de nanopartículas magnéticas, gerando uma grande demanda por materiais de alta qualidade. As propriedades dos nanomateriais magnéticos são fortemente dependentes de suas propriedades intrínsecas (p. ex., composição, cristalinidade, tamanho e forma) e das interações entre as partículas, portanto sofrendo grande influencia do método de síntese aplicado. Várias técnicas para produção de nanomateriais magnéticos são conhecidas, porém muitas delas geram materiais com baixa qualidade no que diz respeito a tamanho médio e faixa de distribuição de tamanhos nas amostras. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a síntese de nanopartículas de magnetita (Fe3O4) por decomposição térmica do acetilacetonato de ferro (III), um método já conhecido e que se destaca pela alta qualidade de amostras (elevado controle no tamanho, estreita distribuição de tamanhos e forma bem definida), porém de alto custo. Estudamos a influência dos aditivos normalmente empregados no meio reacional no controle da morfologia, tamanho e polidispesão das amostras preparadas e sugerimos outros reagentes (monoóis, dióis e polióis) em busca de novas condições de síntese de nanopartículas magnéticas com morfologia e tamanho controlados. Do ponto de vista prático, reduzimos o custo de produção de nanomateriais magnéticos de alta qualidade pela utilização de aditivos mais baratos e de fácil obtenção no mercado. Os diferentes aditivos propostos modificaram as propriedades magnéticas ligadas às interações dipolares entre as partículas magnéticas. A influência dos aditivos foi testada em crescimentos sucessivos usando partículas de magnetita já formadas como sementes. O perfil de crescimento se mostrou diferente em função dos reagentes empregados e as amostras tiveram suas interações hiperfinas medidas para avaliar a relação entre o tamanho e aumento da cristalinidade das partículas formadas. O revestimento das partículas de magnetita com ouro foi estudado buscando aumentar a biocompatibilidade e proteger os núcleos magnéticos, porém as estruturas core-shell obtidas não apresentaram comportamento superparamagnético. Os estudos das interações hiperfinas mostraram perda da cristalinidade após o revestimento com ouro. As partículas de magnetita foram aplicadas para produzir calor através de hipertermia magnética, sendo que a interação entre as partículas se mostrou fundamental para o aumento do calor gerado. Outra aplicação biomédica testada foi o uso das partículas de magnetita como contraste para imagem por ressonância magnética nuclear. Nossas amostras mostraram desempenho semelhante às partículas disponíveis no mercado a alto custo / Magnetic nanomaterials have received a great deal of attention from scientists of various research fields (chemistry, physics, engineering and medicine) that have been studying the properties and applications of magnetic nanoparticles, generating a great demand for high quality materials. The magnetic properties of nanomaterials are strongly dependent on their intrinsic properties (eg., composition, crystallinity, size and shape) and the interactions between particles, therefore are influenced by the method of synthesis applied. Various techniques for the production of nanomarerials are known, but many of them produce poor quality materials, regarding to the average size, broad size distribution range and variable shape. The present work aimed to study the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) by thermal decomposition of iron (III) acetylacetonate, a method already known for delivering high quality samples (high control on the size and narrow size distribution ), but at high cost. We studied the influence of additives normally used in the reaction medium to control the morphology, size and polydispersion and suggested other reagents (monols, diols and polyols) in the search for new conditions to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles with controlled size and morphology. From a practical viewpoint, we have reduced cost of producing high-quality magnetic nanoparticles using cheaper additives available on the market. The different additives used in the synthetic protocol modified the magnetic properties which are related to dipolar interactions between magnetic particles. The influence of additives was tested in successive growth using magnetite particles previously formed as seeds. The growth profile showed to be different depending on the additives used and the samples had their hyperfine interactions measured to estimate the relationship between the size increasing and the crystallinity of the particles formed. The coating of the magnetite particles with gold was studied in order to increase the biocompatibility and to protect the magnetic core. In this case, the core-shell structure lost the superparamagnetic behavior. Studies of hyperfine interactions showed the loss of crystallinity after coating the nanoparticles with gold. The synthesized particles were used to produce heat by magnetic hyperthermia, where the interaction between the particles proved to be crucial to increase the generated heat. Another biomedical application tested was the use of magnetite particles as contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Our samples showed similar performance to the commercially available particles at high cost.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo a caracterização comparativa do comportamento de degradação e/ou decomposição térmica da esponja sintética dupla face, base poliuretana (parte amarela e parte verde), e da palha de aço, a partir das técnicas termoanalíticas. As esponjas sintéticas para limpeza doméstica, em substituição à palha de aço, apesar da vantagem econômica, podem apresentar restrições de descartes para o meio ambiente ou expor o usuário a riscos de contaminação. Amostras de esponja sintética dupla face (verde e amarela) e de palha de aço foram caracterizadas por análise térmica (TG/DTG, DTA e DSC) empregando atmosfera dinâmica de ar e de N2. Essas amostras foram estudadas por métodos cinéticos por termogravimetria isotérmica e não isotérmica. Os parâmetros cinéticos obtidos permitiram estimar os tempos necessários para a decomposição de ambas as partes da amostra da esponja sintética e também da palha de aço sob atmosfera de ar. Os resultados evidenciaram claramente que a matriz polimétrica da esponja sintética para ser degradada completamente exige um tempo muito longo, acima de 20.000 anos. Por outro lado, os resultados indicaram comportamento similar entre as amostras de esponja sintética e de palha de aço considerando apenas o efeito temperatura e tipo de atmosfera. Contudo, no cotidiano sabe-se que a palha de aço se oxida muito facilmente sob atmosfera de ar na presença de umidade. / This work aims at a comparative characterization of degradation behavior and/or thermal decomposition of synthetic double-face sponge, polyurethane base (yellow part and green part), and steel wool, from thermoanalytical techniques. Synthetic sponges for household cleaning, replacing steel wool, despite the economic advantage, may have restrictions on discharges to the environment or expose the user to risks of contamination. Samples dual synthetic sponge face (green and yellow) and steel wool were characterized by thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DTA DSC) employing an atmosphere of air and N2. These samples were studied by kinetic methods isothermal and non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The kinetic parameters obtained allowed the estimation necessary for decomposition of the sample both sides of the synthetic spomge and also of steel straw times under air atmosphere. The results clearly showed that polymetric matrix of synthetic sponge to be degraded completely requires a very long time, over 20,000 years. Moreover, the results showed similar behavior among synthetic sponge and steel wool sample considering only the effect of temperature and type of atmosphere. However, in daily life it is known that the steel wool oxidizes very easily under air atmosphere in the presence of moisture.

La fabrication de pièces automobiles en aluminium des formes complexes telles que les culasses de moteur par le procédé de fonderie est effectuée par l'insertion de noyaux en sable durci par des résines (liants) organiques dans un moule métallique et la coulée d'un métal en fusion dans ce moule. Sous l'effet de la température élevée du métal, les résines organiques se décomposent et produisent des dégagements gazeux qui altèrent la qualité des pièces à fabriquer. Jusque tout récemment, la maîtrise des dégagements gazeux survenant pendant le procédé du moulage était basée sur des essais expérimentaux. L'objet du présent travail est d'étudier les dégagements gazeux par simulation numérique. Pour ce faire, nous avons proposé plusieurs modèles numériques. Nous avons introduit un modèle cinétique pour la décomposition thermique des résines organiques. Nous avons développé un modèle général d'écoulements multiphasiques en milieux poreux en utilisant la méthode de prise de moyenne volumique. Quatre modèles de dégagements gazeux, représentant l'écoulement et le transport de gaz dans le noyau sous différents scénarios, sont donnés à partir du modèle général. Des modèles sont également développés pour décrire le couplage de transferts thermiques dans le moule et la pièce à fabriquer avec les dégagements gazeux dans le noyau. L'implémentation des différents modèles dans le logiciel libre OpenFOAM a permis d'obtenir un outil de simulation capable de simuler les dégagements gazeux sous différents scénarios et d'étudier l'impact de plusieurs facteurs tels que le type des résines, la forme de noyau, la perméabilité de sable sur l'évolution de la pression du gaz dans le noyau. / The manufacture of automotive aluminum parts with complex shapes such as cylinder heads of the engine by the casting process is carried out by the insertion of cores made with sand hardened using organic resins (binders) in a metal mold and pouring of molten metal in this mold. As a result of the high temperature of poured metal, organic resins undergo thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) and produce gases which impair the quality of the parts to be manufactured. Until recently, the study of gas emissions occurring during the casting process was based on experimental tests. The purpose of this work is to study the gas emissions by numerical simulation. To do this, we proposed several numerical models. We introduced a kinetic model for the thermal decomposition of organic resins. We have developed a general model of multiphase flow in porous media using the method of volume averaging. Four models of gas emissions representing flow and transport of gas in the core under different scenarios are given from the general model. Models are also developed to describe the coupling of the heat transfer in the mold and the casting with gas emissions in the sand core. The implementation of the various models in the free software OpenFOAM provides a simulation tool that allows to simulate gas emissions under different scenarios and to study the impact of several factors such as the type of resins, core shape, the permeability of the sand on the evolution of the pressure of gas in the core.

Le recyclage du combustible nucléaire passe par la production de poudres d’oxydes mixtes (U,Pu)O₂. Un des principaux procédés utilisés pour obtenir ce type de poudre comporte une étape de calcination d’oxalates mixtes qui se décomposent en oxyde. Le contrôle des propriétés physico-chimiques de la poudre au cours du traitement thermique des oxalates (étape précédant la mise en forme des pastilles combustibles) requiert une attention particulière, car celles-ci auront une conséquence directe sur l’aptitude à la compaction et au frittage.Dans ce contexte, ces travaux traitent de l’évolution des caractéristiques des poudres, et de la cinétique des différentes étapes de décomposition les influençant, lors de la calcination des oxalates mixtes U-Ce (simulant U-Pu).Une étude expérimentale détaillée sur les caractéristiques morphologiques et texturales, notamment la surface spécifique, a été menée et a permis de dresser un schéma d’évolution de la poudre lors des différentes étapes de décomposition. De plus, les variations de la teneur en carbone au cours de la calcination ont aussi été étudiées. Ce travail a permis d’identifier les étapes de décomposition d’intérêt pour le contrôle des caractéristiques des poudres lors du procédé de calcination.Enfin, ces étapes réactionnelles d’intérêt ont fait l’objet d’une étude cinétique détaillée. Celle-ci a conduit à l’identification de modèles adaptés au système d’étude qui décrivent les phénomènes physiques et chimiques ayant lieu au cours de la décomposition. / Nuclear fuel recycling process includes production of mixed oxide powder as (U,Pu)O₂. One of the most common processes actually investigated to get this kind of powder involves a calcination step of mixed oxalate which decomposes in oxide products. Physical and chemical powder characteristics during oxalate heat treatment (taking place before pellet shaping step) need a special attention. In fact, powder properties can affect directly their sintering and compaction abilities.The aim of this work deals with the powder characteristics evolution and the decomposition kinetics of steps having an effect on them, during U-Ce mixed oxalate calcination (surrogate system of U-Pu couple).A detailed experimental study of morphological and textural characteristics, especially specific surface area, has been carried out. The results have enabled to achieve a textural evolution pattern during different steps of oxalate decomposition. Moreover, carbon content variations through heat treatment process have been studied. This experimental route point out the most interesting decomposition steps impacting powder characteristics during calcination.Finally, a kinetic study of these decomposition steps has been performed. This exercise led to suitable kinetic models describing physical and chemical phenomena taking place during oxalate thermal decomposition process.

[pt] Os materiais nanoestruturados têm sido estudados ao longo das últimas décadas, por apresentarem propriedades particulares, promissoras propriedades térmicas, mecânicas e catalíticas, que muitas vezes não estão presentes no material não manométrico. Alguns avanços recentes têm mostrado que estas propriedades podem ser reforçadas pela inclusão de materiais com propriedades diferentes na sua estrutura, formando assim nanocompósitos. Por exemplo, as ligas de CuNi são muito dúcteis, mas a presença de nanopartículas de Al2O3 depositadas na matriz pode melhorar consideravelmente a dureza do material. Tal nanocompósito pode ser obtido, por exemplo, através de decomposição térmica nitratos, seguido por redução seletiva com hidrogênio. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como foco a síntese de ligas de CuNi e CuNi com adição de nanoparticulas de Al2O3, baseados na redução seletiva de CuO e de NiO com H2, e óxidos coformados com o óxido de alumínio por meio da decomposição térmica de seus nitratos metálicos. Cálculos termodinâmicos mostraram que a redução de Cu e Ni pode ser realizada a temperaturas relativamente baixas (400 mais ou menos 5 Graus C), e também que o processo se desenvolve seletivamente (apenas os óxidos de Ni e de Cu reagem nas condições impostas), resultando em compósitos de CuNi/Al2O3, que consiste na formação de uma liga CuNi contendo 1 por cento de Al2O3 como finas nanopartículas distribuídas homogeneamente. Precursores e amostras reduzidas foram caracterizados por difração de raios x (DRX) para determinar a natureza das fases individuais presentes (óxidos e ligas), microscopia electrónica de varredura (MEV) como uma primeira aproximação da morfologia das partículas e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Os resultados obtidos indicam que a via química proposta resultou satisfatória para a elaboração das ligas CuNi contendo nanopartículas de Al2O3 homogeneamente distribuídas. Os resultados obtidos também indicam que, para as condições experimentais impostas tanto a decomposição dos nitratos como as reações de redução alcançaram conversões de 100 por cento. / [en] Materials containing nanostructured particles have been studied over the last decades in order to take advantage of their promising thermal, mechanical and catalytic properties. Some recent progress has shown that these properties can be further enhanced by the inclusion of materials with different properties in their structure, thereby forming nanocomposites. For instance, Ni-Cu alloys are highly ductile, but the presence of Al2O3 nanoparticles deposited inside the alloy matrix can considerably improve the material s hardness. Such a nanocomposite can be obtained, for example, through nitrate solutions thermal decomposition followed by selective reduction with hydrogen. In this context, the present work focuses on the synthesis of CuNi alloys and CuNi/Al2O3 composites based on the selective reduction of copper and nickel oxides with pure H2, co-formed with aluminum oxide through thermal decomposition of aqueous solutions of their metal nitrates. Thermodynamic computations showed that the Cu and Ni reduction can be accomplished at relatively low temperatures (400 plus or minus 5 C degrees), and also that the process develops selectively (only the oxides of Ni and Cu react at the imposed conditions), resulting in Cu-Ni-Al2O3 composites, consisting in a Cu-Ni alloy crystals containing 1 percent of Al2O3 as fine homogeneously distributed nanoparticles. Both the original (co-formed) and reduced oxide samples were characterized using x ray diffraction (XRD) for determining the nature of the individual phases present (oxides and alloys) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as a first approach to the investigation of the morphology of the particles. The results indicate that the proposed chemical route resulted in composite materials containing CuNi alloy and Al2O3 particles of controllable composition and homogeneously distributed among the samples. The achieved results also suggest that for the imposed experimental conditions both the nitrate decomposition as well as the reduction reactions could be conducted to 100 percent conversion.

L’utilisation croissante des matériaux composites à matrice thermoplastique dans l’industrie aéronautique passe par une meilleure compréhension de leur comportement mécanique lors d’une exposition à un flux rayonnant (conséquence d’un incendie). Cette étude, portant sur le comportement thermo-mécanique de stratifiés tissés quasi-isotropes composés d’une matrice PPS renforcée par des fibres de carbone, se divise en 3 parties. Tout d’abord, la décomposition thermique du matériau et l’évolution de ses propriétés mécaniques avec la température sont étudiées. Ces données permettent ensuite d’appréhender le comportement de ces matériaux soumis à des chargements combinés (flux rayonnant et chargement mécanique en traction ou en compression, de type monotone à rupture et en fluage). La dernière partie vise à identifier les paramètres matériau nécessaires pour la simulation thermo-mécanique aux échelles macroscopique et mésoscopique. / The increasing use of thermoplastic-based composite materials in the aeronautical industry requires a better understanding of their mechanical behavior when exposed to radiant heat flux (consequence of a fire exposure). This study, which examines the thermo-mechanical behavior of quasi-isotropic woven laminates composed of PPS reinforced with carbon fibers, is divided into 3 parts. First, the thermal decomposition of the material and the evolution of its mechanical properties with temperature is studied. These data help to understand the behavior of these materials subjected to combined loads (radiant heat flux and tensile or compressive loadings). The last part aims to identify the material parameters necessary for thermo-mechanical simulation at macroscopic and mesoscopic scales.

A series of ruthenium complexes of the general type Ru(CO)2(P(n-Bu)3)2(O2CR)2 (4a, R = Me; 4b, R = Et; 4c, R = i-Pr; 4d, R = t-Bu; 4e, R = CH2OCH3; 4f, R = CF3; 4g, R = CF2CF3) was synthesized by a single-step reaction of Ru3(CO)12 with P(n-Bu)3 and the respective carboxylic acid. The molecular structures of 4b, 4c and 4e–g in the solid state are discussed. All ruthenium complexes are stable against air and moisture and possess low melting points. The physical properties including the vapor pressure can be adjusted by modification of the carboxylate ligands. The chemical vapor deposition of ruthenium precursors 4a–f was carried out in a vertical cold-wall CVD reactor at substrate temperatures between 350 and 400 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. These experiments show that all precursors are well suited for the deposition of phosphorus-doped ruthenium layers without addition of any reactive gas or an additional phosphorus source. In the films, phosphorus contents between 11 and 16 mol% were determined by XPS analysis. The obtained layers possess thicknesses between 25 and 65 nm and are highly conformal and dense as proven by SEM and AFM studies. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

L'objectif principal de ce travail concerne le développement de nouveaux matériaux polymères techniques ou composites anti-feu, éco-compatibles, tout en incorporant un faible taux de charges dans le but de conserver les performances physiques et mécaniques des matériaux élaborés, pour des applications axées sur la fabrication de fils ignifuges. L'étude est basée sur la génération in situ de charges inorganiques fonctionnalisées en matrice polymère fondu au cours du procédé d'extrusion par des réactions d'hydrolyse-condensation des précurseurs alcoxysilanes. Les caractérisations morphologiques et chimiques ont mis en évidence la formation de ces composites. La compréhension des mécanismes d'ignifugation mis en jeu a mis en évidence une nette modification du comportement au feu du matériau avec l'ajout de charges silicophosphorées ce qui prouve l'intérêt de disperser les fonctions ignifugeantes par cette approche originale. Une ouverture sur les systèmes azotés a été également mise en évidence. Les performances feu évaluées à l'aide d'un microcalorimètre à combustion et d'un calorimètre à cône ont également permis de comparer des composés phosphorés introduits par la voie additive avec la charge silicophosphorée générée in situ / The main objective of this work is the development of new fire retardant, eco-friendly, engineering composites, with the incorporation of a low load of fillers in order to maintain the physical and mechanical properties. The study is based on the in situ generation of functionalized inorganic fillers in the polymer matrix during the melt extrusion process by hydrolysis-condensation reactions of alkoxysilane precursors. Morphological and chemical characterization revealed the formation of these composites. Fire tests data showed a significant modification in the fire behaviour of the materials with the addition of the silico-phosphorylated fillers, which proves the interest of dispersing the fire retardant functions by this novel approach. An opening on nitrogen systems was also highlighted. The fire performance evaluated using a microcalorimeter and a combustion cone calorimeter was also used to compare phosphorus compounds introduced by the additive approach and the silico-phosphorylated filler generated in situ the molten copolymer