Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-01T14:41:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia de Souza Born.pdf: 858418 bytes, checksum: 5785147d20d21fb9c69b74322ff6448b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T14:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia de Souza Born.pdf: 858418 bytes, checksum: 5785147d20d21fb9c69b74322ff6448b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), has been controlled mainly chemical synthetic acaricides. The use of essential oils can be an alternative to this method of control. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of essential oils from plants of Families Burseraceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae and Verbenaceae against T. urticae and the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Repellent and toxic activities of the oils were determined and compared to eugenol. Toxicity was evaluated by fumigation and residual effect in the laboratory and by direct contact in a greenhouse. The results showed that the oils of Ocimum basilicum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. were the most repellent, with RC50 = 3.43 x 10-7 and 2 x 10-4 μL/mL, respectively. The toxicity against eggs of T. urticae revealed T. vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Citrus reticulata Blanco and O. basilicum oils as more active. Estimates of mortality concentration curves for fumigation of adult females of T. urticae revealed that was more toxic eugenol, with LC50 = 4 x 10-3 μL/L air. The test results showed that residual C. reticulata, T. vulgaris and O. basilicum oils present the same toxicity observed for eugenol. The toxicity tests to N. californicus indicated that all the oils are selective fumigation and that the O. basilicum, R. officinalis and C. reticulata oils were more selective by residual effect. The relative toxicity of the individual constituents of the essential oils and their contribuition to the acaricidal activity on T. urticae are also discussed. The highest average mortality on T. urticae in the greenhouse after 72 h of exposure were 100%, 98.85% and 96.59%, promoted by Citrus sinensis Osbek x Citrus reticulata Blanco, R. officinalis and Lippia gracilis Schauer oils, respectively. / O ácaro rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), tem sido controlado principalmente com acaricidas químicos sintéticos. O uso de óleos essenciais pode ser uma alternativa a esse método de controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de óleos essenciais de plantas das Famílias Burseraceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae e Verbenaceae sobre T. urticae e o ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). As atividades repelente e tóxica dos óleos foram determinadas e comparadas ao eugenol. A toxicidade foi avaliada por fumigação e efeito residual, em laboratório e por contato direto em casa de vegetação. Os resultados demonstraram que os óleos de Ocimum basilicum L. e Thymus vulgaris L. foram mais repelentes, com CR50 de 3,43 x 10-7 e 2 x 10-4 μL/mL, respectivamente. A toxicidade sobre ovos de T. urticae revelou os óleos de T. vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Citrus reticulata Blanco e O. basilicum como mais ativos. As estimativas das curvas de concentração mortalidade para fumigação sobre fêmeas adultas de T. urticae revelaram que eugenol foi mais tóxico, com CL50 de 4 x 10-3 μL/L de ar. Os resultados dos testes de efeito residual demonstraram que os óleos de C. reticulata, T. vulgaris e O. basilicum apresentaram a mesma toxicidade observada para o eugenol. Os testes de toxicidade a N. californicus indicaram que todos os óleos foram seletivos por fumigação e os óleos de O. basilicum, R. officinalis e C. reticulata foram os mais seletivos por efeito residual. A toxicidade relativa de constituintes individuais dos óleos e sua contribuição para a atividade sobre T. urticae também são discutidos. As maiores médias de mortalidade sobre T. urticae em casa de vegetação após 72 h de exposição foram de 100%, 98,85% e 96,59%, promovidas pelos óleos de Citrus sinensis Osbek x Citrus reticulata Blanco, R. officinalis e Lippia gracilis Schauer, respectivamente.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Thymol, a monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, is found in abundance in the essential oils produced by numerous herbs and spices such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), oregano (Origanum vulgaris L.) and Lippia alba (mill.). Several biological effects have been described for thymol such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, local anesthetics, antinoceptive, healing and antibacterial properties. It was described the application of thymol in food Science, as herbicidad and inseticides. Moreover, essential oils containing thymol have been used in folk medicine to treat various physiological disorders such as gastrites, indigestion and stomach pains. The present study investigated the gastroprotective actions of thymol (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) in the acute indomethacin and ethanol and chronic acetic acid-induced ulcer models in rats. Some of the mechanisms underlying to the gastroprotective effect of thymol were investigated in the ethanol-induced ulcer model. Gastric secretion parameters (volume, pH, and total acidity) were also evaluted by the pylorus ligature model, and the mucus in the gastric content was determined. The antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori of thymol was performed using the agar-well diffusion method. Thymol produced a dose dependent reduction (p < 0.01) on the total lesion area in the ethanol-induced ulcer model. This gastroprotection was also evaluated microscopically showing that the thymol at all doses decreased the loss of epithelial cells. The gastroprotective response caused by thymol (30 mg/kg) was signigicantly attenuated (P < 0.001) by intraperitoneal treatment of rats with indomethacin (a non-selective inhibitior of cyclo-oxygenase, 10 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K channel blocker), but not by DL-Propargylglycine (PAG, a cystathionine-γ-lyase inhibitor) and Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase). Thymol (30 and 100 mg/kg) also reduced the ulcer index (p < 0.05) and the total lesion area (p < 0.001) in the indomethacin and acetic-induced ulcer models, respectively. In the model of pylorus ligature, the treatment with thymol failed to significantly change the gastric secretion parameters. However, after treatment with thymol (30 and 100 mg/kg) there was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in mucus production. Thymol showed no antimicrobial activity against H. pilory in vitro. Collectively, the present results provide evidence that thymol displays gastroprotective actions on the acute and chronic ulcer models involving mechanisms as increased amount of mucus, prostaglandins, and ATP-sensitive K+ channels. / O timol, um monoterpeno fenólico derivado do cimeno encontrado abundantemente em óleos essenciais, é produzido por numerosas plantas aromáticas e especiarias tais como tomilho (Timus vulgaris L.), orégano (Origanum vulgaris L.) e Lippia alba (mill.). Diversos efeitos biológicos têm sido descritos para o timol tais como antioxidante, anti-inflamatório, anestésico local, antinoceptivo, cicatrizante e antibactericida. É descrita a aplicação do timol em ciências dos alimentos, herbicida e inseticidas. Além disso, óleos essenciais contendo timol tem sido usados pela medicina popular para tratar diversas desordens fisiológicas como gastrite, indigestão e dores estomacais. O presente estudo investigou ações gastroprotetoras do timol (10, 30 e 100 mg/kg, v.o.) em modelos de úlcera aguda induzida por indometacina e etanol, e crônica induzida por ácido acético em ratos. Alguns dos mecanismos subjacentes ao efeito gastroprotetor do timol foram investigados em modelo de úlcera induzida por etanol. Parâmetros da secreção gástrica (volume, pH; e acidez total) também foram avaliados pelo modelo de ligadura de piloro, e o conteúdo do muco gástrico foi determinado. A atividade contra Helicobacter pylori do timol foi realizada pelo método de difusão em ágar. O timol produziu efeito dose-dependente reduzindo (p < 0,01) a área total de lesão em modelo de úlcera induzida por etanol. Esta gastroproteção também foi avaliada microscopicamente mostrando que o timol, em todas as doses, diminuiu a perda das células epiteliais. A resposta gastroprotetora causada pelo timol (30 mg/kg) foi significativamente atenuada (p < 0,001) pelo tratamento intraperitoneal dos ratos com indometacina (um inibidor não-seletivo da ciclo-oxigenase, 10 mg/kg) e glibenclamida (bloqueador de canais para potássio sensíveis a ATP), mas não pela DL-Propargilglicina (PAG, inibidor da cistationina-γ-liase) ou Nw-nitro-L-arginina metil éster cloridrato (L-NAME, um inibidor não-seletivo da sintase do óxido nítrico). O timol (30 e 100 mg/kg) também reduziu o índice de úlcera (p < 0,05) e área total de lesão (p < 0,001) por indometacina e por ácido acético, respectivamente. Em modelo de ligadura de piloro, o tratamento com timol não alterou os parâmetros de secreção gástrica. No entanto, após o tratamento com o timol houve um aumento significativo (p < 0,01) na produção do muco. O timol não apresentou atividade contra H. pylori in vitro. Coletivamente, os resultados apresentados fornecem evidências de que o timol exibe ações gastroprotetoras sobre os modelos de úlceras agudas e crônicas envolvendo mecanismos como o aumento da quantidade de muco, prostaglandinas e canais para potássio sensíveis a ATP.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Historicamente, as bactÃrias foram vistas como organismos que vivem isolados, no entanto, à claro, agora, que a grande maioria de bactÃrias existe em comunidades complexas, conhecidas como biofilmes. As bactÃrias em biofilmes se encontram aderidas a superfÃcies diversas, tanto abiÃticas como biÃticas (dente, osso, mucosa), compondo um ecossistema altamente estruturado, dinÃmico e organizado. Um exemplo de infecÃÃo que pode envolver a presenÃa formaÃÃo de biofilme à a otite - definida como inflamaÃÃo aguda ou crÃnica da orelha, podendo se estender desde o epitÃlio do conduto auditivo externo atà a orelha interna. Descrita como a doenÃa mais comum do canal auditivo externo em cÃes, possui uma etiologia multifatorial, que inclui fungos e bactÃrias, principalmente do gÃnero Staphylococcus. BactÃrias desse gÃnero sÃo comensais de pele e mucosas, mas podem atuar como patÃgenos oportunistas em condiÃÃes propÃcias e sÃo frequentemente associadas a uma ampla variedade de infecÃÃes em seres humanos e animais com vÃrios relatos de refratariedade aos tratamentos usuais. Em um biofilme, as bactÃrias podem ser dezenas de vezes mais resistentes aos antibiÃticos, quando comparadas Ãs mesmas bactÃrias em crescimento planctÃnico. O combate a infecÃÃes envolvendo bactÃrias em biofilme à um grande desafio da microbiologia mundial, que leva à busca de novas opÃÃes terapÃuticas. Com efeito, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito inibitÃrio in vitro de seis substÃncias â trÃs agentes antimicrobianos clÃssicos, ciprofloxacina, cloranfenicol, gentamicina; e trÃs agentes antimicrobianos nÃo-clÃssicos timol, carvacrol, perÃxido de hidrogÃnio (H2O2) â contra cepas estafilocÃcicas de otite canina em crescimento planctÃnico e em biofilme. Foram avaliadas 54 cepas clÃnicas isoladas de secreÃÃo purulenta de cÃes com otite, divididas entre cinco espÃcies: S. intermedius, S. simulans, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis e S. lugdunensis. As 16 cepas classificadas como produtoras de biofilme (11 de S. intermedius e cinco de S. simulans), segundo resultado obtido pelo teste do Ãgar vermelho Congo e confirmaÃÃo por microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura (MEV), foram usadas em ensaios de microdiluiÃÃo em caldo para determinaÃÃo de concentraÃÃo inibitÃria mÃnima (CIM) e concentraÃÃo inibitÃria mÃnima em biofilme (CIMB). Com relaÃÃo Ãs cepas produtoras de biofilme, foram observados os seguintes resultados: os valores para ciprofloxacina foram 0,12 &#8804;CIM&#8804;0,5 mcg/mL (mÃdia 0,28 mcg/mL) e 0,5&#8804;CIMB&#8804;8 mcg/mL (mÃdia 1,79 mcg/mL); para cloranfenicol 2&#8804;CIM&#8804;16 mcg/mL (mÃdia 7,41 mcg/mL) e 8&#8804;CIMB&#8804;32 mcg/mL (mÃdia 20,71 mcg/mL); para gentamicina 0,5&#8804;CIM&#8804;4 mcg/mL (mÃdia 2,09 mcg/mL) e 4&#8804;CIMB&#8804;64 mcg/mL (mÃdia 24,24 mcg/mL); para timol 32&#8804;CIM&#8804;512 mcg/mL (mÃdia 137,41 mcg/mL) e 256&#8804;CIMB&#8804;2048 mcg/mL (mÃdia 768 mcg/mL); carvacrol 32&#8804;CIM&#8804;512 mcg/mL (mÃdia 128 mcg/mL) e 256&#8804;CIMB&#8804;4096 mcg/mL (mÃdia 993,88 mcg/mL); e para H2O2 32&#8804;CIM&#8804;128 ppm (mÃdia 99,76 ppm) e 128&#8804;CIMB&#8804;4096 ppm (mÃdia 1874,82 ppm). Os dados obtidos apontam para o potencial terapÃutico dos seis antibiÃticos estudados no tratamento de infecÃÃes estafilocÃcicas associadas a biofilme, sendo necessÃrios novos estudos para investigar os mecanismos de aÃÃo dessas drogas sobre o biofilme, bem como o delineamento de experimentos in vivo para confirmar a significÃncia desses achados. / Historically, bacteria have been seen as isolated organisms; however, it is now clear that the vast majority of bacteria exist in complex communities known as biofilms. Bacteria in biofilms are adhered to various surfaces, both abiotic and biotic (teeth, bones, mucosa), often forming a highly dynamic ecosystem, which is structured and organized. An example of infection, which can involve the formation of biofilm is otitis - defined as an acute or chronic inflammation of the ear, which may extend from the external ear canal to the inner ear. Described as the most common disease of the external ear canal in dogs, it has a multifactorial etiology, including fungi and bacteria, especially of the genus Staphylococcus. Bacteria of this genus are commensal to skin and mucous membranes, but can act as opportunistic pathogens in favorable conditions and are often associated with a wide variety of infections in humans and animals with many reports of refractoriness to usual treatments. In biofilm, bacteria can be ten to a hundred times more resistant to antibiotics when compared to the same bacteria in planktonic growth. The struggle to fight infections involving bacterial biofilms is a major challenge of microbiology today, which, in turn, leads to the search for new therapeutic options. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory effect of six substances â three classic antimicrobial agents ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin; and three non-classic antimicrobial agents thymol, carvacrol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) - against staphylococcal strains from canine otitis in planktonic growth and in biofilm. We analyzed 54 clinical strains isolated from purulent secretion of canine otitis, divided into five species: S. intermedius, S. simulans, S. haemolyticus, S.epidermidis and S. lugdunensis. The 16 strains classified as biofilm producers (11 S. intermedius and five S. simulans), according to result obtained by the Congo red agar test and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were used in broth microdilution assay for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). With regards to the biofilm-producing strains, the following results were observed: the values for ciprofloxacin were 0,12 &#8804;MIC&#8804;0,5 mcg/mL (mean 0,28 mcg/mL) and 0,5&#8804;MBIC&#8804;8 mcg/mL (mean 1,79 mcg/mL); for chloramphenicol 2&#8804;MIC&#8804;16 mcg/mL (mean 7,41 mcg/mL) and 8&#8804;MBIC&#8804;32 mcg/mL (mean 20,71 mcg/mL); for gentamicin 0,5&#8804;MIC&#8804;4 mcg/mL (mean 2,09 mcg/mL) and 4&#8804;MBIC&#8804;64 mcg/mL (mean 24,24 mcg/mL); for thymol 32&#8804;MIC&#8804;512 mcg/mL (mean 137,41 mcg/mL) and 256&#8804;MBIC&#8804;2048 mcg/mL (mean 768 mcg/mL); carvacrol 32&#8804;MIC&#8804;512 mcg/mL (mean 128 mcg/mL) and 256&#8804;MBIC&#8804;4096 mcg/mL (mean 993,88 mcg/mL); and for H2O2 for 32&#8804;MIC&#8804;128 mcg/mL (mean 99,76 ppm) and 128&#8804;MBIC&#8804;4096 ppm (mean 1874,82 ppm). The presented data indicates the therapeutic potential of the six antibiotics studied in the treatment of staphylococcal infections associated with biofilm, which warrants further studies to investigate the mechanisms of action of these drugs on biofilms and the design of in vivo experiments to confirm the significance of these findings.

[...]Ce travail de thèse porte sur la conception et la réalisation d’emballages actifs, pour desapplications dans le domaine de l’agroalimentaire. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre du projetEMAC du groupe Vitagora, dont les objectifs sont d’optimiser la conservation des qualitésorganoleptiques des produits, et d’augmenter la DLC et la DLUO des aliments, à travers lamaîtrise de l’atmosphère des emballages.Dans une première partie, la thèse se concentre sur les aspects matériaux, avec un état de l’artsur la mise en oeuvre des emballages dits « actifs », l’étude du comportement à la mise enoeuvre des mélanges et la réalisation des emballages actifs. Les travaux de cette thèse se sontorientés sur l'amélioration d'emballages existant par l’incorporation directe de moléculesactives (thymol et carvacrol) et de charges végétales (chanvre et cellulose) susceptibles demoduler le comportement des agents actifs introduits dans l'emballageDans un deuxième temps, la thèse fait porter l’analyse sur les propriétés physico-chimiquesdes matériaux. Cette étude permettra de vérifier l’intégrité physique des matériaux, d’analyserle comportement rhéologique et la stabilité thermique au cours du procédé d’élaboration. Endépit des nombreuses contraintes thermo-mécaniques subies par les matériaux à la mise enoeuvre, les agents actifs ne semblent pas subir d’altérations chimiques. La présence de fibrespermet de réduire le taux de perte en agent actif ce qui pourrait être expliqué par leur systèmecapillaire qui sert de réservoir aux agents actifs lors de la mise en oeuvre.La troisième partie porte sur l’étude des interactions contenant/contenu et sur les différentsaspects règlementaires en termes de migration auxquelles sont soumis les emballagesalimentaires. Dans certains cas, la migration globale est supérieure à la LMG de 10 mg/dm².Nous avons optimisé la mise en oeuvre des matériaux en modifiant la réalisation descompounds et en réduisant le taux de fibres de 2,5% à 1% dans les emballages finaux. Unenette amélioration des valeurs de migration globale est observée, on passe ainsi d’une valeurmaximale 10,81 mg/dm² de à 2,85 mg/dm². [...] Enfin, dans la dernière partie, nous abordons l’efficacité de ces emballages actifs vis-à-vis dessouches bactériennes et leur impact sur la conservation des produits de l’industrieagroalimentaire. La capacité antimicrobienne du thymol et du carvacrol reste conservée aprèsla mise en oeuvre, de l’extrusion du mélange maître à la production de pots en injection. Lesplus grandes valeurs d’inhibition sont observées pour les échantillons chargés en fibresvégétales. De plus, il n’est pas nécessaire d’utiliser de fortes concentrations en agents actifspour observer une action sur le développement microbien. Des concentrations minimalesinhibitrices de l’ordre de 10-5 à 10-4 mg d’agent actif par millilitre d’air, ont été mesurées dansle cas des souches bactériennes P. camemberti, B. subtilis, L. plantarum, E. coli. Pour uneincorporation d’environ 0,2 % massique d’agent actif dans les emballages, il est déjà possibled’atteindre une concentration en phase vapeur moyenne de 4x10-5 mg/ml.Les essais préliminaires sur les propriétés sensorielles et organoleptiques montrent que ladurée de conservation d'aliments dans les emballages actifs augmente. Cependant il est aussipossible de noter un impact organoleptique se traduisant dans certains cas par unemodification de la saveur des aliments, dans d’autres cas par une odeur à l’ouverture desemballages. Les meilleurs résultats de conservation des aliments ont été obtenus avec lesfilms co-extrudés, dont la concentration en agent actif est cinq fois plus faible que dans celledes pots réalisés en injection / No abstract

This thesis deals with the determination of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Carbon paste electrode and boron doped diamond film electrode were used as the working electrodes. For the comparison, UV spectrophotometric detection at 275 nm was used besides the electrochemical detection. The separation was performed on LiChroCART 125-4, RP-18e (5 µm) column. Optimum separation conditions were found: mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and acetate buffer in ratio 50:50, the optimum buffer pH was pH 5. The optimum potential of working electrode during electrochemical detection was +0,8 V and +1,2 V for carbon paste electrode and boron doped diamond film electrode, respectively. For both electrodes, repeatability of the measurement was examined; the surface of both electrodes had to be renewed between the measurements. Under the obtained optimum conditions, calibration dependences were measured. The studied substances were determined in real samples, in Thymus vulgaris L. and Achillea millefolium L. and in thyme-containing tea and syrup.

Le parasite Varroa destructor provoque depuis plus de 30 ans la perte de nombreuses colonies à travers le monde. L’utilisation d’acaricides de synthèse s’est avérée inefficace au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde à la suite de la sélection de varroas résistants. Dans ce contexte, il est devenu impératif de trouver de nouveaux moyens pour contrôler cette peste apicole. Ce travail original de recherche a pour but de déterminer les paramètres fondamentaux d’une lutte intégrée contre la varroase fondée sur l’utilisation périodique de différents pesticides organiques (l’acide oxalique, l’acide formique et le thymol) associée à des seuils d’interventions. Les seuils d’intervention ont été déterminés à l’aide de régressions linéaires entre les taux de parasitisme par V. destructor et la formance zootechnique des colonies d’abeilles mellifères (production de miel et force des colonies). Un total de 154 colonies d’abeilles du Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault (CRSAD) ont été suivies de septembre 2005 à septembre 2006. Les seuils calculés et proposés à la suite de cette recherche sont de 2 varroas par jour (chute naturelle) au début mai, 10 varroas par jour à la fin juillet et de 9 varroas par jour au début septembre. L’efficacité des traitements organiques avec l’acide oxalique (AO), l’acide formique (AF) et le thymol a été vérifiée en mai (avant la première miellée) en juillet (entre deux miellées), en septembre (après la miellée et pendant le nourrissage des colonies) et en novembre (avant l’hivernage). L’acide oxalique a été appliqué en utilisant la méthode d’égouttement (4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v). L’acide formique a été appliquée sous forme de MiteAwayII™ (tampon commercial imbibé d’AF 65% v/v placé sur le dessus des cadres à couvain), Mitewipe (tampons Dri-Loc™ 10/15cm imbibés de 35 mL d’AF 65% v/v placés sur le dessus des cadres à couvain) ou Flash (AF 65% coulé directement sur le plateau inférieur d’une colonie, 2 mL par cadre avec abeilles). Le thymol a été appliqué sous forme d’Apiguard™ (gélose contenant 25% de thymol p/v placée sur le dessus des cadres à couvain). Les essais d’efficacité ont été réalisés de 2006 à 2008 sur un total de 170 colonies (98 appartenant au CRSAD et 72 appartenant au privé). Les résultats montrent que les traitements de printemps testés ont une faible efficacité pour le contrôle des varroas qui sont en pleine croissance durant cette période. Un traitement avec l’AF à la mi-été permet de réduire les taux de parasites sous le seuil en septembre mais il y a risque de contaminer la récolte de miel avec des résidus d’AF. Les traitements en septembre avec le MiteAwayII™ suivis par un traitement à l’acide oxalique en novembre (5 mL par égouttement entre chaque cadre avec abeilles, 4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v) sont les plus efficaces : ils réduisent les niveaux de varroase sous le seuil de 2 varroas par jour au printemps. Nos résultats montrent également que les traitements réalisés tôt en septembre sont plus efficaces et produisent des colonies plus fortes au printemps comparativement à un traitement réalisé un mois plus tard en octobre. En conclusion, ce travail de recherche démontre qu’il est possible de contenir le développement de la varroase dans les ruchers au Québec en utilisant une méthode de lutte intégrée basée sur une combinaison d’applications d’acaricides organiques associée à des seuils d’intervention. / For nearly 30 years, Varroa destructor has been responsible for the loss of many honey bee colonies around the world. The continued use of synthetic acaricides has resulted in their reduced efficacy against this pest in Canada and in other countries because of the selection of resistant mite populations. With this situation still present, it has become of utmost importance to develop efficient methods to control this apicultural pest. The major goal of this original work is to determine the fundamental parameters underlying the use of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy against the varroa mite. The IPM strategy developed in this research is based on the periodic use of organic pesticides (oxalic acid, formic acid and thymol) and treatment threshold. Treatment thresholds were determined from linear regressions between the varroa mite levels and the zootechnical performances (honey production and colony strength) of honey bee colonies. A total of 154 honey bee colonies from the livestock of the “Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault” (CRSAD) were monitored from September 2005 to September 2006. Based on our findings, we propose economic treatment thresholds for three periods in the year: early May, late July and early September that are respectively 2, 10 and 9 varroa mites per day. Efficacy of the various organic treatments: formic acid (FA), oxalic acid (OA) and thymol was evaluated in May (before the first honey flow), in July between two honey flows, in September (after the honey flow and before the fall feeding of colonies) and in November (before wintering). OA was applied using the trickling method (4% OA w/v in a sucrose syrup 1:1 w/v). FA was applied using MiteAwayII™ (pads imbedded with FA 65% v/v placed on top of brood frames), Mitewipe (Dri-Loc™ pads 10/15cm imbedded with 35 mL FA 65% v/v placed on top of brood frames), Flash (FA 65% poured directly on the bottom board of colonies, 2 mL per frame with bees). Thymol was applied using Apiguard™ (gel with 25% de thymol w/v placed on top of the brood frames). Efficacy trials were realised from 2006 to 2008 on a total of 170 colonies (98 from the CRSAD and 72 owned by a commercial beekeeper). Results show that treatments applied in spring give low efficacy on reducing varroa mite populations that are in full growth at this time because of large amounts of brood available for mite reproduction. Application of a FA treatment in mid-summer offers the opportunity to reduce mite populations at the 11 mites per day September threshold but FA summer application is accompanied by a risk of incorporating residues in the harvested honey. Application of MiteAwayII™ in September followed by an oxalic acid treatment in November (trickling method 4% OA w/v in a sucrose syrup 1 :1 w/v, 5 mL between frames with bees) gave the best efficacy results: varroa mite levels are reduced below the 2 mites per day spring threshold. Our results also show that an early September management strategy of colonies for winter preparation (varroa treatment and fall feeding) gives greater varroa control, higher colony winter survival and stronger colonies in spring when compared to a later treatment in October. In conclusion, this work shows that varroa mite control in honey bee colonies in Québec is possible by using an integrated pest management strategy based on the application of a combination of organic acaricides in association with treatment thresholds.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pepper-rosmarin (Lippia sidoides Cham.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant, native Northeast Region of Brazil, which has an essential oil widely used for its properties as bactericide, fungicide, molluscicide, and larvicide. This paper aimed to characterize and evaluate the performance of accessions of pepper-rosmarin (Lippia sidoides Cham.) native to various States of the Northeast Region, kept in Germplasm Bank at São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. The first chapter presents the general introduction, the literature review on genetic resources and sustainability of agroecosystems, origin, ethnobotany, and germplasm characterization (morphological, agronomic and chemical). The second chapter presents and discusses the data on the morphological and agronomic characterization of accessions of pepper-rosmarin cultivated in field with seedlings from stem cuttings, using a randomized complete block design with two replications. The evaluated variables were: plant height, fresh and dry matter from leaves and stem, width and length of leaves, color of leaves and stem, crown shape, and content and yield of essential oil. Results showed morphological differences among accessions for color of stem, crown shape, plant height, width and length of leaves and ratio length/width of leaves. For agronomic variables, there were significant differences for content and yield of essential oil with the best and worst performance for accessions LSID-005 and LSID-105, respectively. Third chapter presents the data on performance evaluation of pepper-rosmarin, during two years of field cultivation, for the variables: plant height, fresh and dry matter of stem and leaves, content and yield of essential oil, and the content of chemical components of the essential oil. The higher averages found for content (7,68 %) and yield (56,46 mL plant- 1) essential oil were produced by the accession LSID-105, in 2005, and by LSID-102, in 2006, respectively. The higher averages for content of thymol (90,82 %) and carvacrol (56,05 %) were obtained from the accessions LSID-003 and LSID-104, respectively, both in 2006. The accession LSID-104, native to Sergipe State, presented carvacrol as major chemical component. All the other accessions presented thymol as major chemical component. All the accessions, in both years, presented phenotypical variability for all the evaluated variables, except for content of terpil-4-ol. Fourth chapter presents the evaluation of influence of dry and rainy seasons on the performance of accessions of pepper-rosmarin, using the variables: plant height, dry matter of leaves, content and yield of essential oil and content of chemical components of the essential oil. For the majority of the studied accessions, the thymol content was higher during the rainy season. LSID-102 accession presented high yield of essential oil (56,46 mL plant- 1) and thymol content between 47,97 % and 64,95 %. LSID-003 accession yielded 10,06 mL plant-1 of essential oil amd thymol content of 90,02 %. LSID-104 accession presented high content of carvacrol (54,68%) and low content of thymol (7,88 %). Fifth chapter presents the evaluation of the influence of leaves dehydration (at 40 °C for 5 days) on the content of essential oil and its chemical components of 11 accessions of pepper-rosmarin harvested during dry and rainy season. Generally, drying of leaves modified the content of most of the chemical constituents. In relation of the major iv chemical constituents, drying modified thymol content, but did not modified the carvacrol content of the essential oil of the pepper-rosmarin accessions. / Alecrim-pimenta (Líppia sidoides Cham.) é uma planta medicinal e aromática, nativa do Nordeste do Brasil, cujo óleo essencial é utilizado em virtude de suas propriedades bactericida, fungicida, moluscida e larvicida. Este trabalho visou caracterizar e avaliar o comportamento de acessos de alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham.), de vários Estados do Nordeste do Brasil, mantidos em Banco Ativo de Germoplasma em São Cristóvão. No primeiro capítulo, apresentou-se a introdução geral do trabalho, o referencial teórico sobre recursos genéticos e sustentabilidade de agroecossistemas, a origem, os aspectos botânicos e de uso de alecrim-pimenta, a conservação de recursos genéticos e a caracterização de germoplasma (caracterização morfológica, agronômica e química). O segundo capítulo consistiu da caracterização morfológica e agronômica de acessos de alecrim-pimenta cultivados em campo, utilizando-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: altura de planta, massa fresca e seca de folha e caule, largura e comprimento de folha, cor de folha, formato de copa, teor e rendimento de óleo essencial. Os resultados mostraram diferenças morfológicas nos acessos para as variáveis: cor de caule, formato de copa, altura de planta, comprimento e largura de folha e relação comprimento/largura de folha. Para as características agronômicas, foram evidenciadas diferenças significativas para teor e rendimento óleo essencial, sendo o acesso LSID-005 o mais promissor e o acesso LSID-105 o menos promissor. No terceiro capítulo estudou-se o comportamento de acessos de alecrim-pimenta em dois anos de cultivo, e foram avaliadas as variáveis: altura de planta, massa fresca de caule e folha, teor, rendimento e teores dos constituintes químicos do óleo essencial. As maiores médias encontradas para os caracteres teor e rendimento de óleo essencial foram do acesso LSID-105, com 7,68 % no ano de 2005, e do acesso LSID-102, com 56,46 mL planta-1 no ano de 2006, respectivamente. As maiores médias de timol e de carvacrol foram encontradas no acesso LSID-003, com 90,82 % e do acesso LSID-104, com 56,05 % respectivamente, ambos no ano de 2006. O acesso LSID-104, oriundo do Estado de Sergipe, apresentou como constituinte químico majoritário o carvacrol. Os demais acessos têm o timol como constituinte químico majoritário. Todos os acessos, nos dois anos de cultivo, apresentaram variabilidade fenotípica para todas as variáveis analisadas, exceto para teor de terpil 4-ol. No quarto capítulo, avaliou-se a influência das épocas seca e chuvosa no comportamento de acessos de alecrim-pimenta, avaliandose as variáveis: massa fresca e seca de folha, teor e rendimento do óleo essencial e os teores dos constituintes químicos do óleo essencial. Observou-se que, para a maioria dos acessos de alecrim-pimenta estudados, o teor de timol é maior na época chuvosa do que na seca. O acesso LSID-102 apresentou alto rendimento de óleo essencial, porém com teor de timol entre 47,97 % e 64,95 %. O acesso LSID-003 apresentou rendimento de óleo essencial de 10,06 mL planta-1 e teor de timol de 90,02 % e, o acesso LSID-104 apresentou alto teor de carvacrol (média de 54,68 %) e baixo teor de timol (média de 7,88 %). No quinto capítulo, estudou-se a influência da secagem das folhas no óleo essencial de acessos de alecrim-pimenta. Testou-se a influência da secagem das folhas a 40º C por cinco dias em 11 acessos de alecrim-pimenta, colhidas nas estações seca e chuvosa. Avaliaram-se o teor de óleo essencial e os teores dos constituintes químicos no ii óleo essencial. A secagem proporcionou redução de teor de óleo essencial de alecrimpimenta quando colhido na estação seca. Em geral, a secagem alterou os teores da maioria dos constituintes químicos. Em relação aos constituintes químicos majoritários, a secagem alterou o teor de timol, mas não alterou o teor de carvacrol do óleo essencial de acessos de alecrim-pimenta.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Lippia gracilis Schauer is a plant that belongs to the Verbenaceae family, is known as “alecrim-da-chapada” or “alecrim-de-tabuleiro”, and occure in the caatinga biome. Because of its bioactive potential, the essential oil of L. gracilis is been tested for control of different agriculture and livestock pests and diseases. One of these pests is the coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae), an important pest of the coconut crop in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and repellency of the essential oil of two genotypes of L. gracilis and their major compounds thymol and carvacrol against the coconut mite (A. guerreronis). Adults of the coconut mite were subjected to increasing concentrations of the essential oils of the genotypes LGRA-106 and LGRA-109, of thymol and carvacrol, allowing the estimation of the lethal concentrations (LC). In addition to toxicity, the repellency of essential oils of L. gracilis, thymol and carvacrol was evaluated by releasing mites in the center of an arena with half area sprayed and the other half unsprayed. The analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oils of L. gracilis identified thymol (52.41%) and carvacrol (49.36%) as the major compounds for genotypes LGRA-106 and LGRA-109, respectively. The genotype LGRA-106 showed higher toxicity (LC50 = 4.73 μL/mL) to the coconut mite compared to the genotype LGRA-109 (LC50 = 30.99 μL/mL). The toxicity of LGRA-106 did not differ from its major compound thymol (LC50 = 5.34 μL/mL). The essential oil of LGRA-106 was 2.3 times more toxic than its major compound thymol at LC90. The LC50 and LC99 of genotypes LGRA-106 (4.73 and 13.18 μL/mL), LGRA-109 (30.99 and 54.33 μL/mL) and carvacrol (6.84 and 45.97 μL/mL) repelled the coconut mite after 24 h of exposure. The LC50 and LC99 of thymol (5.34 and 56.35 μL/mL) presented a neutral effect on the coconut mite after 24 h of exposure. We can conclude that the essential oil of genotype LGRA-106 has potential for development of a product to control the coconut mite. / Lippia gracilis Schauer é uma planta pertencente à família Verbenaceae popularmente conhecida como “alecrim-da-chapada” ou “alecrim-de-tabuleiro” e própria do bioma caatinga. Devido ao potencial bioativo, o óleo essencial de L. gracilis vem sendo testado para o controle de diferentes pragas e doenças na agricultura e pecuária. Uma destas pragas é o ácaro-da-necrose Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae), importante praga da cultura do coqueiro no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade e repelência do óleo essencial de dois genótipos de L. gracilis e seus compostos majoritários timol e carvacrol ao ácaro-da-necrose (A. guerreronis). Adultos do ácaro-da-necrose foram submetidos a concentrações crescentes dos óleos essenciais dos genótipos LGRA-106 e LGRA-109 de L. gracilis, de timol e carvacrol, possibilitando a estimativa das concentrações letais (CL). Adicionalmente à toxicidade, foi avaliada a repelência dos óleos essenciais de L. gracilis, timol e carvacrol por meio da liberação de ácaros no centro de uma arena com metade pulverizada e metade não pulverizada. A análise da composição química dos óleos essenciais de L. gracilis identificou o timol (52,41%) e o carvacrol (49,36%) como compostos majoritários dos genótipos LGRA-106 e LGRA-109, respectivamente. O genótipo LGRA-106 apresentou maior toxicidade (CL50 = 4,73 μL/mL) ao ácaro-da-necrose em comparação com LGRA-109 (CL50 = 30,99 μL/mL). A toxicidade do LGRA-106 não diferiu do seu composto majoritário timol (CL50 = 5,34 μL/mL). O óleo essencial do LGRA-106 foi 2,3 vezes mais tóxico que do seu composto majoritário timol para CL90. A CL50 e a CL99 dos genótipos LGRA-106 (4,73 e 13,18 μL/mL-1), LGRA-109 (30,99 e 54,33 μL/mL-1) e de carvacrol (6,84 e 45,97 μL/mL-1), repeliram o ácaro-da-necrose após 24 h de exposição. A CL50 e CL99 de timol (5,34 e 56,35 μL/mL) apresentaram efeito neutro sobre o ácaro-da-necrose após 24 h de exposição. Conclui-se que o óleo essencial do genótipo LGRA-106 apresenta potencial para desenvolvimento de um produto para o controle do ácaro-da-necrose.

Le parasite Varroa destructor provoque depuis plus de 30 ans la perte de nombreuses colonies à travers le monde. L’utilisation d’acaricides de synthèse s’est avérée inefficace au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde à la suite de la sélection de varroas résistants. Dans ce contexte, il est devenu impératif de trouver de nouveaux moyens pour contrôler cette peste apicole. Ce travail original de recherche a pour but de déterminer les paramètres fondamentaux d’une lutte intégrée contre la varroase fondée sur l’utilisation périodique de différents pesticides organiques (l’acide oxalique, l’acide formique et le thymol) associée à des seuils d’interventions. Les seuils d’intervention ont été déterminés à l’aide de régressions linéaires entre les taux de parasitisme par V. destructor et la formance zootechnique des colonies d’abeilles mellifères (production de miel et force des colonies). Un total de 154 colonies d’abeilles du Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault (CRSAD) ont été suivies de septembre 2005 à septembre 2006. Les seuils calculés et proposés à la suite de cette recherche sont de 2 varroas par jour (chute naturelle) au début mai, 10 varroas par jour à la fin juillet et de 9 varroas par jour au début septembre. L’efficacité des traitements organiques avec l’acide oxalique (AO), l’acide formique (AF) et le thymol a été vérifiée en mai (avant la première miellée) en juillet (entre deux miellées), en septembre (après la miellée et pendant le nourrissage des colonies) et en novembre (avant l’hivernage). L’acide oxalique a été appliqué en utilisant la méthode d’égouttement (4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v). L’acide formique a été appliquée sous forme de MiteAwayII™ (tampon commercial imbibé d’AF 65% v/v placé sur le dessus des cadres à couvain), Mitewipe (tampons Dri-Loc™ 10/15cm imbibés de 35 mL d’AF 65% v/v placés sur le dessus des cadres à couvain) ou Flash (AF 65% coulé directement sur le plateau inférieur d’une colonie, 2 mL par cadre avec abeilles). Le thymol a été appliqué sous forme d’Apiguard™ (gélose contenant 25% de thymol p/v placée sur le dessus des cadres à couvain). Les essais d’efficacité ont été réalisés de 2006 à 2008 sur un total de 170 colonies (98 appartenant au CRSAD et 72 appartenant au privé). Les résultats montrent que les traitements de printemps testés ont une faible efficacité pour le contrôle des varroas qui sont en pleine croissance durant cette période. Un traitement avec l’AF à la mi-été permet de réduire les taux de parasites sous le seuil en septembre mais il y a risque de contaminer la récolte de miel avec des résidus d’AF. Les traitements en septembre avec le MiteAwayII™ suivis par un traitement à l’acide oxalique en novembre (5 mL par égouttement entre chaque cadre avec abeilles, 4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v) sont les plus efficaces : ils réduisent les niveaux de varroase sous le seuil de 2 varroas par jour au printemps. Nos résultats montrent également que les traitements réalisés tôt en septembre sont plus efficaces et produisent des colonies plus fortes au printemps comparativement à un traitement réalisé un mois plus tard en octobre. En conclusion, ce travail de recherche démontre qu’il est possible de contenir le développement de la varroase dans les ruchers au Québec en utilisant une méthode de lutte intégrée basée sur une combinaison d’applications d’acaricides organiques associée à des seuils d’intervention. / For nearly 30 years, Varroa destructor has been responsible for the loss of many honey bee colonies around the world. The continued use of synthetic acaricides has resulted in their reduced efficacy against this pest in Canada and in other countries because of the selection of resistant mite populations. With this situation still present, it has become of utmost importance to develop efficient methods to control this apicultural pest. The major goal of this original work is to determine the fundamental parameters underlying the use of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy against the varroa mite. The IPM strategy developed in this research is based on the periodic use of organic pesticides (oxalic acid, formic acid and thymol) and treatment threshold. Treatment thresholds were determined from linear regressions between the varroa mite levels and the zootechnical performances (honey production and colony strength) of honey bee colonies. A total of 154 honey bee colonies from the livestock of the “Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault” (CRSAD) were monitored from September 2005 to September 2006. Based on our findings, we propose economic treatment thresholds for three periods in the year: early May, late July and early September that are respectively 2, 10 and 9 varroa mites per day. Efficacy of the various organic treatments: formic acid (FA), oxalic acid (OA) and thymol was evaluated in May (before the first honey flow), in July between two honey flows, in September (after the honey flow and before the fall feeding of colonies) and in November (before wintering). OA was applied using the trickling method (4% OA w/v in a sucrose syrup 1:1 w/v). FA was applied using MiteAwayII™ (pads imbedded with FA 65% v/v placed on top of brood frames), Mitewipe (Dri-Loc™ pads 10/15cm imbedded with 35 mL FA 65% v/v placed on top of brood frames), Flash (FA 65% poured directly on the bottom board of colonies, 2 mL per frame with bees). Thymol was applied using Apiguard™ (gel with 25% de thymol w/v placed on top of the brood frames). Efficacy trials were realised from 2006 to 2008 on a total of 170 colonies (98 from the CRSAD and 72 owned by a commercial beekeeper). Results show that treatments applied in spring give low efficacy on reducing varroa mite populations that are in full growth at this time because of large amounts of brood available for mite reproduction. Application of a FA treatment in mid-summer offers the opportunity to reduce mite populations at the 11 mites per day September threshold but FA summer application is accompanied by a risk of incorporating residues in the harvested honey. Application of MiteAwayII™ in September followed by an oxalic acid treatment in November (trickling method 4% OA w/v in a sucrose syrup 1 :1 w/v, 5 mL between frames with bees) gave the best efficacy results: varroa mite levels are reduced below the 2 mites per day spring threshold. Our results also show that an early September management strategy of colonies for winter preparation (varroa treatment and fall feeding) gives greater varroa control, higher colony winter survival and stronger colonies in spring when compared to a later treatment in October. In conclusion, this work shows that varroa mite control in honey bee colonies in Québec is possible by using an integrated pest management strategy based on the application of a combination of organic acaricides in association with treatment thresholds.

Abstract Food sustainability depends significantly on packaging since it helps maintainfood safe and fresh throughout its shelf life, resulting in the least amount ofwaste and the least negative environmental impact. The main objective of thisstudy is to determine the adsorbed and released amount of antimicrobial agents(benzoic acid and thymol) on modified calcium carbonate (MCC) by investigating adsorption isotherm at 25°C and desorption kinetics at both 22°C and5°C of anti-microbial to identify potential solutions to enhance the long-termsustainability of fresh products such as meat. These agents were incorporatedinto specialized food pads to mitigate bacterial growth in food packaging instead of being directly added to the food. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the amount of carbon dioxide generated when MCC, used as an adsorbent in combination with citric acid, comes into contact with the meat liquid,as this has an impact on the growth of aerobic microorganisms.The findings revealed that MCC adsorbed 44% and 55% of the initial quantities of benzoic acid (BA) and thymol, respectively. Furthermore, after 12 seconds from an initial adsorption amount of 19 mg/g, the maximum amount ofthymol released from MCC was measured at 0.120 mg/ml (approximately0.126%). Similarly, for an initial adsorption amount of 15 mg/g, the quantityof BA released was found to be 0.080 mg/ml (approximately 0.106%). TheUV-spectrophotometer was utilized to determine the amounts of adsorbed anddesorbed anti-microbial agents, while Checkmate 3 was used to assess the release of carbon dioxide.Significantly, the utilization of food pads demonstrated a significant enhancement in the release of carbon dioxide. Interestingly, the presence of anti-microbial agents did not have any influence on the generation of carbon dioxide.This research provides valuable insights into the potential application of foodpads and MCC as effective strategies for preserving fresh meat products bycontrolling microbial activity and promoting sustainability. / Sammanfattning Livsmedelshållbarhet beror i hög grad på förpackningar eftersom det hjälpertill att hålla maten säker och fräsch under hela dess hållbarhetstid, vilket resulterar i minskad mängd avfall och mindre negativ miljöpåverkan. Huvudsyftetmed denna studie var att bestämma den adsorberade och frigjorda mängdenantimikrobiella medel (bensoesyra och tymol) på modifierat kalciumkarbonat(MCC) genom att undersöka adsorptionsisoterm vid 25°C och desorptionskinetiken vid både 22°C och 5 °C av antimikrobiellt medel för att identifierapotentiella lösningar för att förbättra den långsiktiga hållbarheten för färskaprodukter som kött. Dessa medel inkorporerades i specialiserade food pad föratt mildra bakterietillväxt i livsmedelsförpackningar istället för att läggas direkt till maten. Dessutom syftade studien till att fastställa mängden koldioxidsom genereras när MCC, som används som adsorbent i kombination med citronsyra, kommer i kontakt med köttvätskan, eftersom detta har en inverkan påtillväxten av aeroba mikroorganismer.Resultaten visade att MCC adsorberade 44 % och 55 % av de initiala mängderna bensoesyra (BA) respektive tymol. Vidare, efter 12 sekunder från eninitial adsorptionsmängd på 19 mg/g, mättes den maximala mängden tymolsom frigjordes från MCC till 0,120 mg/ml (ungefär 0,126%). På liknande sätt,för en initial adsorptionsmängd på 15 mg/g, visade sig mängden frisatt BA vara0,080 mg/ml (ungefär 0,106%). UV-spektrofotometern användes för att bestämma mängderna av adsorberade och desorberade antimikrobiella medel,medan Checkmate 3 användes för att bedöma frisättningen av koldioxid.Betecknande nog visade användningen av food pad betydande förbättring avutsläppet av koldioxid. Intressant nog har närvaron av antimikrobiella medelinte haft någon inverkan på genereringen av koldioxid. Denna forskning gervärdefulla insikter om den potentiella tillämpningen av food pad och MCC someffektiva strategier för att bevara färska köttprodukter genom att kontrolleramikrobiell aktivitet och främja hållbarhet.