The objective of this thesis is to provide a detailed analysis of a new invariant for Grothendieck topoi in the special case of the topos of continuous G-sets and continuous G-equivariant maps. We use a well-known site to present the isotropy group in elementary terms, as systems of right cosets of open subgroups of G. We establish properties of the the isotropy group for an arbitrary topological group and use the developed theory to compute the isotropy group for the Schanuel topos.

Cette étude essaie d’expliquer les difficultés d’interprétation que posent tant la notion de topos au sein de la Rhétorique que la liste de vingt-huit lieux d’enthymème de Rhét. II 23 au moyen de l’hypothèse suivante : Aristote tenterait de concevoir un équivalent proprement rhétorique du topos dialectique. Dans la liste, le modèle dialectique serait envisagé de façon à recouvrir non seulement des stratégies des Topiques adaptées aux conditions particulières de la rhétorique, mais aussi des éléments issus de la tradition empirico-sophistique, l’ensemble ayant pour horizon la pratique oratoire.La première partie vise à mettre en évidence les influences théoriques qui ont présidé à la conception du topos et à la constitution de la liste de Rhét. II 23 : d’une part les technai de la tradition empirico-sophistique, de l’autre le modèle de l’invention dialectique. La deuxième partie tente de rendre un contexte à chacune des formes d’argument de Rhét. II 23 pour dé-terminer dans quelle mesure la prise en compte de la pratique oratoire — au sens large, comprenant les discours des historiens, la tragédie et la comédie — a joué un rôle dans la sélection et dans la description des lieux / This study attempts to account for the difficulties raised by the notion of topos in Aristotle’s Rhetoric and the list of the twenty-eight topoi of enthymeme in Rhet. II 23. Its main hypothe-sis is that Aristotle tries to frame the concept of a truly rhetorical topos. In his list, he rethinks the theoretical model of dialectical invention in such a manner as to include elements adapted from his own Topics as well as elements from the tradition of the rhetorical technai –the ulti-mate end being oratorical practice.The first part tries to highlight the theoretical influences for the concept of topos and the list in Rhet. II 23: the traditional rhetorical technai on the one hand, and the model of dialectical invention on the other. In the second part, each individual topos is analysed in its literary con-text, in order to determine the rôle of oratorical practice – understood in a wide sense, includ-ing history, tragedy and comedy – for the selection and the description of the topoi in Rhet. II 23

A primeira noção de topos, a de topos de Grothendieck, surgiu há cerca de 50 anos a partir de uma generalização do conceito de feixe na geometria algébrica. Poucos anos mais tarde, uma axiomatização categorial de algumas das propriedades de um topos de Grothendieck deu origem a uma segunda noção de topos, a de topos elementar; e essa descrição permitiu estabelecer ligações entre essas categorias e teoria dos conjuntos e lógica. Neste trabalho, estudamos a teoria de topos com um foco especial na construção da lógica interna dos topoi, e exploramos sua relação com modelos Heyting-valorados. / The first definition of a topos, that of a Grothendieck topos, emerged roughly 50 years ago from a generalization of the notion of sheaves in algebraic geometry. Few years later, a categorical axiomatization of some properties of Grothendieck topoi gave rise to a second notion of topoi, that of an elementary topos; and this description made it possible to establish connections between these categories and set theory and logic. In this work, we study topos theory with a particular focus on the construction of the internal logic of topoi, and explore its relation to Heyting-valued models.

O objetivo dessa Dissertação é detalhar resultados conhecidos de Cohomologia em Topos de Grothendieck. Para isso, apresentamos a Álgebra Homológica em seu contexto mais geral, através de Categorias Abelianas, introduzindo as principais noções da área como funtores derivados e sequências espectrais. Desenvolvemos também o essencial da Teoria de Topos, explicando como um topos de Grothendieck surge como uma certa generalização dos feixes de conjuntos e fornecemos aspectos lógicos dos topos elementares. Focamos sobretudo nos Topos de Grothendieck pois a partir deles podemos construir categorias abelianas com suficientes injetivos, as quais são necessárias para expressar os grupos de cohomologia. / The final objective of this Dissertation is to detail known results of Cohomology in Grothendieck Topos. For this, we present Homological Algebra in its more general context, through Abelian Categories, introducing the main notions of the area as derived functors and spectral sequences. We also develop the basics of the Topos Theory, explaining how a Grothendieck Topos arises as a certain generalization of sheafs and we provide logical aspects of the elementary topos. We focus mainly in the Grothendieck Topos because from them we can construct abelians categories.

This study investigates the potential of a rhetorical theory of knowledge to expand beyond its own domain and into political theory, specifically theories of deliberative democracy. Despite the increasing interest in communication in democratic theory in the last decades, the majority of theorists have not turned their interest towards rhetorical science. On the contrary, theorists often regard rhetoric as dangerous and incompatible with the deliberative ideal of reason. The aim of this study is therefore to defend rhetorical science by investigating how the rhetorical theory of knowledge – as it is presented by Chaïm Perelman and Oldbrecht Tyteca, and further developed by Mats Rosengren and Maria Wolrath Söderberg – can contribute to the understanding of deliberative democracy. The study is in part a comparison between the rhetorical theory of knowledge and the academic debate about the epistemic dimension of deliberation.  The rhetorical view on knowledge provides an argument that supports the deliberative model without the need of a procedure-independent standard to measure the quality of outcomes. By using Maria Wolrath Söderberg’s understanding of topos as knowledge-producing the study shows that the rhetorical emphasis on language can contribute with a new understanding of why the deliberative ideal is preferable to other models of democracy.

This diploma thesis tackles the theme of the mythical arrival of Father Čech and his processing in literary texts. The purpose of the thesis is not a historical interpretation, but a narratological comparative interpretation. After the characteristic of the myth and its functioning in literary texts, there follows an interpretation of the theory of fictional worlds, which also deals with myths. Then follows the individual variations of the story, subjected to the submitted narrative-interpretation analysis also in terms of composition, characters and narrators. The objective is to capture the individual changes of the story and provide a comprehensive picture of how individual authors work with this narrative and how the story changes and transforms. Key words Myth, topos, father Čech, narrative, fictional worlds, narrator

The aim of this study was to take a closer look at attitudes concerning education using oral presentations as the main activity in Swedish language studies in a Swedish secondary school. To accomplish this, the study aimed to answer the following questions: • In what way do four groups of secondary school students talk about oral presentations in Swedish language studies? • Which preconceptions and attitudes to oral presentations do the student express? • Which discourses are actualized in the discussions and how are these constructed? Secondary school pupils were used as a primary source of knowledge here through the use of four semi-structured focus group discussions. Students were asked questions about their understanding of what the essence of oral presentations is, as well as their experiences, feelings and what expectations they felt were placed on them by their teachers. The material shows a discourse composed of a mixture of excitement and fear. The pupils attribute to the creative side to planning presentations and using esthetic or even electronic media to excitement but also express anxiousness regarding the permanence of spoken word and the stress of potentially making a fool of oneself in front of their peers.

No description available.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-09-22T10:54:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_RODRIGO_FERREIRA_BASTOS_COMPLETO.pdf: 2550648 bytes, checksum: 33a726a21f731a2dd38bdc307b55428f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-22T10:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_RODRIGO_FERREIRA_BASTOS_COMPLETO.pdf: 2550648 bytes, checksum: 33a726a21f731a2dd38bdc307b55428f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / One of the key stones of aquatic ecology field is the understanding on the origin and flow of energy and matter along food webs. Several hypotheses and theories try to explain (1) the differential contribution levels of production in terrestrial habitats and (2) the differential trophic chain lengths between different parts and types of aquatic habitats. About 60 years ago, the isotopic ratios of the components of trophic webs, mainly carbon (?13C) and nitrogen (?15N), has been used to identify and quantify the relationships between them. Carbon provides the identification of sources of matter because its isotope ratio almost no change between the consumer and the resource. On the other hand, the nitrogen provides the opportunity to measure the trophic position of consumers, since their isotopic ratio changes in a similar way between subsequent trophic levels. Since then, various analytical techniques have been emerged to overcome the assumptions and limitations on the use of stable isotopes. At least two key factors are identified for estimating trophic positions, to trace the assimilation of resources and to compare these in different situations: (1) the consideration of isotopic values on the baseline of the food webs, and (2) the trophic discrimination factors (TDF), or the change which occurs in the isotope ratios between a source and the organism that consumes it. In the first chapter, the trophic structure of a lake and a wetland at Taim Ecological Station was evaluated during the dry (summer) and wet (winter) seasons. The hypothesis are that the lake, a larger and more stable habitat, will present (1) a larger trophic complexity whereas the wetland, being smaller and more instable will present (2) greater relationship with terrestrial sources, especially during flood period. In addition, the proposition of the use of trophic position (PT) replacing ?15N as proxy for vertical dimension on the isotopic space metrics, was made in order to consider differences in baselines between situations. The trophic structure of the wetland was simpler than the lake, and was more related to terrestrial material during flood, as well as the trophic length was higher during flood, confirming those hypotheses related to the size, hydrological pulse and stable environments. In the second chapter, populations of livebearer Jenynsia multidentata, an omnivore consumer, were studied over a estuarine gradient to evaluate the effect of using different values of TDF, including those associated with specific diets (carnivore and herbivore), on the assimilation and PT estimates. Furthermore, a new method for TP estimation of consumers subject to different sources of variation in the FDT was proposed. The new method (TPPA) takes the proportion of food assimilation estimates for each source and its associated TDF, with this being the proportional value used to give weight for TDFs of each source to the final TDS. The results indicated that most of the plant material consumed was not assimilated, and thus even when animals were less ingested, these were the most assimilated resource. Furthermore, the proposed method was suitable to trace the assimilation and reveal that the use of widely used means of TDFs may not be suitable when the consumer presents different types of diet. The results obtained, contribute to improve the knowledge about the structure and functioning of globally important conservation areas present in the Rio Grande do Sul state and also seem to contribute to the development of analytical techniques involving stable isotopes as tracers along the food webs. / Uma quest?o central no entendimento da ecologia aqu?tica ? a origem e o fluxo de mat?ria e energia nas teias alimentares. Diversas hip?teses e teorias tentam explicar (1) os diferentes n?veis de contribui??o da produ??o nos ambientes terrestres (2) os diferentes comprimentos de cadeia tr?fica entre diferentes por??es e diferentes tipos de ambientes aqu?ticos. H? cerca de 60 anos, as raz?es isot?picas dos componentes das tramas tr?ficas, principalmente carbono (?13C) e nitrog?nio (?15N), tem sido empregadas para identificar e quantificar as rela??es entre eles. O carbono proporciona a identifica??o das fontes de mat?ria, pois sua raz?o isot?pica muda pouco entre o consumidor e o recurso. J? o nitrog?nio propicia a oportunidade de mensura??o das posi??es tr?ficas dos consumidores, uma vez que sua raz?o isot?pica muda de maneira similar entre um n?vel tr?fico e o subsequente. Desde ent?o, diversas t?cnicas anal?ticas emergiram para a supera??o dos pressupostos e limita??es no uso dos is?topos est?veis. Pelo menos dois fatores chave s?o identificados para estimar posi??es tr?ficas, tra?ar a assimila??o de recursos e comparar estes em diferentes situa??es: (1) a considera??o dos valores isot?picos na base das cadeias, ou baselines, e (2) os fatores de discrimina??o tr?fica (FDT), ou seja, a mudan?a que ocorre nas raz?es isot?picas entre uma fonte de mat?ria e o organismo que consome esta. No primeiro cap?tulo a estrutura tr?fica de uma lagoa e um banhado na Esta??o Ecol?gica do TAIM foi acompanhada durante o per?odo seco (ver?o) e o de inunda??o (inverno). A hip?tese de que a lagoa, por ser um ambiente maior e mais est?vel que o banhado apresentaria uma (1) complexidade tr?fica maior, e que o banhado, por ser menor e mais inst?vel (2) apresentaria maior rela??o com material terrestre, principalmente no inverno foi trabalhada. Al?m disso, ? feita a proposi??o do uso da posi??o tr?fica (PT) em substitui??o ao ?15N para as medidas verticais das teias alimentares, pois assim ? considerado o baseline de cada situa??o comparada. A estrutura tr?fica do banhado foi mais simples do que a da lagoa, e foi mais ligada ao material terrestre durante o inverno, per?odo em que os comprimentos das cadeias tr?ficas foram mais elevados, corroborando hip?teses relacionadas ao tamanho, pulso hidrol?gico e estabilidade dos ambientes. No segundo cap?tulo, popula??es do barrigudinho Jenynsia multidentata, um consumidor omn?voro, foram estudadas ao longo de um gradiente estuarino para avaliar o efeito do uso de diferentes valores de FDT, incluindo os associados com dietas espec?ficas (carn?vora e herb?vora) sobre as estimativas de assimila??o e PT. Ademais, um novo m?todo para estimativa de PT de consumidores sujeitos a diferentes fontes de varia??o nos FDT, foi proposto. O novo m?todo (TPPA) considera a propor??o de assimila??o de cada fonte alimentar e o FDT associado a esta, sendo o valor proporcional de assimila??o usado como peso do FDT de cada fonte para o FDT final. Os resultados mostraram que grande parte do material vegetal consumido n?o foi assimilado e assim, mesmo quando animais foram menos ingeridos, estes foram o recurso mais assimilado. Al?m disso, o m?todo proposto foi o mais adequado para tra?ar a assimila??o e a PT revelando que o uso de m?dias amplamente usadas podem n?o ser adequadas quando o consumidor apresenta diferentes tipos de dieta. Os resultados aqui obtidos, al?m de contribuir para um maior conhecimento acerca da estrutura e funcionamento de ?reas de preserva??o globalmente importantes e presentes no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, colaboram para a melhoria das t?cnicas anal?ticas envolvendo is?topos est?veis como tra?adores de mat?ria ao longo das tramas tr?ficas.

Den här uppsatsen uppmärksammar planerna för ombyggnaden av nya Slussen i Stockholm. Fokus i undersökningen ligger på mötesplatserna och dess deltagare enligt den vision som presenteras av Stockholms stad. Genom en kvalitativ metod granskas hur modern stadsplanering är tänkt att påverka människor som passerar och vistas vid Slussen. Analysen har ett retoriskt, semiotiskt och ideologiskt perspektiv och undersöker tre olika dokument: en publik broschyr, gällande detaljplan och gestaltningsprogram. Resultatet visar på en vision om en central plats i staden som befolkas av människor vars fritid och konsumtion är det mest väsentliga. Samtidigt är det få vardagliga verksamheter framkommer. Arkitektdiskursen är iögonfallande inte bara visuellt utan även i texterna.