La version intégrale de cette thèse est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca\MU) / Le répertoire de musique traditionnelle instrumentale québécoise comporte de nombreux exemples de pièces asymétriques, familièrement appelées « tounes croches » par les musiciens. Il s’agit de mélodies qui ne respectent pas le modèle carré dominant de 16 ou 32 temps par section. Sans être unique au Québec, la performance de pièces asymétriques soulève de nombreuses questions ethnomusicologiques. Les principaux objectifs de cette recherche sont, d’une part, de comprendre le « dialecte » musical asymétrique et, d’autre part, d’examiner divers enjeux reliés au jeu de pièces asymétriques chez les musiciens traditionnels québécois actuels. Suite à une vue d’ensemble sur la musique traditionnelle québécoise couvrant l’histoire, le répertoire, les styles de jeu et les contextes de jeu, les pièces asymétriques sont analysées en tant qu’objet musical. Basée sur les enregistrements historiques du Gramophone virtuel, la mise en comparaison de versions symétriques et asymétriques de pièces sert à élaborer une typologie comprenant trois grandes catégories : syntaxiques, morphologiques et pulsatives. La vingtaine de types d’asymétries syntaxiques répertoriés impliquent l’allongement ou l’écourtement dans une section. Elles peuvent survenir à différentes positions de la section, bien que les asymétries finales soient les plus courantes. Les asymétries morphologiques concernent la macrostructure des pièces telle que l’ordre de jeu des sections et le nombre de reprises de chacune d’elles. Une analyse de l’asymétrie dans d’autres traditions musicales d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord est aussi réalisée. Elle permet d’affirmer que nous avons affaire à un système musical cohérent et en partie distinct dans le cas québécois. Les enjeux originels, identitaires, esthétiques et de réalisation sont ensuite explorés en se basant sur les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès de 18 musiciens traditionnels. Ces derniers expliquent l’origine des pièces asymétriques par des raisons cognitives, chorégraphiques et artistiques. Leur propos servent à démontrer que le jeu de pièces asymétriques touche à de nombreuses dimensions identitaires : nation, région, génération, communauté contextuelle et individu. Un choix esthétique, un désir de liberté dans la création, un lien au passé et un besoin de distinction d’un corpus de musique traditionnelle standardisé motivent les musiciens traditionnels québécois d’aujourd’hui à perpétuer et à enrichir le répertoire de pièces asymétriques. / There are numerous examples of asymmetrical tunes in Québécois traditional music repertoire. Familiarly called “tounes croches” (crooked tunes) by musicians, those melodies do not respect the dominant square model consisting of 16 or 32 beats per section of a tune. Without being exclusive to the Quebec tradition, the performance of crooked tunes raises several ethnomusicological questions. The main objectives of this research were to study the musical “dialect” found in asymmetrical tunes, and to look at various issues concerning the performance of asymmetrical tunes by contemporary Québécois traditional musicians. After a chapter that presents an overview of the history, repertoire, playing styles, and performance contexts of Québécois traditional music, asymmetrical tunes are analyzed as a musical object. The comparison of square and asymmetrical versions of tunes, taken mainly from the historical recordings available on the Virtual Gramophone, yields a typology that considers three main categories of asymmetries: syntactical; morphological; and pulsative. Syntactical asymmetries include about twenty different types, all involving a lengthening or a shortening at various positions of a section. Asymmetries at the end of a section are the most common. Morphological asymmetries concern the macrostructure of tunes such as the playing order of sections or the number of their repeats. Asymmetrical tunes in the repertoire of other musical traditions from Europe and North America are also analyzed. This allows us to confirm the existence of a coherent asymmetrical musical system that is partly distinct in the case of the Québécois tradition. Origin, identity, aesthetic, and performing issues are next studied based on the results of a survey done among 18 traditional musicians. Those surveyed explain the origin of asymmetrical tunes by cognitive, choreographic, and artistic reasons. Their discourse indicates that the performance of asymmetrical tunes touches several dimensions of their identity such as national, regional, generational, contextual and individual. An aesthetic choice, a desire for freedom in creation, a link to the past, and a need of distinction from a standardized traditional music repertoire motivate contemporary Québécois traditional musicians to perpetuate and to enrich the repertoire of asymmetrical tunes.

The subject of this M.A. thesis is magtaal (or mongolian praise song) in the context of mongolian traditional oral folklore a the main focus of the thesis lies in its linguistic specifics and its role in mongolian rural environment. The thesis is is solved in two main parts. First one provides a general characteristics of this genre with emphasis on its ethnolinguistic, sociolinguistic and performance aspects. Further division to subgenres is also provided. The second part deals with each particular subgenre based on an analysis built around translation of parts of praise songs and referential commentaries. The main contribution of this thesis lies in a more detailed view on this genre from a different perspective rather than a general folkloristic view. In this way praise song is displayed as genre that is transcending above a simple form of a song but becomes a mean of communication and a specific manner of construction and perception of mongolian image of the world.

今日表演藝術舞臺上的「國樂團」，概指漢系傳統絲竹管弦擊等樂器為核心組合的樂隊編組，港澳稱「中樂」、東南亞稱「華樂」、中國大陸稱「民樂」，臺灣則稱為「國樂」，樂界因此謔稱為「中、華、民、國」的聚合與化身。對於樂隊編制、樂器形制幾乎完全相同的現代國樂團，在華人地區卻賦予不同的名稱，顯示著不同地區歷史、社會與民族文化的不同定位及指涉。漢系華人音樂現代化的工程，自清末民初揭開百年大業的序幕，過程猶可堪稱「孤臣孽子」之境況，然而屬於文化研究的學術關懷、當代音樂文化的在地經營、國樂發展的主體性論述均尚未周全，因此，擺盪於兩岸情勢起伏所帶來的非藝術性之干擾，往往成為許多研究的迷障；尤其以民族學∕人類學視界的社會科學深度研究，仍然呈現出低度開發的狀態。 本論文強調以民族學的概念為研究範疇，進行音樂的聲音、行為與概念三者環扣連結的文化研究；透過脈絡化的思維，考察研究臺灣漢系傳統音樂文化的構建、使用、傳播和發展，闡述音樂特徵、演變規律和獨特的文化意義。因此；本論文主要的研究方法從研究者親身踏查體驗的參與觀察法為基礎，資訊檢視主要透過文化全貌觀、多元文化主義、泛文化比較等等的視角，研究過程則採取文獻分析與田野實證雙向進行的策略，致力建立一個質性研究的文本，並透過民族學∕人類學的理論與觀點，釐清臺灣國樂的發展歷史及其背後所隱現的文化脈絡，探討臺灣民族、傳統與音樂文化經由許多不同過程的互換、僭用與轉化，所表現之多元、不均的文化認同。 本研究發掘一度隱沒於世塵的日治時期唱片產業之「臺灣華樂」形影，對於慣見的現代國樂「中原移植論」進行再審視，並且將臺灣漢系華人音樂現代化發展起點，從1949年的國府遷臺往前推展至1914年首張臺灣傳統音樂唱片的錄製發行，以具體的歷史錄音為事例，達到擴大研究議題的歷史縱深，形成百年發展史的學術架構。因此，本研究將臺灣漢系華人音樂現代化的發展過程，劃分為三個歷史階段：第一個階段是日治及其以前，屬於漢系藝能育成與現代化萌芽的時期；第二個階段的是二次大戰後、兩岸對峙隔絕的時期，經由公部門政策面的作多、大陸經驗的移植、唐山夢土的想像等因素，形成的文化連結與發展能量的蓄積；第三個階段則是臺灣解除戒嚴，在世紀之交逐漸展開文化反芻，邁入二十一世紀即可見紮實的在地深耕與豐碩的匯流分享之階段。對於國樂現代化發展與現代國家政體連繫之議題，本研究以民族學結合人文研究的特點，開啟臺灣漢系傳統音樂作為一個相對邊陲、幽微的社會文化，如何漸次被納入現代國家體制，以及如何經驗國家治理的過程。 研究結果顯示，在文化事務上，「國家」事實上並非如同許多傳統理論的概念：一個疆界嚴明、高度同質之政治實體，而是一個由許多相互聯繫的國際文化區塊之不穩定結合體，關於文化性的國家政策之探討，也都必須具備跨國境之視域。二十一世紀的臺灣成為一個範例，多元文化萌發自不同社會族群的運動和國際消費資本主義的流通。這樣的論點陳述了臺灣國樂隨著時代流動的政治、經濟、科技、社會、區域勢力、國際關係等等因素變化；也檢視一個當代極為普遍的文化離散現象。本研究借鑒「內地化」、「在地化」、「邊緣研究」三種觀點互異的文化發展理論，不僅辯證音樂、國家和多元文化主義之複合關係，更緊密地說明文化脫離的經驗和文化認同的建構。臺灣漢系傳統音樂的現代化發展，反映了生活，而生活造就了這個音樂文化與人群共同體百年來蓬勃的生命力。 / Nowadays, the so-called “Chinese Music Orchestra” in the field of performing art generally means the orchestra arrangement that centers on the combination of sizhu, stringed, and percussion instruments in Han Traditional Music. It is called “Zhōng - yuè（中樂）／Chinese Music” in Hong Kong and Macao, “Huá-yuè（華樂）／Chinese Music” in Southeast Asia. People in Mainland China call it “Mín-yuè（民樂）／National Music”, while it is called “Guó-yuè（國樂）／Traditional Music” in Taiwan. Therefore, it has diversified names in the music circles. The traditional Chinese music in modern times has nearly-identical orchestra arrangement and musical instrument systems, but it is endowed with different definitions in Chinese areas. This indicates the different orientations and references to the histories, societies, and ethnic cultures in different areas. The progress of the modernization of Han Traditional Chinese Music has started for more than one hundred years since the end of Qing（清） dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. Such a process was so solitary and frustrating. However, there are still the needs for completing the academic care for culture studies, the local management of contemporary music culture, and the subjectivity discourse of the development of traditional music. Consequently, many researches are often perplexed by non-artistic interference caused by the ups and downs swinging in the situation of the cross-strait situation. Especially, sufficient developments are not achieved yet, in terms of the profound researches regarding sociology in the aspects of ethnology/anthropology. The scope of the thesis is based on the concept regarding ethnology, for the purpose of culture researches on the correlation among the sound, behavior and concept of music. Through contextualized thinking, it intends to investigate and research the construction, use, propagation and development of Han Traditional Music Culture in Taiwan, so as to expound music features, patterns of change, and unique cultural meanings. Therefore, the research method in this thesis is mainly based on Participant Observation Method that needs a researcher to engage in field excursion and experience. Information Review is mainly undertaken through the perspectives such as cultural holistic view, multiculturalism, and cross-cultural comparative study. As for research processes, Document Analysis and Field Research are undertaken simultaneously, aiming to establish a text of qualitative research. Also, through the theories and viewpoints about ethnology/anthropology, it aims to clarify the development history of Taiwan’s traditional music as well as the cultural context hidden behind. This is to explore the diverse and uneven cultural identity of Taiwan’s nationalism , tradition and music cultures demonstrated through the exchanges, overstepping and conversions in many different processes. This study has excavated the passages regarding “Taiwan’s Huá-yuè（華樂）” in the Recording Industry in the Japanese Colonial Period that had once been died down in the world. Further reviews are made, aiming at the commonly-seen “China Transplant Theory” in traditional music in modern times. Also, the starting point of the modernization development of Taiwan’s Han Traditional Chinese Music has been deduced back to 1914 when first album of Taiwan’s traditional music had been recorded and released, instead of 1949 when KMT government moved to Taiwan. Based on concrete recording in the history as the example, this aims to achieve the historical depth for enlarging research issues, so as to construct an academic structure with centennial development history. Therefore, in this study, the process of the modernization development of Taiwan’s Han Traditional Chinese Music is divided into three historical stages. Stage 1 includes the Japanese Colonial Period and former times, a period for Han Artistic Cultivation and the germ of modernization. Stage 2 centers on the times after World War II─ a stage in which the cross straits were separated, confronting with each other. Cultural connections as well as the accumulation of development energy were formed, due to many factors such as the political premiums provided by public sectors, the experience transplants from Mainland China, and the imagination about Tang Shan（Chinese） wonderland. Stage 3 is the period after Taiwan had lifted its martial law. In this stage, cultural rumination began to take place gradually in the period between the end of last century and the beginning of this century. It is the stage for us to see solid local cultivation as well as abundant exchange sharing when the 21st Century began. In terms of the issue regarding the correlation between the modernization development of traditional music and the regimes of modern countries, this study aims to unfold the process how Taiwan’s Han Traditional Music─ a kind of social culture that used to be relatively marginalized─ has been gradually included into the modern national system and how it has experienced national management, by means of the features of ethnology combined with humanities research. The research findings indicate: In terms of cultural affairs, in fact a “country” is not similar to the concept─ a political regime with definite borders and high homogeneity─ expressed in many traditional theories. Instead, it is an unstable combination of many correlated international cultural blocks. As for the explorations of a country’s cultural policies, cross-country perspectives are also prerequisites. The Taiwan in the 21st Century has become an example, due to its multi-cultures sprouting from the movements from different social groups, as well as the circulation of international consumer capitalism. Such an argument can be used for stating that Taiwan’s traditional music has changed due to the factors in politics, economics, technology, society, regional power and international relationship as the era changes. Also, a very common phenomenon of cultural dispersion in the contemporary age has been reviewed. By means of the three cultural development theories “Chinese Localization”, “ Localization ”, and “Ethnic Boundary Research” that have different viewpoints, this study not only intends to discriminate the compound relationships among music, countries and multiculturalism, but also intends to give detailed explanations of the experiences of cultural disapora and the construction of cultural identify. The modernization development of Taiwan’s Han Traditional Music can reflect our life, while our life has contributed to such a music culture as well as human groups’ vibrant vitality for hundreds of years.

La région du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean est géographiquement située dans une enclave qui a contribué à l’isolement des populations s’y étant installées. Aussi cet éloignement aurait-il favorisé la présence de certaines spécificités culturelles dans cette région, spécificités ayant été relevées au sein de plusieurs domaines tel que la génétique, la linguistique, le patrimoine culinaire, l’histoire et la musique. Cette recherche vise à documenter plus spécifiquement l’élément musical dans la région du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean par l’analyse du style et du répertoire de quatre joueurs de violon traditionnel ayant appris par transmission orale. La classification du répertoire et l’identification de différentes techniques de jeu au niveau du style permettent de relever à la fois des éléments communs et distincts chez les quatre violoneux. Outre les analyses quantitatives et qualitatives proposées au niveau du répertoire et du style, cette recherche comprend un survol de l’histoire des populations de la région avançant différentes pistes sur les origines et les influences des violoneux ayant habité ou séjourné sur le territoire depuis la traite des fourrures jusqu’à l’industrialisation, de même qu’un recensement de plus d’une centaine de violoneux du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean depuis la colonisation, et un lexique endogène de la terminologie des violoneux étudiés. / The Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region is an enclave, and this fact contributed, through the years, to the isolation of the populations established there. This isolation is a factor that would have contributed to the presence of cultural distinctiveness amongst the inhabitants of the region. This cultural specificity has been observed in many fields of research, such as genetics, linguistics, culinary traditions, history and music. This thesis documents the musical element of culture in the region of Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, through the analysis of style and repertoire of four fiddle players from the region. The classification of repertoire and the identification of different playing techniques, highlight both common and individual elements featured in the music of these four fiddlers. The research also contains a historical overview of the people who lived in or crossed the region, from the period of fur trading to industrialisation, and how they could have influenced the music in this region. Additionally, this research contains a census of over 100 fiddle players who have inhabited or passed through the region since colonisation, as well as a lexic explaining over 70 terms and expressions used by the fiddle players of Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean.

Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra hur lärare undervisar i folkmusik. Studien tar både upp förhållningssätt till den gehörstradition som folkmusik bygger på, hur utbildningen har påverkat musiken och vilka konkreta metoder lärare använder i sin undervisning. Bakgrundslitteraturen sätter folkmusik och undervisning i ett historiskt perspektiv och den tidigare forskningen tar upp begrepp som metodik, institutionalisering, gehör och tyst kunskap. Arbetet studeras utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. För att samla in material till studien har semistrukturerade intervjuer använts och dessa har sedan analyserats tematiskt. I resultatet presenteras lärarnas metodiska tankesätt kring genrespecifika övningar som antingen har utformats på egen hand, utifrån låtar eller utifrån existerande material som har anpassats till genren. Vidare framkommer tankar kring tyst kunskap i en gehörstradition och hur detta ses i relation till utbildning. En folkmusikmetodik som är på väg att formas och utvecklas genom att folkmusiken har tagit plats i utbildningsmiljön är något som diskuteras av respondenterna. Diskussionen tar upp hur nya redskap för lärande utvecklas när musiken hamnar i nya kontexter och vilka redskap lärare tycker är viktiga för lärandet av fiol och folkmusik. / The main goal of this study is to examine the methodology in the teaching of fiddle, used by teachers in traditional music. The study examines the approaches to the tradition of learning music by ear which is central to the teaching of traditional music, how education has affected music and which methods teachers use in their tuition. The background literature sets traditional music and teaching traditional music in a historical perspective. Previous research studies address concepts such as methodology, institutionalization, learning music by ear and silent knowledge. Material for the study is collected through semi-structured interviews. The interviews were transcribed and then analyzed thematically. The result presents the teachers' methodical way of thinking about genre-specific exercises. These have either been designed by themselves, based on tunes or based on existing material that has been adapted to the genre. Furthermore, thoughts emerge about silent knowledge in a learning by ear-tradition and how this is seen in relation to education. A traditional music methodology that is about to be shaped and developed, due to traditional music taking place in the educational environment, is discussed by the respondents. The discussion addresses how new tools for learning develop when the music is put in new contexts and which tools teachers think are important for the learning of fiddle and traditional music.

Ce mémoire porte sur le fruit de mon travail accompli lors de ma maîtrise en composition instrumentale de l’Université de Montréal. J’y présente mon approche poétique envers lacomposition où des expériences imaginées de paysages et de déroulements sont évoqués par des éléments musicaux. J’y discute également des méthodes que j’utilise pour parvenir aux agencements intervalliques afin de créer ces expériences. J’y traiterai aussi de ma nouvelle approche intervallique vis-à-vis la modalité à travers les modes multicycliques, la majorité de mon travail ayant été le développement de ce système. J’y aborderai ensuite les explorations hors mode dans des stades moins avancés, mais qui m’ont amené des solutions pour des procédés intervalliques moins réalisables dans un contexte strictement modal, à travers des traitements de cellules, des jeux d’intervalles purs et des sonorités provenant des idiomes folkloriques Européen de l’est, précisément des Balkans. Enfin, j’analyse également la forme de chaque œuvre composée lors de ma maîtrise en approfondissant davantage sur l’imaginaire extramusical qui détermine la forme ainsi que le caractère de chaque groupe thématique, y compris le choix du mode s’il y a lieu. / This memoir elaborates on the outcome of my work during my master's degree in the instrumental composition program of Université de Montréal. It begins with a presentation of my poetic approach towards composition, where experiences of landscapes and happenings within them are illustrated through musical devices. What follows is a discussion of all methods I apply to harness the power of intervals to create these experiences. A significant chapter will be devoted to a rather intervallic approach towards modality in the form of multicyclical modes, as most of my work of this master's degree focuses on development of their use. The next chapter focus on all my explorations outside the modal structures, which are at earlier stages of development but have already given me solutions to procedures that are less applicable in a strictly modal context. That includes the treatment of cells, working with just pure intervals and integration of colours derived from the folk traditions of Eastern Europe, more specifically the Balkans. Finally, there will be a chapter that analyzes every individual work included here while digging deeper into the extra-musical imagination behind every work, determining its form and the character of all the sections including the mode of choice if there is one.

No description available.

La version intégrale de ce mémoire est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (http://www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / Le présent travail explique et approfondit la démarche artistique d’un compositeur travaillant à partir de la musique traditionnelle québécoise et cherchant à donner un élan à son travail en s’inspirant des musiques savantes. Il est divisé en trois chapitres dans lesquels on retrouve des analyses détaillées de pièces issues du répertoire traditionnel québécois et des répertoires classique et jazz. Le premier chapitre traite d’œuvres de Joseph Allard, Louis « Pitou » Boudreault, Jos Bouchard et Aimé Gagnon en cherchant à préciser les éléments stylistiques qui caractérisent le style d’ici. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les pièces Stolen Moments d’Oliver Nelson et Waltz for Debby de Bill Evans et explore un jazz en équilibre entre conservatisme et innovation. Le troisième chapitre explore deux approches originales à la modalité dans des musiques riches en variations par l’analyse de Pagodes de Claude Debussy et de Ostinato de Béla Bartók. Le quatrième chapitre expose ma démarche. / This work explains and elaborates the artistic approach of a composer that works primarily with traditional Quebec music and wishes to give momentum to his work by inspiring himself with the jazz and classical idiom. It is divided in three chapters in which pieces of the traditional repertoire and of the classical and jazz repertoires are analyzed in detail. The first chapter describes works of Joseph Allard, Louis « Pitou » Boudreault, Jos Bouchard, and Aimé Gagnon and aims at defining some stylistic elements specific to Quebec's traditional style. The second chapter addresses the pieces Stolen Moments by Oliver Nelson and Waltz for Debby by Bill Evans and explores a jazz in balance between conservatism and innovation. The third chapter deals with original approaches to modality through the analysis of two musical pieces rich in variations: Pagodes by Claude Debussy and Ostinato by Béla Bartók. The fourth chapter presents my own creative process.

L’Exception Culturelle marque le point de départ des questions soulevées à propos de la singularité de l’industrie culturelle sur fond de traités commerciaux de libre-échange, débats qui aboutiront à une réponse de la part de la communauté internationale avec la Convention en faveur de la Protection et de la Promotion de la Diversité des Expressions Culturelles approuvée par l’Unesco en 2005. D’autre part, la réforme constitutionnelle de 1991 entreprise en Colombie affirme le caractère multiethnique et pluriculturel du pays, reconnaissant du même coup de façon officielle la diversité des expressions culturelles au sein de la nation. Enfin, les ressources technologiques dont peuvent disposer les musiciens à partir des années 1990 sont le troisième facteur fondamental au cœur de notre thèse. La convergence de ces faits nous ont conduits à nous interroger sur la réalité de la production indépendante de musiques traditionnelles en Colombie, dans les régions andine et caribéenne en particulier. La Théorie Critique, l’Economie Politique, les Cultural Studies ainsi que les apports d’auteurs latino-américains portant sur la relation existante entre Communication et Culture ont borné le cadre théorique de nos recherches. Nous avons choisi les récits de vie comme outil méthodologique pour mieux appréhender les expériences vécues par les producteurs indépendants de musiques traditionnelles. Cette thèse met en lumière les formes et pratiques de différents types de production qui vont de l’autoproduction jusqu’aux productions des maisons indépendantes. En outre, nous exposons les tensions existantes entre les indépendants et la grande industrie, les médias et le phénomène de la piraterie. Notre travail soumet et propose un concept nouveau: La Production en Confrérie, pour mieux caractériser les liens qui se tissent entre musiciens, producteurs, fans et institutions qui tendent à faciliter la production indépendante de musiques traditionnelles. / The debate about the singularity of the cultural industry in the times of free trade has been happening since the Cultural Exception. The international community has been contributing to this debate through the Convention for the Promotion and Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, endorsed by the UNESCO in 2005. In parallel, the 1991 amendment to the Colombian constitution acknowledges a multiethnic and multicultural country, that is, it recognizes diversity in the nation´s cultural expressions. The third factor that influences this thesis are the technologic resources shared by music producers from the 90s. These facts made us wonder about the current situation of independent traditional music production in Colombia, the Andean Region and in the Caribbean. The theoretical framework was guided by the Critical Theory, the Political Economy, the Cultural Studies and the inputs from Latin-American authors on the relationship between Communication and Culture. The methodology used life stories in order to get to know the experience of traditional music independent producers. This thesis shows the production methods, from self-production to independent music producers. Besides, it shows the tension between independent producers and big companies, mass media and piracy. This research introduces the concept of Brotherhood Production in order to explain the relationships among musicians, producers, fans and institutions. These relationships make possible the production of independent traditional music. / El debate sobre la singularidad de la industria cultural en tiempos de libre comercio viene dándose desde la Excepción Cultural y tiene una respuesta de la comunidad internacional con la Convención por la Protección y Promoción de la Diversidad de Expresiones Culturales aprobada en la UNESCO en el 2005. De otro lado, en Colombia, la reforma constitucional de 1991 afirma el carácter multiétnico y multicultural del país, es decir reconoce la diversidad de expresiones culturales de la nación. El tercer hecho que marca esta tesis son los recursos tecnológicos que tienen los productores de música a partir de los 90´s. Estos hechos nos llevaron a preguntarnos por la realidad de la producción independiente de músicas tradicionales en Colombia, en la Región Andina y en la Región Caribe. La Teoría Crítica, la Economía Política, los Cultural Studies y los aportes de los autores latinoamericanos sobre la relación entre Comunicación y Cultura orientaron el marco conceptual. Las historias de vida fueron la metodología seleccionada para conocer la experiencia de los productores independientes de música tradicional. Esta tesis evidencia las formas de producción desde la autoproducción hasta las productoras de música independiente. Además, muestra las tensiones de los independientes con la gran industria, los medios de comunicación y la piratería. Esta investigación propone el concepto Produccion de Cofradía para explicar las relaciones que se tejen entre músicos, productores, fans e instituciones para posibilitar la producción independiente de música tradicional.

[ES] En la presente investigación hemos planteado como objetivo mostrar el proceso de composición de música propia del autor de la tesis, basada en la práctica y el conocimiento de la música tradicional griega. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, se precisa conocer la música tradicional y sus procesos de creación según la transmisión oral. La notación de la música clásica europea, aunque es una herramienta imprescindible, no es suficiente para describir por completo los procesos interpretativos y las características sonoras y plurimodales de la música griega, empleadas en las presentes composiciones. Cada ejemplo musical compuesto para esta tesis se acompaña por una grabación. Para realizar estas composiciones, se ha seguido un proceso investigativo que ha englobado varias etapas metodológicas: investigación teórica basada en fuentes bibliográficas y audiovisuales, conocimiento del proceso de la transmisión oral mediante el contacto directo con informantes e inmersión en la praxis musical de la música tradicional griega. Las composiciones se han realizado empleando ritmos y modos de la música tradicional griega y se han clasificado en cuatro categorías. 1. composición musical con instrumentos atemperados, influenciada por la música tradicional. 2. composición musical con instrumentos temperados, influenciadas por la música tradicional. 3. composición de música basada en las características, formas y estructuras musicales de la música tradicional. 4. proceso de la improvisación, tal como surgió en tres grabaciones audiovisuales en las que participó el autor como intérprete. Además, se han estudiado composiciones tradicionales a través de transcripciones realizadas por el autor de la tesis, anotando las ornamentaciones y las notas atemperadas. La presente investigación se divide en dos partes: la primera parte constituye la base teórica sobre la música tradicional griega y se halla dividida en siete capítulos; la segunda parte consiste en el análisis de la música propia compuesta por el autor de la tesis y la clasificación de esta en cuatro categorías. Como fruto de esta investigación, se han extraído varias conclusiones referentes a los procesos creativos empleados para las composiciones presentadas y se han definido tres métodos compositivos según el uso de la notación y el empleo de las características de la transmisión oral: - Composición sin el uso de la notación: improvisación sobre un pedal o una secuencia o composición realizada de forma mental sobre el instrumento musical. - Composición con el uso de notación básica: la notación es un esquema melódico para coordinar a los intérpretes durante la interpretación de música en conjunto. Precisa conocer las características de la música tradicional como son las ornamentaciones, el estilo empleado, variaciones instrumentales y notas atemperadas. - Composición con el uso de notación detallada: música compuesta para ser interpretada de forma literal. Un método compositivo proporcionando música distinta a la música tradicional. Las ornamentaciones y las variaciones melódicas en las repeticiones de melodías están anotadas. El autor de la tesis ha compuesto ritmos de amalgama basados en ritmos tradicionales que proporcionan una nueva dinámica compositiva. El uso y el conocimiento de la sonoridad, timbre y técnica de los instrumentos tradicionales no temperados puede otorgar características del “espíritu” tradicional en la realización de una composición. La variabilidad del material interpretado es un rasgo primordial observado en la praxis realizada por músicos tradicionales, en la que cada repetición de una melodía se realiza casi siempre de forma diferente. La improvisación es una práctica indispensable perteneciente al carácter de la música tradicional y se puede emplear para acompañar la danza, realizar respuestas instrumentales al canto o crear nueva música. La armonización de las melodías modales se puede observar a través del estudio del trabajo de los guitarristas griegos en grabaciones de los años 30, tal como se presenta mediante transcripciones realizadas especialmente para esta tesis. Como futura línea de trabajo, se seguirá investigando la síntesis entre la música tradicional griega y el conocimiento de la música clásica europea. / [CA] En la present investigació hem plantejat com a objectiu, presentar el procés de composició de música pròpia de l'autor de la tesi, basada en la pràctica i el coneixement de la música tradicional grega. Per dur a terme aquest treball, cal conéixer la música tradicional i els seus processos de creació segons la transmissió oral. La notació de la música clàssica europea, tot i que és una eina imprescindible, no és suficient per a descriure completament els processos interpretatius i les característiques sonores i plurimodales de la música grega emprades en les presents composicions. Cada exemple musical compost per a aquesta tesi s'acompanya d'un enregistrament. Per realitzar aquestes composicions, s'ha seguit un procés investigatiu que ha englobat diverses etapes metodològiques: investigació teòrica basada en fonts bibliogràfiques i audiovisuals, coneixement del procés de la transmissió oral mitjançant el contacte directe amb informants i immersió en la praxi musical de la música tradicional grega. Les composicions s'han realitzat emprant ritmes i maneres de la música tradicional grega i s'han classificat en quatre categories. 1. composició musical amb instruments temperats, influenciada per la música tradicional. 2. composició musical amb instruments temperats, influenciades per la música tradicional. 3. composició de música basada en les característiques, formes i estructures musicals de la música tradicional. 4. procés de la improvisació, tal com va sorgir en tres enregistraments audiovisuals en què va participar l'autor com a intèrpret. A més, s'han estudiat composicions tradicionals a través de transcripcions realitzades per l'autor de la tesi, anotant les ornamentacions i les notes temperades. La present investigació es divideix en dues parts: la primera part constitueix la base teòrica sobre la música tradicional grega i es troba dividida en set capítols; la segona part consisteix en l'anàlisi de la música pròpia composta per l'autor de la tesi i la classificació d'aquesta en quatre categories.Com a fruit d'aquesta investigació, s'han extret diverses conclusions referents als processos creatius emprats per a les composicions presentades i s'han definit tres mètodes compositius segons l'ús de la notació i l'ocupació de les característiques de la transmissió oral: - Composició sense l'ús de la notació: improvisació sobre un pedal o una seqüència o composició realitzada de forma mental sobre l'instrument musical. - Composició amb l'ús de notació bàsica: la notació és un esquema melòdic per coordinar als intèrprets durant la interpretació de música en conjunt. Necessita conéixer les característiques de la música tradicional com són les ornamentacions, l'estil emprat, variacions instrumentals i notes temperades. - Composició amb l'ús de notació detallada: música composta per a ser interpretada de manera literal. Un mètode compositiu proporcionant música diferent de la música tradicional. Les ornamentacions i les variacions melòdiques en les repeticions de melodies estan anotades. L'autor de la tesi ha compost ritmes d'amalgama basats en ritmes tradicionals que proporcionen una nova dinàmica compositiva, i ha transcrit per a aquesta tesi enregistraments dels anys 30 de guitarristes grecs per estudiar l'harmonització de les melodies modals. . L'ús i el coneixement de la sonoritat, timbre i tècnica dels instruments tradicionals temperats pot atorgar característiques de l ' "esperit" tradicional a la realització d'una composició. La variabilitat de l'material interpretat és un tret primordial observat en la praxi realitzada per músics tradicionals, en què cada repetició d'una melodia es realitza gairebé sempre de forma diferent. Finalment, la improvisació és indispensable en la música tradicional i es pot emprar per acompanyar la dansa, realitzar respostes instrumentals a el cant o crear nova música. / [EN] In this research we have established the objective of presenting the process of composing the author's own music, based on the practice and knowledge of traditional Greek music. To carry out this work, it is necessary to have knowledge of traditional music and its creation processes according to oral transmission. The notation of European classical music, although it is an essential tool, is not sufficient to fully describe the interpretive processes and the sonic and multimodal characteristics of Greek music used in the present compositions. Each musical example composed for this thesis is accompanied by a recording. In order to create these compositions, a research process has been followed that has encompassed several methodological stages: theoretical research based on bibliographic and audiovisual sources, knowledge of the process of oral transmission through direct contact with informants and immersion in the musical praxis of traditional music Greek. The compositions have been made using rhythms and modes of traditional Greek music and have been classified into four categories. 1. musical composition with tempered instruments, influenced by traditional music. 2. musical composition with tempered instruments, influenced by traditional music. 3. composition of music based on the characteristics, forms and musical structures of traditional music. 4. improvisation process, as it arose in three audiovisual recordings in which the author participated as a performer. In addition, traditional compositions have been studied through transcriptions made by the author of the thesis, noting ornamentation and tempered notes. This research is divided into two parts: the first part constitutes the theoretical basis on traditional Greek music and is divided into seven chapters; The second part consists of the analysis of the own music composed by the author of the thesis and the classification of this in four categories. As a result of this research, several conclusions have been reached regarding the creative processes used for the compositions presented and therefore three compositional methods have been defined according to the use of notation and the use of the characteristics of oral transmission: - Composition without the use of notation: improvisation on a pedal or a sequence or composition performed mentally on the musical instrument. - Composition with the use of basic notation: the notation is a melodic scheme to coordinate the interpreters during the performance of music together. It¿s important to know the characteristics of traditional music such as ornamentation, the style used, instrumental variations and tempered notes. - Composition with the use of detailed notation: music composed to be interpreted literally. A compositional method providing music different from traditional music. The ornamentations and melodic variations in the melody repetitions are noted. The author of the thesis has composed amalgam rhythms based on traditional rhythms that provide new routes of composition, and has transcribed for this thesis recordings from the 30s by Greek guitarists in order to study the harmonization of modal melodies. The use and knowledge of the sound, timbre and technique of tempered traditional instruments can provide characteristics of the traditional "spirit" in the realization of a composition. The variability of the material played is a primary feature observed in the practice performed by traditional musicians, in which each repetition of a melody is almost always performed differently. Finally, improvisation is indispensable in traditional music and can be used to accompany dance, perform instrumental responses to singing, or create new music. / Kaniaris, S. (2021). Ritmos y modos de la música tradicional griega en la creación musical: investigación a través de la práctica y la composición [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171757 / TESIS