Alexandre Soumet, poète aujourd'hui oublié, a pourtant bel et bien marqué son époque. Académicien, cofondateur de la revue "La Muse française" avec Victor Hugo, il peine pourtant à choisir entre l'esthétique classique et romantique. Fidèle à l'idéologie allemande, faisant du romantisme un courant à la fois philosophique et poétique, il est également un fervent adepte de l'illuminisme à la façon de Swendenborg et Novalis. Notre étude vise à souligner la quête initiatique de notre chantre oublié dans laquelle la figure du poète (et donc d'Orphée) est centrale. Il s'agira tout d'abord d'analyser le lien entre l'évolution générique de ses œuvres (odes, tragédies, opéra, épopée) et l'initiation poétique et philosophique à laquelle il se livre. Puis, nous étudierons la place tenue par le mythe d'Orphée, sujet à de multiples métamorphoses. Les mythes bibliques et littéraires ainsi revisités seront perçus comme les marques d'une forme de transcendance de l'œuvre littéraire. / Alexandre Soumet, a French poet today forgiven, was although really famous on 19th century. He became member of the French Academy, he published a magazine with Victor Hugo, "La Muse française". Unfortunately, he was unable to choose between the classicism and the romantic school. In fact, he considered the romanticism as a philosophy like the German Novalis. He was enough an adept of illuminism philosophy as Swedenborg. Our study's purpose is to show how Alexandre Soumet's texts are the clutch of a poetic, philosophic and religious quest, where Orphée myth is very important. We'll see how the poet makes a link between his generic's researches and his philosophic quest. Then, our study will be interested on Orphée's myth and his metamorphosis and the Alexandre Soumet's project to make the art, the place of a transcendence and a link with God.

O principal objetivo de nossa tese foi examinar de que maneira a doutrina do eterno retorno do mesmo se relaciona com o projeto de transvaloração dos valores e com a noção nietzschiana de trágico. Para efetivar nosso intento, realizamos, primeiramente, uma investigação acerca da esfera cosmológica da doutrina do eterno retorno. Em segundo lugar, promovemos a relação entre esse âmbito cosmológico do eterno retorno e o projeto de transvaloração dos valores. Essa relação deu ensejo a duas problemáticas para as quais tentamos dar resposta nas duas últimas partes de nossa tese. Nesse sentido, tentamos responder à primeira problemática que chamamos de o problema do determinismo no eterno retorno esclarecendo a noção nietzschiana de trágico e tentando mostrar de que forma ela está relacionada com a doutrina do eterno retorno e com o projeto de transvaloração dos valores. Por fim, propomos uma resposta à segunda problemática, a saber, a incompatibilidade entre o perspectivismo e a cosmologia do eterno retorno do mesmo. / The main aim of this thesis is to examine how the doctrine of the eternal recurrence of the same is related to the project of transvaluation of values and to the Nietzschean notion of tragic. To accomplish this purpose, first we examined the cosmological sphere of the doctrine. Secondly, we promote the relationship between this cosmological context and the project of transvaluation of values. Two problems have emerged from this relationship to which we tried answering in the last two parts of the thesis. We tried answering the first problem that we called the problem of determinism in the eternal return clarifying the Nietzschean notion of tragic and showing how it is related to the doctrine of the eternal return and to the project of transvaluation of values. Finally, we propose an answer to the second problem, namely the incompatibility between perspectivism and cosmology of the eternal return of the same.

Esta tese se insere na temática da crise dos grandes discursos, reconhecendo que ao contrário do colapso ou do fim das metanarrativas, eles se abriram, possibilitando a reapropriação de uma outra ideia de homem. Uma ideia que traz como base a gramática trágica. Trágico, aqui, é o que vislumbra o real como idiota, simples, aprovador de todos os acontecimentos, suficiente para reconfigurar a imageria contemporânea e identificar, no âmbito de sua gramática, a presença do sujeito idiotès (vulgar e idiota), uma presença que foi negligenciada ao longo de toda modernidade. Para tratar dessa reapropriação do homem e do sujeito , este estudo se desenvolve a partir de três esferas de observação: a) o advento da racionalidade e a construção de um modelo de sujeito forte, que se tornará a base de uma tradição; b) a crise deste modelo e o seu encontro com o pensamento fraco (Vattimo); e c) o reordenamento da gramática moderna que, intensificando-­se idiota, aponta para um outro imaginário. Na primeira, exponho a preferência da racionalidade moderna por um homem e um sujeito fortes e sua consequente reprovação das narrativas que desprezam a noção de natureza ou afirmam o homem vulgar, fruto do acaso e da idiotia humana; na segunda, analiso a época contemporânea apontando para uma reconfiguração conceitual que, a partir da crise das noções de ser e de natureza (impostas por Nietzsche), aponta para o surgimento do pensamento fraco/débil; no terceiro, com foco na filosofia trágica rossetiana, fixo os desdobramentos de suas noções de acaso, de convenção, de aprovação, de um real idiotès, para a constituição do sujeito contemporâneo. Por fim, aponto para a liberação da imageria trágica e sua expressão idiota, que aproximam o homem de sua condição mais humana: essa idiotia. Ou seja, o objetivo é reapropriar-­se de uma gramática e de um homem que nunca apareceram como aspiração no âmbito dos discursos hegemônicos e que agora evidenciam-­se no campo da contemporaneidade. / This theses stands on the theme of the crisis of great discourses, acknowledging that instead of a collapse or an ending of metanarratives, they unfasten, allowing the reappropriation of another idea of man. An idea that brings as groundwork the tragic philosophy. Tragic, here, is seeing the real as idiot, simplistic, an accepter of everything, enough to reconfigurate the contemporary imagery and identificate, on its own grammar, the presence of an idiots subject (vulgar and idiot), a presence that was neglected all through the modernity. To approach such reappropriation of man and of subject , this research develops departing of three spheres of observation: a) the advent of rationality and the construction of a strong subject model, that will became the base of a tradition; b) a crisis of such model and its clash with the weak thought (Vattimo); and c) the reordering of the modern grammar that, becoming more idiot, points to another imaginary. On the first, I Expose the preference of modern rationality for a strong man and a subject and its Consecutive reprobation of narratives that despises the notion of nature or asserts the vulgar man, product of chance and of human idiocy; the second, I analyse the contemporaneity pointing to a conceptual reconfiguration that, departing from the crisis of notions of being and nature (imposed by Nietzsche), points to the emergence of weak thought; on the third, focusing on the rossetian tragic philosophy, assert the developments of its notions of chance, of convention, of approval, of a idiots real, for the constitution of the contemporary subject. Lastly, I point to the liberation of tragic imagery and its idiotic expression that approximates the man to its most human condition: this idiocy. In other words, the aim is reappropriate a grammar and a man that never appear as ambition on scope of hegemonic discourses and now come to light in the field of contemporaneity.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa dos romances São Bernardo (1934), de Graciliano Ramos, e Memorial do Convento (1982), de José Saramago, com o intuito de ressaltar as perspectivas contraideológicas que são subjacentes às obras, cujos narradores identificam-se com a instância autoral, na medida em que são produzidos discursos marcados pela crítica a sistemas hegemônicos e dominantes. Assim, através da análise das relações de trabalho e de poder presentes nas obras, e dos projetos que se configuram nas construções engendradas, pretendemos apontar uma divergência essencial entre os romances que os configura e os aproxima, no entanto, como formas contraideológicas: o trágico como perspectiva dominante em São Bernardo, que se apresenta a partir do projeto do narrador de escrever um romance; e a utopia como elemento central no Memorial do Convento, concentrada no projeto de construção da passarola, que constituindo um contraponto simbólico do convento, apresenta-se como verdadeira realização e fruto da vontade dos homens. Dessa forma, pretendemos revelar que os romances concentram perspectivas hegemônicas e contrahegemônicas, ou ideologias dominantes e ideologias de oposição, que contestam a perspectiva de um único poder instituído. / This study aims at carrying out a comparative analysis of the novels São Bernardo (1934), by Graciliano Ramos, and Memorial do Convento (1982), by José Saramago, in order to underline the contra-ideological perspectives that are implied in each one of them. We also want to show that the narrators of the novels identify themselves with the authorial stance in so far as they produce strongly critical discourses against the hegemoniacal and dominant system. Therefore, by means of an analysis of the work and power relations that can be seen in the novels, as well as the projects that are configured in the engendered constructions, we intend to highlight an essential divergence between them, that makes them even more comparable to each other. We will therefore show that the tragic element is the dominant perspective in São Bernardo, presented from the narrators project of writing a novel. On the other hand, we will demonstrate that the utopian perspective is the prevailing one in Memorial do Convento, concentrated in the project of building the flier machine, which constitutes a symbolic counterpoint of the convent and presents itself as a true accomplishment and a result of the desire of men. Thus, we intend to reveal that the novels contain ideological and contra-ideological perspectives, or dominant and oppositional ideologies.

O propósito desta dissertação consiste em analisar o livro Antonio, de Beatriz Bracher, à luz do trágico. A história é uma saga familiar transgeracional que registra a decadência de uma família da burguesia paulistana durante o século XX. A hipótese que orienta a análise é a de que algo inconciliável se manifesta na vida de um de seus membros que ao viajar, rumo ao sertão mineiro, sucumbe às próprias escolhas, marcando negativamente a vida de todos à sua volta. O sujeito contemporâneo vive a falência das grandes narrativas do século XX, como a frustração das ideias libertárias da década de 60 e 70 e, de alguma maneira, sente-se desamparado, perdido diante de um futuro incerto. Esse cenário de crise existencial seria fértil para ressurgimento da tragédia por meio de traços ou escombros trágicos na ficção contemporânea. Por último, a partir do conceito de literatura política, pretende-se verificar se Antonio concentra questões relevantes sobre o Brasil contemporâneo sem apelar para visão conciliadora no âmbito da ficção, ou seja, problematizando a modernidade à brasileira ou as suas ideias modernizantes e modernizadoras / The purpose of this study it to analyze the book Antonio, by Beatriz Bracher, on the tragic aspect. The story is a transgenerational family saga about the decline of a bourgeois family in São Paulo during the 20th century. The hypothesis that guides this analysis is that something irreconcilable happens in the life of one of its members, while he is traveling to a very arid region in the state of Minas Gerais, he has succumbed to his own choices changing negatively the lives of everyone around him. The contemporary individual lives the ruin of the great narratives of the 20th century, such as the frustration of the libertarian ideas of the 60s and 70s, and somehow feels helpless and lost about an uncertain future. This existential crisis scenario could be fertile for the revival of the tragedy with vestige or \"tragic wreckage\" in contemporary fiction. Finally, from the concept of political literature, this study aims to verify if Antonio concentrates relevant questions about the contemporary Brazil without resorting to a conciliatory view within fiction, which is, questioning Brazilian modernity - or its modernizing ideas

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-01T13:22:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 teresacristinadacostaneves.pdf: 1223902 bytes, checksum: 8e959ac813a9ede05b4b8ee58fe7bae9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T03:15:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 teresacristinadacostaneves.pdf: 1223902 bytes, checksum: 8e959ac813a9ede05b4b8ee58fe7bae9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T03:15:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 teresacristinadacostaneves.pdf: 1223902 bytes, checksum: 8e959ac813a9ede05b4b8ee58fe7bae9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-19 / A abordagem da temática do risco sob o enfoque do riso tem sido prática recorrente na produção de cronistas brasileiros contemporâneos, tendência na qual o risco se impõe como objeto e o riso se revela como estratégia. Ao tornar risíveis, em seus textos, as ameaças com as quais lidamos cotidianamente, esses textos denotam nosso ânimo para enfrentar aflições pessoais e coletivas, evidenciando aspectos culturais relevantes, maneiras de pensar e agir peculiares de nosso tempo. Os conceitos de risco, riso e crônica são explorados por meio de uma abordagem diacrônica e sincrônica, bem como desdobrados em um panorama teórico-conceitual mais amplo no qual são investigadas as noções complementares de experiência e reflexividade, felicidade e alegria, memória e esquecimento. Os contrastes e distâncias aí evidenciados servem para problematizar as relações entre risco e riso no corpus literário selecionado. O estudo analítico abrange 15 crônicas de Luis Fernando Verissimo, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, Millôr Fernandes e Moacyr Scliar. O objetivo mais amplo do estudo é investigar o modo pelo qual se exprime nos textos escolhidos o enredamento do risco e do riso em circunstâncias existenciais características da época atual. Aventa-se, entre outras, a hipótese mais geral de que a crônica oferece-se como espaço de mediação entre o registro de comportamentos tipicamente contemporâneos e a recriação artística de vivências genuinamente humanas. / The thematic approach of risk brought into focus by the concept of laughter has been a recurrent practice concerning the literary production of Brazilian contemporary chroniclers. Such trend is based on the assumption that risk is imposed on as an object, whereas laughter appears to be a strategy. In order to make laughable the threats we have to deal with in everyday life, their texts usually indicate our courage in facing both personal and collective woes. Such texts highlight relevant cultural aspects of our time as well as typical ways of thinking and being. Concepts such as risk, laughter and chronicle are hereby considered in two different ways one being diachronic, and the other synchronic. The same concepts are then unfolded in reference to a broader theoretical-conceptual panorama allowing that complementary notions such as experience and reflexivity, happiness and joy, memory and oblivion be studied. Once proved by evidence in the above-mentioned notions, contrast and distances will be taken to account for the complex relationship between risk and laughter as found in the selected literary corpus. The analytical study carried on here covers fifteen chronicles signed by Luis Fernando Verissimo, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, Millôr Fernandes and Moacyr Scliar. Its assumed larger scope concerns an inquiry about the manner by which the collected texts express the entanglement of risk and laughter in view of existential circumstances that so well typify life at the present time. As a more general hypothesis, it is here proposed that every chronicle operates an actual mediation between on one side the records of human behavior clearly related to the present time, and the artistic reinvention of genuinely human experiences on the other.

Orientador: Oswaldo Giacoia Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T15:03:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula_WanderAndradede_D.pdf: 3265487 bytes, checksum: 61445c14774bc49d5f54d357be5e7a92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese de doutoramento tem como objetivo central tratar do tema do pessimismo (Pessimismus) na filosofia de Friedrich Nietzsche, por meio de uma análise detalhada do percurso argumentativo seguido pelo autor em seu pensamento. A tese geral da qual se parte é a de que o conceito de pessimismo é estabelecido na tradição filosófica por Arthur Schopenhauer, e que, precisamente por essa razão, ele se torna um dos interlocutores privilegiados das reflexões de Nietzsche. Para demonstrá-la, o esforço do presente trabalho concentrar-se-á em duas frentes: (i) analisar o propósito com que Schopenhauer cria um sistema de pensamento imanente, amparado na noção de vontade (Wille), e em que medida ele fornece sustentação filosófica à sua tese de que não há justificação (Rechtfertigung) para a existência; (ii) problematizar o modo com que Nietzsche recebe tal pensamento, discutir o seu desenvolvimento ao longo da obra do filósofo e, por fim, traçar as diretrizes de seu projeto de transfiguração (Transfiguration, Verklärung, Verwandlung) do pessimismo. Duas noções chave serão utilizadas paralelamente para demonstrar esse processo de criação e desenvolvimento do significado do pessimismo na filosofia de Nietzsche, como o título deixa evidenciar: transfiguração e trágico (Tragische) / Abstract: This doctoral thesis focuses on the way how the theme of pessimism (Pessimismus) is dealt with in Nietzsche's philosophy, by a detailed analysis of the argumentative route followed by the author in his thought. The starting point is the general thesis that Arthur Schopenhauer establishes the concept of pessimism in the philosophical tradition and, precisely for this reason, he becomes one of Nietzsche's reflections privileged interlocutors. In order to demonstrate this thesis, efforts will be made to: (i) analyze the purpose with which Schopenhauer creates an immanent thought system, supported on the notion of will (Wille), and the extent to which it provides philosophical basis to his thesis that there is no justification (Rechtfertigung) for the existence; (ii) problematize the way Nietzsche receives such thought, discuss its development in the course of his work and, finally, to highlight the guide-lines of his project of transfiguration (Transfiguration, Verklärung, Verwandlung) of pessimism. Two key notions will be used in parallel to demonstrate this process of creating and developing the meaning of pessimism in Nietzsche's philosophy, as evidenced by the title: transfiguration and tragic (Tragische) / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

La thèse analyse, dans les domaines de la nature, de la médecine et de la guerre, en quoi les métaphores et les comparaisons relèvent de la communication politique et participent d’une ambition littéraire. Démosthène emploie ses images de manière très cohérente. Au sein d’un même discours, il articule des images différentes autour d’un même noyau sémantique. Il répète aussi une même image au service d’une même idée d’un discours à l’autre. Démosthène élabore ainsi de véritables slogans métaphoriques destinés à promouvoir ses idées politiques. Certains sont repris par ses amis politiques et combattus par ses adversaires. L’étude des images permet ainsi d’aborder sous une perspective nouvelle les problèmes de la propagande et de la collaboration politique dans l’Athènes du IVème siècle. Au-delà de cette finalité pratique, métaphores et comparaisons demeurent un matériau littéraire qui permet à Démosthène d’enrichir le style de ses discours en multipliant les registres. Elles s’inscrivent dans la tradition homérique ou comique par la reprise de certains motifs, selon que l’orateur souhaite célébrer son action politique ou dénigrer ses adversaires. Ou bien elles les font rivaliser avec les développements les plus récents de la prose d’art, telle que la pratiquent Platon et Isocrate. De ce point de vue, le Sur la couronne tient une place à part : en raison du caractère rétrospectif du discours, qui se livre à un bilan politique, l’ambition littéraire est à son sommet. Mais, là encore, elle n’est pas séparable de la finalité rhétorique et pratique : les images servent à défendre une politique, dans un véritable panégyrique. / This work examines how the imagery which Demosthenes takes from nature, medicine and warfare, is a tool of political propaganda and gives a literary shape to his speeches as well. Demosthenes uses this imagery very coherently. In the same speech, he links different kinds of imagery around the same meaning-core. Furthermore, he repeats the same imagery to mean the same thing in different speeches. Demosthenes thus works out true metaphorical slogans so as to promote his main political ideas. Some are taken up by his political friends and fought off by his enemies. Therefore, by studying imagery we can cast a new light on these two fundamental issues in the Ancient Athens of 4th century B.C. : how did the orators use to organise their political propaganda and how might they have collaborated with each other ? But imagery goes beyond this practical aim. Metaphors and similes are literary material which enables Demosthenes to enrich his speeches’ style through different registers. They give them a Homeric or a comical tone and shape, when Demosthenes uses some patterns again to extol his policies or to disparage his adversaries. With metaphors and similes, Demosthenes is also rivaling with the recent trends of Kunstprosa, as it is practised by Plato and Isocrates. From this point of view, the speech On the crown has a special place : in this speech, because of its retrospective point of view, which asseses his overall policies, Demosthenes brings his literary claims to a climax. Nevertheless, such an ambition cannot be separated from his rhetorical and practical aims : imagery is being used to defend his policies, in a real panegyric.

Avec la dramaturgie colombienne des trente dernières années, nous nous trouvons devant deux itinéraires qui semblent s’entrecroiser, ou mieux, se superposer : le réel, qui correspond au contexte socio-politique colombien et le fictionnel, qui nous permet d’entrevoir un paysage de fiction singulier se dessiner à travers certaines pièces contemporaines colombiennes. Cet entrecroisement entre le réel et le fictionnel nous amène à la figure récurrente de l’enfermement. Nous assistons à la représentation d’un monde où les prisons n’ont plus de barreaux, où l’enfermement est présent au quotidien. Sur scène les personnages sont clôturés leurs espaces physiques et métaphoriques, intérieurs ou extérieurs, qui leurs interdisent toute possibilité d’issue et de conciliation entre les forces opposées qui maintiennent leurs conflits. L’enfermement conduit donc les personnages au sentiment tragique, à la perte du monde et de soi, c'est-à-dire que le tragique perd dans ces pièces le sens transcendant de l’humain. D’où les questions initiales dont nous sommes partis : comment l’enfermement dans un espace dramatique contemporain nous permet-il de retrouver le tragique ? Et où va ce tragique, aujourd’hui, quand la tragédie n’existe plus ? Cette forme actuelle du tragique ne pourrait-elle pas être une nouvelle façon de retrouver l’essence de la tragédie et le « sens de l’humain » ? Ce sont ces interrogations qui donnent leurs lignes directrices à notre recherche. / With Colombian drama of the last thirty years, we face two routes intersect that appear, or better, overlap: the real, which corresponds to the socio-political context of Colombia and the fictional, which allows us to glimpse a singular landscape of fiction to emerge through some contemporary pieces Colombia. This interplay between reality and fiction, brings us to the recurring figure of confinement. Thus we attend the performance of a world where prisons have no bars, where the confinement is daily. On stage the characters are enclosed in their physical and metaphorical, indoor or outdoor spaces, which prohibit any possibility of completion and reconciliation between the oposite forces that maintains their conflicts. Then, confinement leads characters to a tragic feeling, the loss of the world and oneself, that is to say that the tragic lost in these pieces, meaning transcending the human. Hence the initial questions which we started: how to confinement in a dramatic contemporary space enable us to find the tragic? And where will this tragic go, when the tragedy is over? The current form of tragedy could it not be a new way to recapture the essence of the tragedy and the « sense of humanity » ? These are questions that give their guidance in our research.

Le présent travail examine l’œuvre à la fois romanesque et théâtrale d’Albert Camus dans sa réception des concepts constitutifs de la conscience telle que l’entend la tragédie grecque. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence la manière dont ces concepts sont reçus, transformés et enfin incorporés dans l’univers littéraire et philosophique de Camus. Conscience signifiant la connaissance que chacun a de soi-même (de son thumós), le mot fait appel à une connaissance susceptible d’être partagée avec les autres. Autour de la volonté de l’existence s’organisent donc des sentiments d’unité et de cohérence, d’autonomie et d’hétéronomie. Entre le retour sur soi d’un côté et l’ouverture au monde de l’autre, la conscience figure comme préoccupation essentielle de l’esprit tragique et camusien également. Au cœur d’une antithèse continuelle, l’homme doit transformer le coup du Destin et de l’Absurde en champ fécond : Revendication et Révolte constituent, dès lors, le chemin à suivre pour être et, surtout, demeurer humain. De l’affirmation du « soi » tragique au « métier d’homme » exigé par l’écrivain, conscience et identité s’entrelacent et font de l’individu le créateur du sens. À travers les éléments fondateurs de la conscience tragique, Camus envisage ainsi une identité qui, consciente de ses contradictions, ses droits et ses devoirs, demeure cohérente : l’identité de l’homme révolté. / This thesis examines Albert Camus’ work, both fictional and dramatic, in its reception of conscience’s primary concepts as introduced by the Greek tragedy. The point is to find out how these concepts are received, transformed and finally incorporated in Camus’ literary and philosophic world.Conscience meaning the knowledge that everyone has of himself (thumós), it aims at a knowledge supposed to be shared with the others. Around the desire of existence therefore, feelings of unity and coherence, autonomy and heteronomy set up. Between introspection on one hand and opening to the world on the other, the conscience figures as a key theme for both tragic and camusian reflection. At the heart of enduring oppositions, the person must transform Destiny’s and Absurd’s blow into a productive range: thus, Requisition and Rebellion trace the way to go in order to be and remain human. From tragic « self » affirmation to the « human vocation » required by the author, conscience and identity interact and indicate the individual as the creator of meaning. Through Greek tragedy’s essential principles, Camus aims thereby at an identity which, aware of its contradictions, its rights and duties, remains consistent: the rebel’s identity.