Inom den svenska matematikundervisningen på gymnasiet möter eleverna många olika matematiska uppgifter. Uppgifterna skiljer sig i att de testar olika förmågor men även hur uppgifterna är formulerade skiljer sig. Det kan bland annat röra sig om uppgifter som är textbaserade, grafiskt utformade eller som har en algebraisk representationsform. Denna studie avser att undersöka om representationsformen på matematiska uppgifter kan ha någon påverkan på i vilken utsträckning elever kan lösa uppgifterna samt redogöra för vilka de vanligaste misstagen kan vara inom de olika representationsformerna. Studien syftar även till att se om det är någon skillnad på svarsfrekvensen beroende på om uppgifterna testar elevernas förmåga att genomföra beräkningar (procedurell kunskap) eller förmågan att uppfatta begrepp och principer (konceptuell kunskap). Teorin som används vid framtagandet av uppgifter är Hallidayan-modellen om olika sätt att presentera matematik samt principen om procedurell- och konceptuell kunskap. Metoden som används inom studien är insamling av elevlösningar på tre olika prov som tar sin grund i var sin av de olika representationsformerna: textbaserat, grafiskt och algebraiskt samt att alla tre innehåller uppgifter som testar deras procedurella samt konceptuella kunskap. Resultatet visar att representationsformen på uppgifterna har betydelse för i vilken utsträckning eleverna kan lösa dem och att eleverna har speciellt svårt för grafiskt formulerade uppgifter. Resultatet visar även att eleverna är bättre på att genomföra beräkningar än att förstå matematiska principer. I diskussionen presenteras olika tankar och idéer till hur det kan komma sig att resultatet ser ut som det gör samt vad resultatet kan ha för påverkan på matematikundervisningen framöver. / In the Swedish mathematical education on upper secondary school level, the students face many different mathematical tasks. The tasks are being separated by testing different abilities and in how they are designed. They could differ in how they are presented, and they could for example be text based, graphical and algebraic. These are three different ways of form of representation. This study intends to examine if the form of representation could have an impact on to which extent the student can solve the tasks and elucidate the most common mistakes within the different form of representation. The study also aims to determine if there are any difference in the frequency of the response depending on if the task assess student’s ability to perform calculations (procedural knowledge) or the ability to recognize concepts and principles (conceptual knowledge). The theory used in developing the tasks is the Halliday’s model of different ways to present mathematics and the principles of procedural and conceptual knowledge. The method that is used in this study is collection of student’s answer in three different tests, each based on one of the three forms of representation: text based, graphical and algebraic. Additionally, all three tests contain two tasks which will test the students procedural and conceptual knowledge. The results show that the form of representation have an impact on the extent to which students can solve the tasks and that students particularly struggle with graphically formulated tasks. The results also reveal that students are better at performing calculations than understanding mathematical principles. The discussion presents various thoughts and ideas on why the results appear as they do and what impact the results may have on mathematical education in the future.

This essay focuses on studying senior high school students’ usage of and attitudes towards American and British English. It also investigates what influences for the students’ use of English and attitudes towards the two varieties can be found in school and outside of school, and how that affects the students’ own variety of English. The study has been carried out using a questionnaire as method and the results have been analyzed through theoretical perspectives. The results show that American English is the favored variety of the two, both in usage, attitudes and influences outside of school. However, a majority of the students states that they use a mixed variety consisting of both American English and British English. The results show that this is also the most commonly variety actually used by the students. A mixed variety is what a large part of the students express is being taught in school as well. This shows that the teaching of English in Swedish schools today follow the directions in the policy documents set up by the National Agency of Education stating that communicative skills are desirable. A mixed variety is accepted and there are no restrictions concerning variety used.

Den här licentiatuppsatsen behandlar berättade erfarenheter av att vara elev på Språkintroduktion. Programmet är ett av fem introduktionsprogram i den svenska gymnasieskolan och tar emot nyanlända ungdomar i åldrarna 16 till 19 år. Utbildningen på Språkintroduktion har en tyngdpunkt på svenska språket samt andra ämnen som eleverna har behov av att studera. Sålunda ska undervisningen organiseras utifrån varje elevs förutsättningar och behov. Studien bygger på intervjuer med språkintroduktionselever. Analysen fokuserar följaktligen 22 elevers berättade erfarenheter av att vara elever på Språkintroduktion. Elevernas berättelser blir ett sätt att förstå hur deras erfarenheter av programmet flätas samman med tidigare skol- och arbetslivserfarenheter liksom med tankar om framtiden. I resultaten presenteras tre teman som framträder i berättelserna.  Det första temat gäller samtliga elever och behandlar erfarenheten av att inte kunna svenska. Det andra temat innefattar vissa elever och synliggör två elevidentiteter som särskilt framträder. Den första av dem handlar om att gå från att vara en högpresterande elev till att vara nybörjare och den andra om att gå från att vara en elev med kort eller ingen skolbakgrund till att äntligen vara elev. Slutligen handlar det tredje temat om hur Språkintroduktion tar form som ett mellanrum.

This thesis examines students’ understanding of economic aspects of global environmental problems. The first aim is to identify and characterise changes in business and economics students’ conceptions of negative environmental effects and pricing goods and services. The second aim is to identify and characterise changes in students’ values, beliefs and personal norms regarding effective solutions to climate change problems. Three studies were carried out with students in Swedish upper secondary schools. The first study used an open-ended questionnaire and is presented in Article I. The second and third studies drew on a longitudinal study, using both qualitative and quantitative research methods and results are presented in Article II and Article III. Article I shows that students’ awareness of environmental issues varies in relation to the type of good. Some goods are seen as more harmful to nature than others, for example, jeans were not perceived as environmentally negative while beef burgers and travel services were to some extent. This indicates that environmental references are often characterised through perceptible aspects of goods’ production i.e. being more expensive because of environmentally friendly production. Furthermore, some understanding of negative externalities was revealed. Interestingly, when value aspects of how prices should be set students more frequently refer to environmental impact. Article II describes changes in students’ price and environmental conceptions over the course of a year. It identifies the fragmentary nature of students’ every-day thinking in relation to productivity, consumer preference and negative externalities. Differences in conceptions of how prices are linked to negative impact is characterised in terms of basic, partial and complex understandings of productivity as well as basic and partial understandings of consumers’ influences. Partial conceptions are seen as students’ conceptions in a process of change towards a more scientific understanding of price and negative environmental impact. Most interestingly, the results show that more than one aspect of environmental impact and pricing are simultaneously relevant. This is highlighted by a change from views putting productivity at the centre for how prices are set to include consumers’ preferences when judgmentally describing how prices should be set. The results conclude that students show a broader content knowledge regarding pricing and the environment when including normative preferences. Article III explores changes in students’ value orientations, beliefs regarding efficient solutions to climate change and norms for pro-environmental actions. Small changes are observed regarding the three constructs. Value changes are reported in terms of a small average increase in importance of altruistic, biospheric and egoistic orientations while common individual changes are shown in shifts between weak and strong values. Beliefs regarding efficient climate change solutions are taxes and legislations while changes in market prices are perceived as being least effective. The findings show no direct relations between values and norms hence change in norms is associated with values through changes in beliefs. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Föreliggande självständiga arbete har sitt ursprung i en nyfikenhet på den praktiska potentialen i musikteoriundervisning på gymnasienivå. Enligt forskning blir musikteoriundervisning ofta teoretisk utan tydliga kopplingar till autentiskt musikutövande. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att få djupare insikt i hur gymnasielever uppfattar det musikteoretiska begreppet funktionsanalys och vad det kan användas till. Material har samlats in genom sex intervjuer med gymnasielever och en före detta gymnasieelev som läser eller nyligen har läst Gehörs- och musiklärakurser. Materialet har därefter analyserats ur ett fenomenografiskt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att funktionsanalys och dess praktiska användning kan uppfattas på några olika sätt. Exempelvis är en uppfattning av funktionsanalys att det är en akademisk musikbeskrivning som inte är särskilt praktiskt tillämpbar. En uppfattning av vad funktionsanalys kan användas till är att motivera vilken karaktär något ska spelas med. I diskussionskapitlet diskuteras resultatet utifrån litteratur och mina egna tankar, inte minst ur ett pedagogiskt perspektiv hur undervisning skulle kunna anpassas för att elever ska erhålla så bred och djup förståelse för funktionsanalys som möjligt. / The present degree project has its origins in a curiosity about the practical potential of music theory teaching at the upper secondary school level. According to research, music theory teaching often becomes theoretical without clear connections to authentic music practice. The purpose of this essay has been to gain a deeper insight into how upper secondary school students perceive the music theoretical concept of functional harmony and what it can be used for. Materials have been collected through six interviews with upper secondary school students and one former upper secondary school student who are taking or recently have taken Pitch and music theory courses at upper secondary school in Sweden. The material has been analyzed from a phenomenographic perspective. The results show that functional analysis and its practical use can be perceived in some different ways. For example, one perception of functional analysis is that it is an academic music description that is not very practically applicable. One perception of ​​what functional analysis can be used for is to motivate with which character something should be played. In the last chapter the result is discussed based on literature and my own thoughts, not least from a pedagogical perspective how teaching could be adapted so that students receive as broad and deep understanding of functional analysis as possible.

Den här licentiatuppsatsen behandlar berättade erfarenheter av att vara elev på Språkintroduktion. Programmet är ett av fem introduktionsprogram i den svenska gymnasieskolan och tar emot nyanlända ungdomar i åldrarna 16 till 19 år. Utbildningen på Språkintroduktion har en tyngdpunkt på svenska språket samt andra ämnen som eleverna har behov av att studera. Sålunda ska undervisningen organiseras utifrån varje elevs förutsättningar och behov. Studien bygger på intervjuer med språkintroduktionselever. Analysen fokuserar följaktligen 22 elevers berättade erfarenheter av att vara elever på Språkintroduktion. Elevernas berättelser blir ett sätt att förstå hur deras erfarenheter av programmet flätas samman med tidigare skol- och arbetslivserfarenheter liksom med tankar om framtiden. I resultaten presenteras tre teman som framträder i berättelserna.  Det första temat gäller samtliga elever och behandlar erfarenheten av att inte kunna svenska. Det andra temat innefattar vissa elever och synliggör två elevidentiteter som särskilt framträder. Den första av dem handlar om att gå från att vara en högpresterande elev till att vara nybörjare och den andra om att gå från att vara en elev med kort eller ingen skolbakgrund till att äntligen vara elev. Slutligen handlar det tredje temat om hur Språkintroduktion tar form som ett mellanrum.

This dissertation deals with the use of the Anchoring Vignette Method in educational research carried out to establish the level of information and communication technology (ICT) knowledge and skills, with the focus on Czech upper-secondary school students. The theoretical part describes curricular documents that define the ICT knowledge and skills. In the Czech Republic that means mainly the Framework Educational Programmes. Attention is also paid to the international document DigComp. The Anchoring Vignette Method with the focus on nonparametric approach of this method is described in detail too. The author also provides an overview of available Czech and foreign bibliography on ICT knowledge and skills research - including the International Computer and Information Literacy (ICILS, 2013 and 2018) - and on the use of the Anchoring Vignette Method in educational research. The empirical part includes the description of the steps taken in formulating anchoring vignettes, this being an integral part of the Anchoring Vignette Method, in accordance with the curricular documents of the Czech Republic, and the steps taken while formulating anchoring vignettes on the basis of the international document DigComp. The verification of the fulfilment of the Anchoring Vignette Method assumptions (vignette...

In this thesis the focus is on upper secondary school students’ meaning-making in sustainability in science civic education. The aim is to study how meaning is created, if/how natural science is used and how democratic participation is constructed in students’ group discussions. The thesis also aims to create an awareness of the role science has in both the creation of meaning and the construction of democratic participation. The study is based on audio-recorded group discussions arising from two different sustainability tasks. Discursive psychology is used as an analytical framework, through the concepts of interpretative repertoires, ideological dilemmas and subject positions. The students use different interpretative repertoires that draw on different conceptions of the “world” (discourses) in their meaning-making. These different conceptions create ideological dilemmas that recur several times during the discussions and are therefore negotiated in different ways. The students then use strategies where these dilemmas are solved in a relatively simple manner. They construct the sustainability issue they discuss so that their ways to live and act/not act are portrayed as acceptable in the current situation. The students use their knowledge in and about science in their meaning-making. Science is used to make the "world" more understandable and raise questions; to evaluate, decide and act; to give authority to arguments; and to solve societal problems. The students’ science-making process contains various kinds of use of scientific knowledge, for example, clarify the conditions, identify consequences, scrutinize information, compare, assess, evaluate and use scientific methods. The discussions increase the students’ experience of using scientific knowledge and which functions scientific knowledge can have. The students construct democratic participation in various ways: trust in science and technology are expressed and awareness of what is considered as actions that are “good” for the environment; different perspectives are expressed and ideological dilemmas discussed; students use their scientific knowledge in socioscientific reasoning to create a deeper understanding of the issues discussed; scientific knowledge is also used for evaluating actions in relation to sustainability issues. However, the students see themselves having a major responsibility to act “good”, but without power to influence the development of society as a whole. The students have two projects going on during their discussions: to discuss and learn about the sustainability issue and make their own existence acceptable.