In this research, I explored the spatial relationships between urban green spaces (UGSs) accessibility and the demographic characteristics of the 26 municipalities across Stockholm Region (SR). I selected seven demographic variables for this research: age, gender, employment, income, education, country of birth and household status. I collected spatial and demographic data from available open-access online sources. I defined a threshold of 300 m, as the maximum acceptable distance between each residential building and the nearest UGS and used UGS per capita and inequity rate of access to UGS as two metrics for measuring environmental justice in terms of access to UGS. Using a network analysis, hotspot analysis, and correlation analysis, I mapped the spatial distribution of inequities in terms of access to UGSs; identified and characterized the hotspots and coldspots of inequity in terms of access to UGSs; and examined possible relationships between UGSs and the demographic characteristics of the 26 municipalities across SR. The results of my research indicated that despite the abundance of UGSs in SR, the spatial distribution of UGSs in SR is uneven and therefore, access to UGSs is not equitable for all residents. The results also indicated that access to UGSs in municipalities with higher percentages of the elderly, women, high-income groups, and people born in Sweden is easier. In contrast, access to UGSs in municipalities with higher percentages of retirees, middle-income groups, younger people, employed individuals, and people born outside Europe is worse. My research suggests that UGS accessibility is influenced by complex factors and need local-scale interventions in each area depending on the local issues of concern. Future research should focus on more localized data and finer spatial scales, incorporating a more detailed consideration of UGSs and accessibility to better investigate the interactions between UGSs and demographic variables. / I denna forskning undersöker jag de rumsliga relationerna mellan tillgängligheten till urbana grönområden (UGS) och demografiska egenskaperna hos de 26 kommunerna i Stockholmsregionen (SR). Jag valde ut sju demografiska variabler för denna forskning: ålder, kön, sysselsättning, inkomst, utbildning, födelseland och hushållsstatus. Jag samlade in rumsliga och demografiska data från tillgängliga online källor med öppen åtkomst. Jag definierade en tröskel på 300 m som det maximalt acceptabla avståndet mellan varje bostadshus och den närmaste UGS och använde UGS per capita och ojämlikhetsgrad i tillgång till UGS som två mått för att mäta miljörättvisa avseende tillgång till UGS. Med hjälp av nätverksanalys, hotspot-analys och korrelationsanalys kartlade jag den rumsliga fördelningen av ojämlikheter i förhållande till UGS; identifierade och karakteriserade hotspots och coldspots för ojämlikheter i förhållande till UGS; och undersöker möjliga relationer mellan UGS och demografiska egenskaper hos de 26 kommunerna i SR. Resultaten av min forskning visade att trots ett överflöd av UGS i SR är den rumsliga fördelningen av UGS i SR ojämn och därmed är tillgången till UGS inte rättvis för alla invånare. Resultaten visade också att tillgången till UGS är enklare i kommuner med en större andel äldre, kvinnor, personer med höga inkomster och personer födda i Sverige. I motsats till detta är tillgången till UGS sämre i kommuner med ett högre andel pensionärer, personer med medelinkomster, yngre människor, anställda och personer födda utanför Europa. Min forskning antyder att tillgången till UGS påverkas av komplexa faktorer och kräver lokala insatser i varje område beroende på lokala omständigheter. Framtida forskning bör inriktas på mer lokaliserade data och finare rumsliga skalor, inkludera en mer detaljerad betraktelse av UGS och tillgänglighet för att bättre undersöka samspelet mellan UGS och demografiska variabler.

永續發展的概念現今已被運用於都市，其中，都市綠地在環境、生態、景觀、社會各層面之機能皆可提升都市永續性，在快速的都市化下，都市內綠地減少，土地利用變遷帶來之環境衝擊影響已自個體單元累積到全球。然而，過去研究中未有關注在綠地的變化趨勢與其他土地利用間的互動關係，以及在不同區域下的變化差異。因此，本研究採用GIS和景觀指數看在1995年至2006年間台北都會區綠地變遷趨勢，並分區探討土地利用間的互動關係，最後藉由二元羅吉斯迴歸分析綠地變化可能原因。 研究結果顯示，在1995年至2006年間，台北都會區整體發展是建地增加，林地也呈上升趨勢，而草地是土地利用轉移下被犧牲掉最多的土地，綠地轉移成其他土地利用情形以都會邊緣地區最嚴重。不同綠地型態在1995年至2006年間的變遷仍有差異，林地在整個台北都會區屬於景觀中的基質，主導性未受動搖，僅在都會中心減少並受破壞；而農地面積略微下降，呈破碎化發展，尤其以都會中心外圍區農地被破壞情形最明顯；草地面積亦下降，破碎化情形較農地更嚴重，在都會郊區、次中心之草地被破壞嚴重，草地各方面機能降低。透過二元羅吉斯迴歸分析發現自然環境、社會經濟與計畫環境皆影響台北都會區的綠地變遷。根據研究結果，建議未來政府於都市計畫上應將綠地空間納入考量，對於不同綠地型態應有不同管制措施，考量各區域綠地型態之差異性，以及自然環境、社會經濟和計畫環境對於綠地變遷的影響，以促進都市朝向永續發展。 / The concept of sustainable development has been applied in cities. Urban green space plays an important role in enhancing the sustainability of the city in regards to the environment, ecology, landscape and society aspects. Under rapid urbanization, green space has greatly declined in cities. Environmental impact resulting from land use change has grown from local to global proportions. However, researches did not pay attention to interactions between green spaces and other land-use change trends or different types of change in different areas. This research used GIS and landscape metrics to investigate the green space change trend and interactions among different land use types in the Taipei metropolitan area from 1995 to 2006. Furthermore, this research analyzed possible reasons that may have caused green space change through logistic regression. The results showed that, from 1995 to 2006, the built up area and the forest increased in Taipei Metropolitan Area; however, the grass decreased because of land use change. Urban fringe was the place that green space changed to other land-use most. There were differences of land use change for different types of green space. Forest was the matrix in the landscape of Taipei metropolitan area. It still kept the predominant role, only decreased and was destroyed in the center of metropolitan area. Farmland slightly decreased and became fragmented, especially in the periphery of the urban center. Grassland area decreased and became fragmented much more than farmland. In suburb and sub-center, grassland was destroyed seriously and became less functional. Through binary logistic regression, the study found that natural environment, socio-economic and government planning do have influence on green space changes in the Taipei metropolitan area. According to the result of the study, the recommendation was that government should take green space into consideration when doing urban planning. For different types of green space and different areas, the government needs to have different measures and needs to consider the impact factors of green space change in order to accelerate sustainable development in cities.

No description available.

Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are adept pollinators of countless cultivated and wild flowering plants, but many species have experienced declines in recent decades. Though urban sprawl has been implicated as a driving force of such losses, urban green spaces hold the potential to serve as habitat islands for bumble bees. As human populations continue to grow and metropolitan areas become larger, the survival of many bumble bee species will hinge on the identification and implementation of appropriate conservation measures at regional and finer scales. North Texas is home to some the fastest-growing urban areas in the country, including Denton County, as well as at least two declining bumble bee species (B. pensylvanicus and B. fraternus). Using a combination of field , molevular DNA and GIS methods I evaluated the persistence of historic bumble bee species in Denton County, and investigated the genetic structure and connectivity of the populations in these spaces. Field sampling resulted in the discovery of both B. pensylvanicus and B. fraternus in Denton County's urban green spaces. While the relative abundance of B. fraternus in these spaces was significantly lower than historic levels gleaned from museum recors, that of B. pensylvanicus was significantly higher. Statistical analyses found that both bare ground and tree cover surrounding sample sites were negatively associated with numbers of bumble bee individuals and hives detected in these green spaces. Additionally, limited genetic structuring of bumble bee populations was detected, leading to the conclusion that extensive gene flow is occurring across populations in Denton County.

Urban green spaces such as neighbourhood parks and playgrounds hold significance because they offer services and benefits related to human health and wellbeing. Despite recognition of these services by scientists, conservationists, and policy makers, these spaces in many urban areas face pressure and threat to their presence. Especially in developing countries where urban green spaces are inadequately managed, and often encroached upon, thus resulting in loss of quality. While local authorities have historically been responsible for managing urban green spaces, lately there is an increased involvement of citizens in green space management. It is therefore relevant to study how citizens contribute to managing these spaces and ensure their continuity and quality. The study here follows the Open Space Strategic Management approach, described as a complex process comprising of three different levels: strategic–formulation of policy, objectives, and targets; tactical– formulation of time bound plans; and operational–actual actions on these plans to maintain and upkeep the space. The conceptual approach has been operationalised to the area of East Delhi, citing Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) as a working example of the citizen organisation responsible for green space management. The research specifically focuses on the operational level and tries to explore their contribution towards the maintenance of these spaces. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with the presidents of these organizations (N=34), and information was collected about the actions undertaken by RWAs that constitute as green space maintenance, and their subsequent perceived influence on the green space quality. The findings suggest that for East Delhi, action such as arrangement of financial support in taking care of the local space is a major contribution by the RWAs that have higher influence on the perceived quality of space in terms of being visually appealing. Other actions such as providing guidance, raising up park related issues, and manual help have selective effect on the space being perceived as of good quality in terms of aspects such as user safety, cleanliness in the park space, and in creation of recreational opportunity in the green space for all users. The results from this study will contribute towards the body of literature on role of local citizens and citizen organizations taking part in management of smaller green spaces. The outcomes of this study can be utilized for recommending a comprehensive participatory strategy and design guidelines for green space management in the study area, especially for smaller spaces such as neighborhood parks. This should also contribute towards creation of knowledge to work towards achieving safe, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable green spaces as mentioned in UN Sustainable Goal 11, and the New Urban Agenda.:1. Introduction 3 1.1. Background 3 1.2. Problem 5 1.3. Structure of the thesis 8 1.4. Intended audience 9 2. Literature Review 11 2.1. Urban Green Spaces 12 2.1.1. Multi-functionality of Green Spaces: Ecosystem Services 24 2.2. Green Spaces and the New Urban Agenda 26 2.3. Green Spaces in Delhi- planning and design 29 2.3.1. Planning: Master Plan of Delhi 30 2.3.2. Design: CPWD landscape guidelines 40 2.3.3. The Delhi Preservation of Trees Act, 1994. 41 2.3.4. Gaps in provision 41 2.4. Urban Green Space Management 42 2.4.1. Global Management approaches 42 2.4.2. Green Space Management in Delhi 49 2.5. Theoretical framework 52 2.5.1. Maintenance of green spaces 53 2.6. Summary of the chapter 57 3. Research Hypothesis 59 3.1. Working hypotheses 61 4. Study Area 65 4.1. East Delhi District 68 4.1.1. Civic Boundaries 68 4.1.2. Colony Structure 70 4.1.3. Land Use Pattern 73 4.2. Target group 75 4.3. Summary of the chapter 78 5. Methodological Approach 79 5.1. Survey Interviews 79 5.2. Sampling 80 5.3. Questionnaire Design 82 5.4. Data collection 83 5.4.1. Field work preparation 83 5.4.2. In the Field 84 5.5. Data Analysis 85 5.6. Validity, Reliability and Objectivity of results 86 5.7. Limitations 87 5.8. Summary of the chapter 89 6. Results 91 6.1. Descriptive results 91 6.1.1. Age Category 91 6.1.2. Work Situation 92 6.1.3. Highest level of education received 93 6.1.4. RWA functioning 93 6.1.5. Preferred way of contribution to the maintenance process 97 6.1.6. Preferred reason for involvement in the maintenance process 100 6.1.7. Perceived condition of the local green space 102 6.1.8. Perceived condition of their local green space in terms of safety 106 6.1.9. Desired Improvements to the local park 109 6.2. Hypothesis Testing and Measure of Association 112 6.2.1. Functionality of the equipment for creation of recreational opportunity 112 6.2.2. Cleanliness 115 6.2.3. Upkeep of vegetation 118 6.2.4. Safety 120 6.2.5. Perceived quality 123 6.3. Summary of the results 125 7. Discussion 129 7.2. Resident Welfare Association an example of active citizenship 129 7.3. RWA as a care taker of the local green spaces 131 7.4. Influence of RWA actions on the local green space 135 8. Conclusion 137 8.1. RWA perspective to maintenance 137 8.2. Implications for Green Space Development 139 8.3. Future Research 143 8.4. Theoretical Implications 144 8.5. Contribution of this thesis 146 8.5.1. Contribution to gap in literature 146 8.5.2. Contribution to Landscape Architecture 147 8.5.3. Contribution to Policy Development 147 9. Bibliography 149 Appendix A: Questionnaire 175 Section A: Description of Resident Welfare Association 175 Section B: Involvement in maintenance of local green spaces 177 Section C: Outcomes of RWA actions and activity on the quality of local green space 180 Appendix B 185 Invite 185 Support Letter 186 Appendix C 187 Table depicting administrative structure in territory if Delhi 187 Civil Society in Delhi: Bhagidari 188 Appendix D: Maps of sub areas under East district 189 Appendix E: Examples of Citizen Participation in other cities in India. 191 Appendix F: Statistical Test Values 193 Appendix G 198

There is an alarming global trend where both adults and adolescents do not meet the recommendation on physical activity that WHO has set. This is seen worldwide, and Sweden is not an exception. There is, however, a trend that adolescents in Sweden want to live healthier and be more active in their free time. Therefore, the thesis aims to investigate how two Swedish municipalities work to promote self-organized physical activity with adolescents in focus.  The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with officials working in Linköping municipality and Uppsala municipality, and an official working in the National Sports Confederation. The interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis. The thematic analysis was also conducted on specific municipal and government documents. The main findings of the thesis are that to promote physical activity, the quality of place needs to be high, the feeling of security is vital, and there is a gap in how municipalities take citizens' thoughts and opinions into planning.

Our world is creeping closer to the challenges and problems created by technology and urban planning in the last century. People put faith in new technology and a comfortable lifestyle, which has led to many different social problems. The consequences of this have led to sustainability being a hot topic in today’s society, where the environment is in focus. However, sustainability is more than just the environment. Sustainability also aims to improve social activities in our society and bring life and movement to our streets. Streets are a cornerstone of our society, where people move, meet, and create life. As the simplest form of stage for people to perform social activities, the street should be accessible to everyone. During the 20th century, planning ideals and the car changed the way the city's spaces were designed. The car took up more and more space and the street's functionality were limited, which planning still tries to counteract today.  This study aims to increase the understanding of how external retail areas affect pedestrian and cyclist movements in the area. External retail areas are car-centric with large parking areas. With new knowledge, the study aims to contribute to a better understanding of how they can be improved to better suit pedestrians and cyclists. At the same time, the study will investigate how analysis tools for the streets of the future can be used in an area with a different type of street structure.  Through the literature review, the study gained a foundation to build on during the analysis. The previous research helped to shed light on key factors that were relevant to the purpose and goals of the study.  For the analysis, the design guide for Smart Streets was used as an analytic tool. The site was analysed both by measuring the physical environment on site and through base maps and aerial photos. The measurement of the physical environment helped to map the functions of the street spaces. Furthermore, observations were made as part of the analysis, where movements and activities were mapped. / Vår värld kryper närmare de utmaningar och problem som tekniken och planeringen skapade under förra seklet. Människans tilltro till den nya tekniken och bekvämlighet har lett till många olika samhällsproblem. Konsekvenserna av detta har lett till att hållbarhet är ett hett samtalsämne där miljön står i fokus. Hållbarhet är dock så mycket mer än bara miljö. Hållbarhet ämnar även att förbättra sociala aktiviteter i vårt samhälle och ge liv och rörelse till våra gator. Gatorna är en grundsten i vårt samhälle, där människor rör sig, möts, och skapar liv. Som den enklaste form av scen för människor att utföra sociala aktiviteter bör gatan därför vara tillgänglig för alla. Under 1900-talet förändrade planeringsideal och bilen hur stadens rum utformades. Bilen tog alltmer plats och gatans funktionalitet begränsades, vilket planeringen än idag arbetar för att motverka. Denna studie syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur externa handelsområden påverkar fotgängare och cyklisters rörelser i området. Externa handelsområden är bilcentrerade med stora parkeringsytor. Med ny kunskap ämnar studien att bidra till en bättre förståelse för hur de kan förbättras för fotgängare och cyklister. Samtidigt kommer studien att undersöka hur analysverktyg för framtidens gator kan användas i ett område med en annan typ av gatustruktur. Genom litteraturstudien fick studien en grund att bygga vidare på under analysen. Den tidigare forskningen bidrog till att belysa viktiga faktorer som var relevanta för studiens syfte och mål. Till analysen användes designguiden för Smarta gator som verktyg. Platsen analyserades både genom att mäta den fysiska miljön på plats och genom grundkarta och flygfoton. Mätningen av den fysiska miljön hjälpte till med att kartlägga gaturummens funktioner. Vidare utfördes observationer som en del av analysen, där rörelser och aktiviteter kartlades.

Le quartier Saint-Henri dans le sud-ouest de Montréal est marqué depuis plusieurs décennies par un processus de gentrification aux conséquences néfastes pour les populations vulnérables, ainsi que plus récemment d’une importante croissance des espaces verts durable afin de favoriser leurs accessibilités à ces mêmes populations. Or, en cherchant à répondre au problème d’inégalité environnementale lié à l’accessibilité, ces espaces verts influencés par l’idéal de durabilité peuvent aussi contribuer à un phénomène d’(éco)gentrification qui à son tour peut engendrer une injustice environnementale attachée aux déplacements des populations vulnérables. Pour comprendre cette problématique, ce mémoire illustre la relation entre (éco)gentrification, développement durable et verdissement des espaces urbains et les conséquences de celle-ci sur les populations vulnérables. La réflexion entourant cette triple relation permet aussi de mettre en lumière un écart entre discours et pratiques d’accessibilité aux espaces verts à partir de la mobilisation d’une approche de justice environnementale critique. En conséquence, la méthodologie de recherche est construite pour vérifier la présence de cet écart dans le contexte spécifique de Saint-Henri et plus particulièrement du triangle vert observé lors du terrain de recherche. Cette dernière mobilise une analyse qualitative transversale des discours et des observations de comportements non verbaux. L’analyse et l’interprétation des données collectées démontrent la présence d’un écart entre les discours et les pratiques d’accessibilité aux espaces verts causés par le phénomène d’(éco)gentrification. Cet écart ancré dans une injustice environnementale vient paradoxalement favoriser le renforcement d’une inégalité environnementale lié à la limitation de l’accès des espaces verts aux populations vulnérables et donc à l’amélioration de leurs conditions de vie. / The Saint-Henri district in the southwest of Montreal has been marked for several decades by a process of gentrification with harmful consequences for vulnerable populations, as well as more recently by an important growth of sustainable green spaces in order to favour their accessibility to these same populations. Yet, in seeking to address the problem of environmental inequity related to accessibility, these green spaces influenced by the ideal of sustainability may also contribute to a phenomenon of (eco)gentrification, which in turn may create environmental injustice related to the displacement of vulnerable neighborhood populations. To understand this issue, this brief illustrates the relationship between (eco)gentrification, sustainable development and greening of urban spaces and the consequences of this on vulnerable populations. The reflection surrounding this triple relationship also allows us to highlight a gap between the discourse and practices of accessibility to green spaces by mobilizing a critical environmental justice approach. Consequently, the research methodology is built to verify the presence of this gap in the specific context of Saint-Henri and more particularly of the green triangle observed during the research fieldwork. It mobilizes a cross-sectional qualitative analysis of discourses and observations of non-verbal behaviors. The analysis and interpretation of the collected data demonstrate the presence of a gap between the discourses and the practices of accessibility to green spaces caused by the phenomenon of (eco)gentrification. This gap, rooted in environmental injustice, paradoxically favors the reinforcement of an environmental inequality linked to the limitation of access to green spaces for vulnerable populations, and thus to the improvement of their living conditions.

Vi lever i en urbaniserad värld och mer än hälften av jordens befolkning bor i städer globalt. God tillgång och tillgänglighet till bostadsnära grönområden har påvisats öka vår psykiska och fysiska hälsa. Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) och Förenta nationerna (FN) har båda antagit program med mål att öka och säkra tillgängligheten till grönområden. I detta examensarbete jämförs fyra olika metoder för att analysera nuläget av tillgång och tillgänglighet i Falkenberg. Analysen genomförs i tre steg. I steg 1 definieras de grönområden som ingår i analysen. I steg 2 jämförs buffert- och nätverksanalys och i steg 3 beräknas tillgängligheten med 2 modeller av Two-Step Floating Catchment Area metoden (2SFCA). De polygonbaserade beräkningar som sker med buffert- och nätverksanalys beräknar tillgången ensidigt och beräknar den spatiala tillgängligheten eller befolkningstrycket på ett grönområde. Med 2SFCA-metoderna kombineras tillgången och efterfrågan i samma analys. Analysen finner att cirka 90 % av invånarna i Falkenberg har tillgång till bostadsnära grönområden inom 300 meter, dock är både tillgång och tillgänglighet lägre i de centrala delarna av tätorten. I studien jämförs traditionella metoder för att beräkna den spatiala tillgängligheten så väl som nyare metoder. 2SFCA-metoderna beräknas med och utan avståndsviktning. I vidare studier vore det intressant att implementera en kvalitetsaspekt där så väl ett grönområdes kvalitet som dess avstånd avgör attraktionskraft. / More than half of the world population live in cities or urban areas today. Urban green spaces (UGS) have been found to have an impact on the mental and physical well-being of urban citizens. The World health organisation (WHO) and United Nations (UN) both have set goals to increase and secure the accessibility to UGS, especially for children and young people. The aim of the study is to measure the spatial accessibility to UGS in Falkenberg, Sweden. The work consists of three steps. Step 1 is to define what constitutes a green space. Step 2 aims to compare buffer and network analysis to determine which method is best suited for the third step. Step 3 is to measure the accessibility by using the Two-step Floating Catchment Area Method (2SFCA) and thereafter integrate a Gaussian distance decay to the function and conduct the measures with the Enhanced two-step floating catchment area method (E2SFCA).  Step 2 finds that there is no major difference in access to green space between the buffer and network analysis as approximately 90 % of the population have access to green space within 300 meters from their home. In step 3 the implementation of the 2SFCA Method finds that 13 % has no access to UGS and 41 % has a low accessibility score. By introducing the distance decay function the population with low-mid to high-mid accessibility score increases as well as the overall accessibility. This is due to the nature of E2SFCA which does not treat the distance threshold dichotomous. Further studies could benefit from implementing a probability function to the E2SFCA method to incorporate the attraction to a UGS by using the qualitative values in combination with the distance.

In dieser Dissertation werden vier Studien durchgeführt, um die acht Arten von Räumen in Mensch-Natur-Systemen für die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Städten vorzuschlagen, die Verbesserung von städtischen Grünflächen unter qualitativen und quantitativen Gesichtspunkten zu analysieren, die Beziehung zwischen UGSLandschaftsmerkmalen und menschlichen Emotionen zu bestimmen und das Konzept der selbstlernenden Stadt für die städtische Raumplanung zu veranschaulichen. (1). Unterschiedliche Strategien in den Acht-Typen-Räumen in Mensch-Natur-Systemen. (2). Verbesserung der städtischen Grünflächen mit natürlichem Angebot und menschlicher Nachfrage. (3). Das Konzept der selbstlernenden Stadt für urbane Nachhaltigkeit. (4) Für die städtische Nachhaltigkeit erfordert die Planung eine Neubewertung der Verbindungen zwischen den verschiedenen menschlichen und natürlichen Systemen mit den Wechselwirkungen zwischen Bedarf und Versorgung Städtische Räume sind komplex, weisen aber in verschiedenen Methoden und Konzepten Regelmäßigkeiten auf. Für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung in Städten sind kreative Denkansätze für die Umsetzung und Integration von sich überschneidenden Räumen, Elementen und Kulturen in städtischen Mensch-Natur-Systemen erforderlich. Um eine nachhaltige Stadt zu schaffen, sind urbane Räume unerlässlich. / This dissertation conducts four studies to propose the eight-type spaces in human-natural systems for city resilience, to analyze the improvement of urban green spaces from quality and quantity perspectives, to determine the relationship between UGS landscape characteristics and human emotions and to illustrate the concept of city self-learning for urban space planning. (1). Different strategies in the eight-type spaces across human-natural systems. (2). Improving urban green spaces with natural supply and human demand. (3). The concept of city self-learning for urban sustainability. (4) For urban sustainability, planning requires reevaluating the connections between different human-natural systems with the interactions of demands and supplies. Dissertation title: Exploring Urban Spaces across Human-Natural systems And the Potential to Enhance City Resilience Urban spaces are complex but have regularity in several methods and concepts. For sustainable development in cities, creative ways to think about implementations and integrations utilize crossing spaces, elements, and cultures in urban human-natural systems. To make a sustainable city, urban spaces are essential.