Barns mobilitet och möjlighet att på egen hand ta sig runt i staden har minskat och begränsas idag i stor utsträckning av otrygga trafiksituationer. I och med sin begränsade oberoende mobilitet exkluderas barn från stadsrummet och dess faciliteter. Oberoende mobilitet kan relateras till flera dimensioner av barns sociala, fysiska, psykiska och kognitiva välmående. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om och på vilket sätt autonoma bussar kan bidra till barns oberoende mobilitet och med hjälp av barns upplevelser och erfarenheter bidra med insikter i detta inför införandet av autonoma bussar i städer och kollektivtrafiksystem. För att göra det besvaras frågeställningarna “Hur kan autonoma bussar i transportsystemet bidra till barns oberoende mobilitet?” och “Vilka förutsättningar är nödvändiga för att autonoma bussar ska bidra till barns oberoende mobilitet?”. Undersökningen utgår från ett fall av införande av autonoma bussar i stadsmiljö och för att besvara frågeställningarna genomfördes med elever på en grundskola fokusgrupper med syfte att inhämta deltagarnas upplevelser och erfarenheter. Resultatet tyder på att införandet av autonoma bussar i ett urbant område kan bidra till barns oberoende mobilitet på flera sätt och att bussarna har vissa egenskaper som gör att de kan anpassas till barns förutsättningar. Insikter från studien kan bidra till en förståelse för hur, från barns eget perspektiv, oberoende mobilitet kan gynnas av autonoma bussar i kollektivtrafiken, samt hur tjänsten behöver utvecklas för att anpassas till denna användargrupp när autonoma bussar i större utsträckning ska implementeras i staden. / Children's mobility and the opportunity to get around the city on their own has decreased and is today limited to a large extent by unsafe traffic situations. Due to their limited independent mobility, children are excluded from the urban space and its facilities. Independent mobility can be related to several dimensions of children's social, physical, mental and cognitive wellbeing. The purpose of the study is to investigate if and in what way autonomous buses can contribute to children's independent mobility and, using children's experiences, provide insights into this before the introduction of autonomous buses in cities and public transport systems. To do so, the two research questions "How can autonomous buses in the transport system contribute to children's independent mobility?"and "What prerequisites are necessary for autonomous buses to contribute to children's independent mobility?" are answered. The survey is based on a case of introduction of autonomous buses in urban environments and to answer the questions three focus groups with students in a primary school were conducted with the aim of gaining the participants' experiences. The results indicate that the introduction of autonomous buses in an urban area can contribute to children's independent mobility in several ways and that the buses have certain characteristics that enable them to be adapted to children's conditions. Insights from the study can contribute to an understanding of in what way, from children's own perspective, independent mobility can benefit from autonomous buses in public transport, and how the service needs to be developed to adapt to this user group when autonomous buses are to be implemented to a greater extent in the city.

The main aim of this thesis is to design electric scooter, which is ideally adapted for urban mobility and which will be a practical, attractive and environmental friendly alternative to the car with a combustion engine. Emphasis is given to proposal of ergonomic, aesthetic and functional solution of the system, which makes that scooter can be folded into a mobile compact shape. Folded scooter can be carried at public transportation vehicles and park right at home or in the office. The unique design and practical features of a scooter should be attractive not only in terms of personal mobility, but also as a utility vehicle for private companies and public institutions.

Orientador: Gustavo Garcia Manzato / Resumo: O trabalho apresentado teve como objetivo principal avaliar as relações entre características espaciais das cidades e a resiliência em relação à mobilidade urbana, considerando os diferentes portes de municípios, em um estudo aplicado para o estado de São Paulo. Para atingir tal objetivo, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de um método de avaliação da resiliência na mobilidade urbana considerando viagens não motorizadas (caminhada e bicicleta), utilizando como inovação a Grade Estatística do IBGE. Em geral, para o modo a pé foi observado que cerca de 46% dos municípios analisados seriam totalmente resilientes, sendo que esta proporção é composta pelos munícipios de menor porte. Já os municípios que apresentaram uma baixa resiliência compreendem aproximadamente 11% do total de municípios e são caracterizados por aqueles de maior porte e mais populosos do estado. Para o modo bicicleta a situação é diferente, nota-se que apenas os municípios de São Paulo e Ilhabela apresentam baixa resiliência. Além disso, é observado que 91% dos municípios são totalmente resilientes em relação a esse modo de deslocamento. A partir dos resultados do método, buscou-se relacionar essa resiliência com métricas espaciais das cidades por meio de índices de forma urbana, a saber: Densidade, Concentração, Agrupamento e Centralidade. Dessa maneira, concluiu-se que a Densidade Domiciliar é o parâmetro que mais se destaca, uma vez que quanto maior o porte do município, maior foi o valor observado para essa mé... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between spatial characteristics of cities and the resilience in urban mobility, considering the different sizes of the municipalities, in a study applied to the state of São Paulo. To achieve this objective, we proposed the development of a method for assessing the resilience in urban mobility considering non-motorized trips (walking and cycling), using the Statistical Grid of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics as an innovation. In general, for walking, we observed that around 46% of the municipalities would be totally resilient, and this proportion corresponds to the smaller municipalities. On the other hand, the municipalities that show a lower resilience comprise approximately 11% of the total and are characterized by the largest and most populous municipalities in the state. For cycling the situation is different. We noted that only the municipalities of São Paulo and Ilhabela present a low resilience rate. In addition, we observed that 91% of the municipalities are totally resilient to this travel mode. In turn, we sought to establish a relationship between this resilience with spatial metrics of the cities through urban form indexes: Density, Concentration, Clustering and Centrality. Thus, we concluded that the household density is the parameter that stands out the most, since the larger the size of the municipality, the higher the value for this metric. For the other metrics (Concentration, Cl... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Des maladies vectorielles émergentes, comme la dengue, aggravent les crises de santé publique dans les mégapoles asiatiques de Bangkok (Thaïlande) et Delhi (Inde). Les liens entre les moustiques et l’environnement urbain ont été documentés mais la compréhension des mobilités humaines, en tant qu’élément primordial de diffusion des virus, reste un objet de recherche d'intérêt général à développer.En l'absence de données institutionnelles adaptées, notre recherche s'est d'abord orientée vers des enquêtes de terrain, puis sur la collecte, le traitement, la comparaison et la critique de données provenant d'acteurs majeurs d'Internet (Twitter, Facebook, Google, Microsoft). Leur potentiel varie selon les zones géographiques, mais elles permettent d'éclairer l'organisation et la structure des villes étudiées. De plus, elles font ressortir les temporalités et les interactions intra-urbaines. Toutefois, il semble encore difficilement envisageable de se passer de connaissances acquises in situ. En utilisant le concept d'espace d'activité, nous proposons une méthode permettant de produire des agendas individuels synthétiques, générés à partir de données Twitter et d'enquêtes de terrains. Il s'agit là d'une première étape dans l'élaboration d'un modèle de mobilité individu-centré à base d'agents. / Emerging vector-borne diseases such as dengue intensify public health crises in the Asian megacities of Bangkok (Thailand) and Delhi (India). The links between mosquitoes and the urban environment are well documented, but our understanding of human movement, as a key element of virus spreading, has yet to be fully explored as a research subject. Given the paucity in adequate or available institutional data, our research first focused on field surveys, and then on the collection, comparison and critique of data collected from major Internet platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Google, Microsoft). Their potential varies from one geographical area to another, still they shed light on the organization and structure of the studied cities. Moreover, they highlight intra-urban interactions and timeframes. However, carrying out such studies without knowledge acquired from the field seems unadapted. Using the concept of activity space, we propose a method to produce individual synthetic agendas, generated from Twitter data and field surveys. This is a first step in the development of an agent-based model of individual mobility.

La presente investigación aborda la problemática de la movilidad urbana en el distrito de San Miguel, y propone como alternativa sustentable de transporte un sistema estaciones de bicicletas públicas. De esta manera, se buscaron las localizaciones óptimas de estaciones a través de un estudio de demanda y análisis de cobertura utilizando modelos de localización-asignación. La demanda fue estimada a través del método de generación de viajes del “Trip Generation Manual” utilizando factores de distribución horaria del NCHRP 365, los cuales fueron ajustados por la metodología de uso suelo mixto propuesta por la empresa Fehr & Peers. Paralelamente, se elaboró un modelo SIG con la información geográfica del distrito; sobre el cual se plantearon los modelos de localización-asignación de máxima cobertura y mínima impedancia, considerando los escenarios de implementación de 10, 25, 50 y 100 estaciones para cada uno. Adicionalmente, se realizaron encuestas para identificar el perfil de usuarios ciclistas en el distrito de San Miguel y su interés por un sistema de bicicletas públicas; cuyos resultados permiten validar el sistema propuesto. Finalmente, se analizaron las características de cada escenario, y se determinó que la propuesta de 100 estaciones con el modelo de máxima cobertura otorga mayor accesibilidad y mejora la movilidad urbana en términos de cobertura a nivel distrital en un 77% y promedio sectorial en 66%. / This research addresses the problem of urban mobility in the district of San Miguel, and proposes a system of public bicycle stations as a sustainable transport alternative. In this way, optimal station locations were searched through a demand study and coverage analysis using location-allocation models. The demand was estimated through the trip generation method of the “Trip Generation Manual” using hourly distribution factors from NCHRP 365, which were adjusted by the mixed land use methodology proposed by the Fehr & Peers company. At the same time, a GIS model was developed with the geographic information of the district; on which the maximum coverage and minimum impedance location-assignment models were proposed, considering the implementation scenarios of 10, 25, 50 and 100 stations for each one. Additionally, surveys were conducted to identify the profile of cycling users in the San Miguel district and their interest in a public bicycle system; which results allow to validate the proposed system. Finally, the characteristics of each scenario were analyzed, and it was determined that the proposal of 100 stations with the maximum coverage model provides greater accessibility and improves urban mobility in terms of coverage at the district level by 77% and the sectorial average by 66%. / Tesis

En el presente trabajo de investigación se analiza y estima el impacto económico y social del servicio de transporte público masivo El Metropolitano que utiliza como infraestructura el Corredor Segregado de Alta Capacidad – Cosac I. Este sistema se ha constituido como el principal medio de transporte de la ciudad de Lima por atributos como: la formalidad de su servicio, la infraestructura que ofrece, su modernidad, la rapidez, entre otros aspectos que se desarrollan en las siguientes páginas. El documento está dividido en ocho capítulos. El primero está referido a los fundamentos teóricos de la investigación, el segundo contiene una breve descripción de la realidad del transporte urbano de pasajeros y de los sistemas de transporte que existen en Lima Metropolitana, la oferta actual y en este marco, se contextualiza la problemática detectada en cuanto a la informalidad, falta de regulación, baja calidad del servicio e infraestructura para la movilidad urbana en la ciudad. El tercer capítulo desarrolla la finalidad, los objetivos, justificación y alcance de la investigación. El cuarto capítulo aborda los supuestos, la hipótesis, variables e indicadores que pretendemos comprobar. Seguidamente, en el quinto capítulo se describe la metodología utilizada para realizar esta investigación y, en el sexto capítulo se presentan los resultados obtenidos de las encuestas, así como su respectiva interpretación. Por último, en el capítulo séptimo se exponen las conclusiones de la investigación realizada y en el octavo, se plasman las recomendaciones que corresponden, que esperamos sean consideradas como aporte a la gestión pública en materia de transporte. / This document of investigation measured and analyzed the economic and social impact of mass public transport service so-called “El Metropolitano” which uses as infrastructure the High Capacity Segregated Roadway  – COSAC I. This system has been established as the main means of transport of the city of Lima by attributes such as: the formality of its service, the infrastructure it offers, modernity, speed  among other aspects  that are further developed on the next chapters. The document is divided into eight chapters. The first, is related to the theoretical foundations of the research; the second chapter contains a brief description of the reality of urban passenger transport and of the transportation systems that exist in Lima Metropolitana, the existing transport offer and within that framework, the problematic detected in terms of informality, lack of regulation and low quality of service and infrastructure for urban mobility in the city. The third chapter develops the purpose, objectives, justification and scope of investigation. The fourth chapter addresses the assumptions, hypotheses, variables and indicators that we intend to verify. Next, the fifth chapter describes the methodology used to carry out this research and, in the sixth chapter the surveys outcome are presented along with the interpretation. Finally, in the seventh chapter, the conclusions of the research carried out are presented and in the eighth, the corresponding recommendations are presented, which can be a contribution to public management in the area of ​​transportation. / Trabajo de investigación

Urbana områden har formats efter den bilnorm som råder i modern tid. Detta har belastat miljön och medfört att städer idag står inför det stora arbetet att ställa om till hållbara samhällen. Hållbara mobilitetslösningar har blivit ett aktuellt ämne som följd av denna problematik. Viktiga aktörer i arbetet med åtgärder för hållbar urban mobilitet är fastighetsutvecklare. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fastighetsutvecklares roll i arbetet med hållbart resande vid uppbyggnaden av en ny stadsdel. Tre områden i Västra Hamnen i Malmö har bedömts relevanta och fungerar som fallstudier. Med hjälp av teorier kring ämnet hållbar urban mobilitet samt semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentanalys har frågeställningarna undersökts och diskuterats. Studiens slutsatser visar att fastighetsutvecklare har en betydande roll i implementeringen av hållbar mobilitet vid nybyggnation. Vidare identifieras parkeringsnormen som ett viktigt verktyg. Studien belyser vidare vikten av åtgärder för beteendeförändring, samt planering anpassad för målgrupp. / Urban areas are shaped after the existing automobile dependency in modern time. This has burdened the environment and resulted in a need for cities to evolve into sustainable places. Sustainable mobility measures have become an urgent matter as a result of this problem. An important actor in the work with mobility measures for a sustainable urban mobility are developers. The purpose of this study is to examine developers’ role in the work with sustainable travel when a new city area is under development. Three areas in the Western Harbour in Malmö have been deemed relevant as case studies. Theories about sustainable urban mobility together with semi-structured interviews and document analyses served to examine and discuss the formulated questions. The conclusions of the study show that developers have a prominent role in the implementation of sustainable mobility in new city areas. Furthermore, the parking standards are identified as an important tool. The study illuminates the importance of measures for behavioral changes as well as planning for a targeted group

Bicyclist are increasingly shaping the picture of urban traffic. With regard to guided navigation through urban areas, navigation systems that are designed for this type of traffic participants do not offer a satisfying solution. Voice instructions are often perceived as annoying and far too detailed. In addition, the usage of headphones to hear these instructions reduces the hearing and localization of environmental sounds significantly. Visual information on the other hand, draws the attention too much away from the main traffic situation. This effects the ability to react to and interact with other traffic participants and the surrounding and results in a feeling of insecurity.This thesis investigates how acoustic and vibro-tactile signals can be used to provide cyclists with necessary navigation instructions while maintaining the ability to perceive ambient sounds and keep attention to the environment. In addition, the focus is placed on the experience of guided navigation with a non-visual, multi-sensory system.

Cette thèse aborde le défi de la conception des systèmes de mobilité urbaine. Elle vise à développer un modèle d’expérience-voyageur pour faciliter, dans une démarche de conception, le diagnostic des problèmes de voyage et améliorer la pertinence des modèles de transport pour les voyageurs. En combinant les points de vue de la conception de l’expérience-utilisateur et du transport, elle contribue à approfondir la compréhension de comment les voyageurs vivent leur voyage et particulièrement des problèmes qu’ils rencontrent. Le premier axe d’investigation est lié à la modélisation de l’expérience-voyageur pour alimenter un diagnostic pertinent et riche des problèmes de voyage. Dans un deuxième axe, les voyageurs sont impliqués, par une démarche de théorie ancrée, pour identifier les problèmes qu’ils rencontrent lors de l’utilisation de systèmes de mobilité urbaine au moyen de stimuli appropriés.Un troisième axe introduit des attributs subjectifs de voyage dans des modèles de transport afin d’améliorer leur précisionCette recherche utilise la recherche-action comme méthodologie. Elle combine revue de littérature dans les disciplines de conception et de transport, quatre observations terrain, quinze interviews en profondeurs aves des voyageurs et experts en transport, cinq ateliers de problématisation, et deux expérimentations, dans une amélioration cyclique des résultats. Les différentes utilisations du modèle ont permis un diagnostic approfondi de trois systèmes de mobilité urbaine (train de banlieue, bus à la demande, navette sur voie dédiée) et la mise au point d'attributs centrés sur le voyageur pour un modèle d’optimisation et une simulation multi-agents qui ont été testé par une enquête de plus de 450 participants. / This thesis addresses the challenge of designing urban mobility systems. It aims at developing a traveler experience model to help diagnose travel problems in a design approach and improve the relevance of transportation models for travelers. By combining the views of user-experience design and transportation, it helps to deepen the understanding of how travelers experience their journey and especially the problems they face. The first axis of investigation is related to the modeling of the traveler experience to feed a relevant and rich diagnosis of travel problems. In the second axis, travelers are involved, through a grounded theory approach, to identify the problems they encounter when using urban mobility systems, using appropriate stimuli.The third axis introduces travel subjective attributes into transport models to improve their accuracy.This research used action research as a methodology. It combines literature review in design and transportation disciplines, four field observations, fifteen in-depth interviews with transport travelers and experts, five problem-solving workshops, and two experiments, in a cyclical improvement of results. The various uses of the model have led to an in-depth diagnosis of three urban mobility systems (suburban train, on-demand bus, dedicated shuttle) and the development of traveler-centric attributes for an optimization model and a multi-agent simulation that was tested by a survey of over 450 participants.

Avec l’augmentation progressive de la population dans les grandes villes, comme Paris, nous prévoyons d’ici 2050 une augmentation de 50% du trafic routier. En considérant les embouteillages et la pollution que cette augmentation va générer, on voit clairement la nécessité de nouveaux système de mobilité plus durables, comme le covoiturage, ou plus généralement toute la mobilité partagée. En parlant de mobilité partagée, ce n’est pas seulement le partage de trajets de personnes qui ont le même itinéraire au même temps, elle inclut aussi les marchandises.Cette thèse aborde le défi de la synchronisation des flux de passagers et de marchandises dans les systèmes de mobilité urbaine et elle vis à développer des méthodes d’optimisation pour que cette synchronisation dans la mobilité partagée soit faisable. Plus précisément, elle aborde les questions de recherche suivantes:*Q1: Quelles sont les variantes des systèmes de mobilité partagée et comment les optimiser?*Q2: Comment synchroniser les déplacements de personnes et quels gains cette synchronisation peut-elle générer?*Q3: Comment combiner les flux de passagers et de fret et quels sont les avantages attendus?*Q4: Quels sont les effets de l'incertitude sur la planification et l'exploitation de systèmes de mobilité partagée?Dans un premier temps, nous étudions les différentes variantes des systèmes de mobilité partagée et nous les classifions en fonction de leurs modèles, caractéristiques, approches de résolution et contexte d'application. En se basant sur cette revue de littérature, nous identifions deux problèmes de mobilité partagés, que nous considérons en détails dans cette thèse et nous développons des méthodes d'optimisation pour les résoudre.Pour synchroniser les flux de passagers, nous étudions un modèle de covoiturage en utilisant les véhicules autonomes, personnels et partagés, et des points de rencontre où la synchronisation entre passagers peut avoir lieu. Pour cela, une méthode heuristique en deux phases est proposée et une étude de cas sur la ville de New York est présentée.Ensuite, nous développons un modèle d’optimisation qui combine les flux de passagers et de marchandises dans une région urbaine. Le but de ce modèle est d’utiliser les capacités disponibles sur une ligne de transport fixe pour transporter les passagers et des robots transportant des petits colis à leurs destinations finales en considérant que la demande de passagers est stochastique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les solutions proposées par ces deux modèles peuvent conduire à une meilleure utilisation des systèmes de transport dans les régions urbaines. / The rise of research into shared mobility systems reflects emerging challenges, such as rising urbanization rates, traffic congestion, oil prices and environmental concerns. The operations research community has turned towards more sharable and sustainable systems of transportation. Although shared mobility comes with many benefits, it has some challenges that are restricting its widespread adoption. More research is thus needed towards developing new shared mobility systems so that a better use of the available transportation assets can be obtained.This thesis aims at developing efficient models and optimization approaches for synchronizing people and freight flows in an urban environment. As such, the following research questions are addressed throughout the thesis:*Q1: What are the variants of shared mobility systems and how to optimize them?*Q2: How can people trips be synchronized and what gains can this synchronization yields?*Q3: How can people and freight flows be combined and what are the intended benefits?*Q4: What impacts uncertainty can have on planning and operating shared mobility systems?First, we review different variants of the shared mobility problem where either (i) travelers share their rides, or (ii) the transportation of passengers and freight is combined. We then classify these variants according to their models, solution approaches and application context and We provide a comprehensive overview of the recently published papers and case studies. Based on this review, we identify two shared mobility problems, which we study further in this thesis.Second, we study a ridesharing problem where individually-owned and on-demand autonomous vehicles (AVs) are used for transporting passengers and a set of meeting points is used for synchronizing their trips. We develop a two-phase method (a pre-processing algorithm and a matching optimization problem) for assessing the sharing potential of different AV ownership models, and we evaluate them on a case study for New York City.Then, we present a model that integrates freight deliveries to a scheduled line for people transportation where passengers demand, and thus the available capacity for transporting freight, is assumed to be stochastic. We model this problem as a two-stage stochastic problem and we provide a MIP formulation and a sample average approximation (SAA) method along with an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm to solve it. We then analyze the proposed approach as well as the impacts of stochastic passengers demand on such integrated system on a computational study.Finally, we summarize the key findings, highlight the main challenges facing shared mobility systems, and suggest potential directions for future research.