O objetivo desse estudo é: (a) verificar o efeito do desgaste do calçado na Força de Reação do Solo (FRS) e na distribuição de pressão plantar e (b) verificar a influência do desgaste em calçados de diferentes destinações de uso. Três sujeitos participaram desse estudo, usando cada um quatro calçados de corrida, sendo dois de treinamento (T1 e T2) e dois de competição (C1 e C2). Os calçados foram submetidos ao uso correspondente a 300km. As coletas de dados foram feitas, com o calçado novo e após 100, 200 e 300km de uso, utilizando o sistema Gaitway e o sistema F-Scan. Nos calçados novos, na FRS, a Taxa de Crescimento1 (TC1) foi significativamente maior no calçado C2, do que nos calçados C1 e T2. Na distribuição de pressão plantar, pequena diferença foi observada na Área total (AT) e nos picos de pressão, entre os calçados. Na influência do desgaste nos resultados de grupo, na FRS, o TC1 apresentou valores semelhantes entre as condições Novo e 300km, portanto o choque mecânico não se alterou. Na fase ativa da FRS, oscilações pequenas foram observadas e atribuídas a possíveis variações naturais do movimento, conforme descrito por SERRÃO (1999) e WINTER (1991). Na distribuição de pressão, a AT apresentou um aumento significativo da condição Novo, para as demais condições de uso. O aumento da área foi atribuído à possível compactação do calçado, sendo que essa alteração justificaria a crença de que o calçado novo precise ser amaciado. Entre os picos de pressão analisados, apenas o Pico de Pressão do Antepé (PPA) apresentou diminuição significativa nos valores, da condição Novo para os 300km. Observou-se que após o desgaste imposto, o estresse mecânico se manteve ou se apresentou menor que nas condições iniciais. Na análise da influência do desgaste nos diferentes calçados, para TC1, as diferenças que inicialmente eram significativas tornaram-se não significativas, a partir dos 200km, entre os calçados C1, C2 e T2. Os parâmetros da fase ativa foram pouco influenciados, porém influenciados de forma distinta pelo desgaste, nos calçados analisados. Na distribuição de pressão plantar, a área de contato foi influenciada de forma distinta em cada calçado. Nos picos de pressão plantar, grandes variações foram observadas, porém não atribuíveis ao desgaste promovido no calçado. Conclui-se que o desgaste, correspondente a 300km, pouco alterou o choque mecânico e o estresse mecânico nos calçados analisados. Por meio da destinação de uso, não é possível prever a resposta de calçados de treinamento e de competição ao indivíduo, nem supor que a durabilidade do calçado de competição seja menor do que a do calçado de treinamento / The objective of this study is: (a) to verify the effect of footwear usage on the Ground Reaction Force (GRF) and on the Plantar Pressure Distribution and (b) to verify the influence of usage in footwear of different destinations of use. Three subjects had participated of this study, each one received four running shoes, two of them are designated for training regimen (T1 and T2) and two of them for competition (C1 and C2). The footwears were used for 300km. The data collections were made in four different moments, with new footwear and after 100, 200 and 300km of use, using the Gaitway system and the F-Scan system. When footwear was new, the Loading Rate1 (LR1) was significantly higher in footwear C2, than in the footwears C1 and T2. Analyzing plantar pressure distribution, small differences were observed in the Total Contact Area (TCA) and in the peak of pressure, between the footwears. In the analysis of the different usage stages, the LR1 presented similar values between the conditions New and 300km, therefore the mechanical shock did not enhanced. In the active phase of the GRF, small oscillations were observed and attributed to the possible natural variations of the movement itself, as described before by SERRÃO (1999) and WINTER (1991). In pressure distribution, the TCA showed a significant increase from the New condition, for the other conditions of use. The increase of contact area was attributed to the possible compactation of the footwear?s material, if so this would justify the belief that the new footwear needs to be softened. Considering all peak pressure variables, only Forefoot Peak Pressure (FPP) presented significant reduction in its values, from the New condition for 300km. Therefore it could be assumed that after corresponding usage of 300km, the mechanical stress remained the same or decreased compared with the earlier conditions of use. The shoes of different destinations when analyzed through the conditions, showed that the differences for LR1 that initially were significant had become not significant, from 200km, between the footwear C1, C2 and T2. In the pressure peaks plantar, great variations had been observed, however not attributable to the usage. The conclusion is that usage, correspondent 300km, has little effect on mechanical shock and on mechanical stress on the footwear analyzed in this study. By means of the use destination, it is not possible to foresee the answer of footwear to the individual, nor to assume that the durability of the footwear are worse in competition shoes than in training shoes

Os conceitos de qualidade de vida, assim como investigações a respeito do uso de substâncias psicoativas, estão diretamente influenciados pelo contexto histórico, social e cultural. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade de vida e uso de drogas em adolescentes matriculados no Ensino Médio do Município de São Paulo buscando fornecer subsídios para políticas públicas e privadas visando à melhoria da qualidade de vida desta população. Foram, para esse fim, sorteadas 17 escolas Estaduais e cinco Particulares, compondo uma amostra de 2434 estudantes. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário de Identificação, WHOQOL-100, SF-36, Teste de Raciocínio Verbal e Questionário sobre uso de drogas. Para o tratamento estatístico foram realizadas Análise de Variância (ANOVA), o teste Pós Hoc de Tukey, cálculos de porcentagem e análise de Conglomerados (Cluster). Os estudantes que apresentaram maior qualidade de vida e maior consumo de drogas foram os representantes das classes mais altas e, portanto, das escolas particulares. O consumo, neste período da vida, ainda não causa prejuízos, mas, sim, prazer, contribuindo para um auto-relato de melhor qualidade de vida. Os que relataram menor uso tendem a ter melhor resultado em alguns domínios de qualidade de vida, são eles: Domínios: Físicos tanto no SF-36 quanto no WHOQOL-100; capacidade funcional (SF-36), Aspectos Sociais (SF-36), Estado Geral de Saúde (SF-36) e Nível de Independência (WHOQOL-100). Aqueles que revelaram consumo mais intenso apresentaram pontuações mais baixas nos domínios: Saúde Mental (SF-36), Capacidade Funcional (SF-36), Aspectos Físicos (SF-36 e WHOQOL- 100), Aspectos Sociais (SF-36) e Estado Geral de Saúde (SF-36). As regiões que apresentaram maior consumo de droga foram a norte e a oeste. O menor consumo ficou entre as regiões Leste e Oeste. Algumas Diretorias de Ensino apresentaram alta qualidade de vida e baixo uso de drogas, foram elas Leste 1 e Sul 2. Quanto ao relacionamento com os pais, os que relataram relacionamento ruim com qualquer um dos pais, tenderam a declarar consumo mais intenso de drogas. Estudantes com iv características de resiliência foram encontrados e observou-se alguns aspectos comuns entre eles quando comparados com a amostra geral: eles fazem parte de ambientes com baixo índice de consumo de drogas, relatam apoio e suporte familiar; todos os resilientes declaram bom relacionamento com a mãe e; indicam auto-estima elevada. Independentemente dos riscos apresentados, dos problemas ou das dificuldades, a sugestão sempre está ligada a programas, projetos, ações, medidas que incluem a educação num sentido mais amplo, ou seja, a criação de programas educativos locais, que envolvam as características, anseios, dificuldades, potencialidades de uma determinada população. Realizar programas de promoção de saúde envolve o fortalecimento das capacidades individuais, mobilização de recursos coletivos, medidas intersetoriais (associação de setores educacionais com setores da saúde e comunitários), valorização da família (o papel do pai, da mãe, a qualidade das relações, etc.), da capacidade de escolha, do conhecimento, da cultura e respeito às diferenças e diversidades / The concepts of quality of life, such as investigations concerning the usage of psychoactive agents, are influenced directly by historical, social and cultural contexts. In this research, our main goal was to assess the quality of life and drug usage by college students, teenagers, of São Paulo city in order to provide subsidies for private and public policies whose objective is to improve the quality of life of this population. 17 public schools and 5 particular schools were raffled off, providing 2434 students as sample. The tools for assessment were: WHOQOL-100 Identification Inquiry, SF-36, Verbal Reasoning Test and Drug Usage Inquiry. For statistical measurements, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Turkeys Pos Hoc test, percentage calculation and gathered mass analysis (Cluster) were used. The most quality of life students and those whose indicates higher rates of drugs usage, belongs to the higher social classes, therefore, from the private schools. In this period of life, drug usage produces no disadvantage. On the contrary, drug usage produces pleasure, which contributes to the self reports of quality of life. Those students which presented less drug usage, mostly obtained best results in some domains of quality of life, such as: Domains: Physical, in the SF-36 such as in WHOQOL-100; functional capacities (SF-36), Social Traits (SF- 36), Overall Healthy (SF-36) and Self-reliance Level (WHOQOL-100). Those who revealed more intensive drug usage also presented lower scores in domains: Mental Healthy (SF-36) and Overall Healthy (SF-36). Higher drug usage was observed mostly in the North and West districts. Lower drug usage was observed in the East and West districts. Some Scholars Agencies presented high quality of live and low tax of drug usage, namely East 1 and South 2. Most of the students who reported bad relationship with one of the parents, also reported intensive drug usage. Common features were shared by the resilient students when compared to the sample: They habit low drug usage environments, they also mention familiar care and support; all resilient students declared they get along with their mothers, and indicate high rates of self-esteem. Despite of the risks, problems or difficulties that were detected, the suggestions made vi are related to development of programs, projects, attitudes, procedures directed to a wide range educational change, that means, development of local educational programs, that deals with the wishes, difficulties, potentials of a particular population. To carry out a healthy care program must evolve the strengthening of individual abilities, mobilization of collective resources, inter-sectors enterprises (educational sectors associated with healthy care and communitarian sectors), family appraisal (role of the father, mother, relationships quality, etc.), choice ability, knowledge, culture and acceptance of the differences and diversities

In 21st century, the constant development in economy promotes the expanding advancement of science and technology. In the global range, mobile payment has witnessed continuous expanding and application in a wider range of situations, which is considered to be one of the most potential industries in the world. However, as has been noticed by researchers, the popularity of mobile payment is limited to people of certain age groups, different areas, countries and other factors. And compared to former research, this thesis is based on the background of that all the technology including mobile technology, intelligent phones, network and many other aspects in our lives have developed much these years, the collected data and results in this thesis can reflect the newest feeling and opinion about mobile payment. Therefore, in order to find out factors which influence the usage intention of using mobile payment in this modern society, qualitative method was used in this research. By observing and interviewing the participants from different age, countries and gender, the research finds out the perceived ease of use, the perceived usefulness, perceived risks, situations, reliance are the main factors which influence the people’s usage intention of mobile payment. Moreover, based on the analysis of factors of usage intention, useful suggestions has been given to help mobile payment providers widespread application of mobile payment and offer more convenient payment environment to users.

A Internet consolidou as redes IP como uma infra-estrutura de transporte de dados barata e versátil, fato que justifica o crescente interesse nela como infraestrutura de transporte para outros serviços, como telefonia e TV. Esta convergência de serviços tem base no amadurecimento das tecnologias de redes de transmissão de dados, que proporcionou o aumento da velocidade de conexão residencial, tornando cada vez mais viável o uso de aplicações multimídia, inclusive em tempo real. Desta demanda de serviços convergentes, nasceu a digitalização da TV e, posteriormente, a possibilidade de transmissão pelas redes IP, conhecida como IPTV. Este trabalho analisa o cenário atual de IPTV para distribuição de conteúdo multimídia em redes de acesso privadas. Parte-se da necessidade de mecanismos de segurança para distribuição e controle do consumo das mídias digitais no sistema. O trabalho analisa, portanto, mecanismos para descrição inequívoca dos direitos que os usuários têm sobre o conteúdo adquirido, bem como a utilização de tecnologias para a transmissão do conteúdo de forma segura. O trabalho visa contribuir para a comunidade científica a partir da utilização de padrões abertos na especificação de um elemento de distribuição de vídeo em uma plataforma IPTV. Este elemento se baseia em políticas de uso da linguagem de expressão de direitos do MPEG-21 para reforçar os direitos de autoria e distribuição do conteúdo durante seu manuseio em toda a cadeia de negócios. / Internet consolidated IP networks as a versatile and accessible data transport infrastructure, thus justifying the growing interest on it as a transport network for several services, such as telephony and TV. The convergence leverages on the maturity of network technologies, responsible for the increasing availability of bandwidth for residential access, making the use of multimedia applications, including interactive ones, possible. From the demand for convergence, Digital TV has born, and later on, its transmission through IP networks, know as IPTV. This work analyzes current IPTV scenario for multimedia content distribution in the scope of private networks. It is based on the need for security mechanisms for digital content delivering and control of consumption in the system. Therefore it analyzes mechanisms for rights description, as well as security transmission of content. This work\'s contribution stems from the reutilization of open standards in the specification of a distribution broker in the IPTV environment. Such broker is based on the MPEG-21 digital rights description to enforce copyright of digital content during handling in the entire value chain.

Lin Ming Sum. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves i-xi). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements / Abstract / 摘要 / Table of Content / List of tables / List of figures / Units of measurement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- What are formulaic sequences? --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Importance of researching on formulaic sequences --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wray's works --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Distinction between native and normative speakers --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Building blocks of language --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Processing Unit --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- A pragmatic phenomenon in social interactions --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Rationale --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Defining formulaic sequences --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- The development of research on formulaic sequences --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Context of formulaic sequences research --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Milestone works on formulaic language --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- The first phase --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- The second phase --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- The third phase --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Questions and problems surrounding the field --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Relationship between fluency and the use of formulaic sequences --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- Methods of identification of formulaic sequences --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The criteria listed by other researchers --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Intuition --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Case studies --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Corpus tools --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Phonological features --- p.65 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Other methodologies --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research questions --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- The tasks --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2 --- The subjects --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data collection --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Data analysis --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Findings --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1 --- Use of formulaic sequences by native and normative speakers --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2 --- Interaction between NS/NNS factor and task type --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3 --- Analysis of individual performance --- p.82 / Chapter 5.4 --- Fluency and the use of formulaic language --- p.85 / Chapter 5.5 --- Time on task and the use of formulaic language --- p.87 / Chapter 5.6 --- Use of formulaic language and mean length of each turn --- p.89 / Chapter 5.7 --- Articulation rate of formulaic sequences --- p.90 / Chapter 5.8 --- Summary of findings --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter 6.1 --- Use of formulaic language by native and normative speakers --- p.93 / Chapter 6.2 --- Interaction between NS/NNS factor and task type --- p.97 / Chapter 6.3 --- The use of formulaic language and fluency --- p.97 / Chapter 6.4 --- Time on task and the use of formulaic language --- p.99 / Chapter 6.5 --- Length of each turn and the use of formulaic language --- p.103 / Chapter 6.6 --- Rate analysis --- p.105 / Chapter 6.7 --- Summary of the discussion --- p.106 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Limitations --- p.107 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Implications of this study --- p.110 / Chapter 8.1 --- Implications for research --- p.110 / Chapter 8.2 --- Implications for pedagogy --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Directions for future research --- p.116 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- Conclusion --- p.119 / Bibliography --- p.i / Appendices --- p.xii / Instructions for the Picture Story Telling --- p.xii / Picture series 1: Picnic --- p.xiii / Picture series 2: Football --- p.xiv / Instructions for the Problem-solving task --- p.xv / Problem-solving task: The Problem Page --- p.xvi

This thesis aims to address issues relating to genome architecture and base composition. The first part of this thesis addresses questions relating to codon usage. Initially I will investigate thousands of bacterial species using a detailed analysis of strengths of selection acting upon codons usage while also investigating patterns of optimal codon changes with respect to genomic base composition and tRNA abundance. I report that selection on codon usage increases throughout the length of highly expressed genes, in particular, the first quarter of genes have significantly lower selection. Further, it is clear that factors affecting genomic base composition can eventually lead to changes in optimal codons if the change in base composition is strong enough, however these patterns differ substantially between amino acids. The debate over translational efficiency vs. accuracy was addressed by comparing sites of differing conservation. Differing conservation were defined using a phylogenetic method, allowing sites to change in their extent of conservation throughout the tree. The results show that translational accuracy acts strongly on the top 10% of conserved sites, however is relatively weak when compared to the efficiency for other sites. Also detected is a reduction in apparent selection on codon usage on the bottom 10% of conserved sites which is likely to be caused by conflicting positive selection on amino acids. Finally, although differences in patterns are observed between amino acids, the general relationship to conservation is similar. As much of the variation in codon usage is determined by variation in base composition, this aspect of base composition is investigated in the second part of the thesis. The observed variation in intragenomic base composition in bacteria was found to be far higher than expected for GC-rich bacteria. The non-core part of the genome contributes to this variation to a greater extent than the core part, suggesting that processes such as AT-rich horizontal gene transfer may be involved. Secondly, base composition is modelled under Brownian motion and as an extension, the Ornstein- Uhlenbeck process, which allows for multiple optima throughout the tree. The model including optima fits the data better than standard Brownian motion or Brownian motion with multiple diffusion coefficients. Finally, I investigate a case where a previous codon usage analysis has been seriously confounded by an unusual genome architecture of abnormal regional base composition in two species of eukaryotic parasites in the genus Theileria. In both species, the background G+C content is 37% at most, out of the four syntenic chromosomes. In many orthologous regions however, T.annulata has a decreased G+C content of 28% while T.parva has an increased G+C content of 41%. Various factors coincide with this remarkable divergence: increased divergence at all types of site, recombination hot spots in T.parva, an increased frequency of tandem repeats and DNA sequence motifs in both species. The evolutionary origins of these unusual patterns will be discussed.

Aujourd'hui, un utilisateur peut interagir avec des assistants virtuels, comme Alexa, Siri ou Cortana, pour accomplir des tâches dans un environnement numérique. Dans ces systèmes, les liens entre des ordres exprimés en langage naturel et leurs réalisations concrètes sont précisées lors de la phase de conception. Une approche plus adaptative consisterait à laisser l'utilisateur donner des instructions en langage naturel ou des démonstrations lorsqu'une tâche est inconnue de l'assistant. Une solution adaptative devrait ainsi permettre à l'assistant d'agir sur un environnement numérique plus vaste composé de multiples domaines d'application et de mieux répondre aux besoins des utilisateurs. Des systèmes robotiques, inspirés par des études portant sur le développement du langage chez l'humain, ont déjà été développés pour fournir de telles capacités d'adaptation. Ici, nous étendons cette approche à l'interaction humaine avec un assistant virtuel qui peut, premièrement, apprendre le lien entre des commandes verbales et la réalisation d'actions basiques d'un domaine applicatif spécifique. Ensuite, il peut apprendre des liens plus complexes en combinant ses connaissances procédurales précédemment acquises en interaction avec l'utilisateur. La flexibilité du système est démontrée par sa forte adaptabilité au langage naturel, sa capacité à apprendre des actions dans de nouveaux domaines (Email, Wikipedia,...), et à former des connaissances procédurales hybrides en utilisant plusieurs services numériques, par exemple, en combinant une recherche Wikipédia avec un service de courrier électronique / Today users can interact with popular virtual assistants such as Siri to accomplish their tasks on a digital environment. In these systems, links between natural language requests and their concrete realizations are specified at the conception phase. A more adaptive approach would be to allow the user to provide natural language instructions or demonstrations when a task is unknown by the assistant. An adaptive solution should allow the virtual assistant to operate a much larger digital environment composed of multiple application domains and providers and better match user needs. We have previously developed robotic systems, inspired by human language developmental studies, that provide such a usage-based adaptive capacity. Here we extend this approach to human interaction with a virtual assistant that can first learn the mapping between verbal commands and basic action semantics of a specific domain. Then, it can learn higher level mapping by combining previously learned procedural knowledge in interaction with the user. The flexibility of the system is demonstrated as the virtual assistant can learn actions in a new domains (Email, Wikipedia,...), and can then learn how email and Wikipedia basic procedures can be combined to form hybrid procedural knowledge

La croissance de la téléphonie mobile en Afrique a surpassé les prévisions les plus optimistes des opérateurs. De nos jours l’intérêt et l’utilité du téléphone sont clairement démontrés par les pratiques et ce pour tous les usagers quel que soit le niveau social ou géographique. Très adapté dans plusieurs domaines, tels le commerce, la santé, l’éducation, l’élevage et l’agriculture, il n’est pas utilisé de la même manière dans différents milieux tels les zones rurales, périurbaines, ou urbaines : ou dans les pays émergents et ceux en développement. Les uns utilisent des applications, les autres juste pour des appels, ainsi l’outil n’est pas le même partout. L’agriculture est une des activités pratiquées par plus de 80% de la population active au Burkina, avec des producteurs commerçants dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines qui pratiquent la maraicher-culture et des ruraux qui sont plus axés dans les productions saisonnières et fruitières. Dans l’optique d’accroitre sa production agricole, en miroir des grandes puissances, le Burkina Faso reste sur une lancée d’appropriation des technologies mobiles dans la production agricole. Malgré l’influence des facteurs d’ordre technique (la fracture numérique), politique, social (analphabétisme, illettrisme, pauvreté) et culturel, l’usage du téléphone mobile s’est développé si rapidement, et cela parce qu’il n’est plus l’apanage des seuls nantis. Son appropriation par les petits artisans, commerçants du secteur de l’économie et les agriculteurs a pris de l’ampleur adopté parce qu’ils ont compris l’intérêt du système d’abonnement par des cartes prépayés ou post payés à des coûts très accessibles, aux facilités multiples aussi qu’offre le téléphone portable. L’usage du téléphone mobile reste particulier car il est plus adopté par la population à faible revenus afin de réduire leurs dépenses, donc faire des économies. Dans le sens de toujours contribuer à l’expansion de l’adoption des technologies de l’information et de la communication (le téléphone portable y compris) des efforts sont effectués par les institutions privées et publiques, nationales et internationales pour favoriser leur accès et leur utilisation. / The growth of mobile telephony in Africa has surpassed the most optimistic forecasts of the operators. Nowadays the interest and the usefulness of the telephone are clearly demonstrated by the practices and this for all the users whatever the social or geographical level. It is highly adapted in several fields, such as trade, health, education, livestock and agriculture, and is not used in the same way in different environments such as rural, peri-urban or urban areas: emerging and developing countries. Some use applications, others just for calls, so the tool is not the same everywhere. Agriculture is one of the activities practiced by more than 80% of the working population in Burkina, with commercial producers in urban and peri-urban areas practicing market gardening and rural people who are more focused on seasonal and fruit production. In order to increase its agricultural production, mirroring the great powers, Burkina Faso is still on a roll of appropriation of mobile technologies in agricultural production. Despite the influence of technical factors (the digital divide), political, social (illiteracy, poverty) and cultural, the use of the mobile phone has developed so quickly, and this because it does not is more the prerogative of the only haves. Its appropriation by small artisans, traders in the economy sector and farmers has gained momentum because they have understood the value of the subscription system by prepaid or postpaid cards at very affordable costs, to the multiple facilities also that offers the mobile phone. The use of the mobile phone remains particular because it is more adopted by the low-income population to reduce their expenses, so save money. In the sense of always contributing to the expansion of the adoption of information and communication technologies (including the mobile phone) efforts are being made by private and public, national and international institutions to promote their access and their usage.

Dado o uso crescente de tecnologias não autorizadas e não suportadas pelo departamento de TI nas organizações, chamadas de Shadow IT, o papel da TI e a forma tradicional de gerenciar tecnologia estão mudando dentro das organizações. Shadow IT refere-se ao uso de tecnologias utilizadas pelos funcionários sem a autorização ou o suporte formal da TI para realizar as tarefas de trabalho. Motivada por este contexto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar os fatores antecedentes ao comportamento de uso da Shadow IT e a relação deste comportamento com o desempenho individual dos usuários de TI. Para alcançar tal objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa survey com 286 usuários de TI da área administrativa. Estes usuários são funcionários de três diferentes empresas: um órgão público, uma empresa de educação profissional e uma cooperativa de crédito, as quais compõe a amostra. Esta pesquisa obteve como resultados que os fatores Experiência do Usuário, Utilidade Percebida e Influência Social têm relação positiva significante com o uso da Shadow IT, bem como o uso da Shadow IT tem relação positiva significante com o desempenho individual do usuário de TI. Este trabalho traz implicações teóricas e práticas. Para a teoria, esta pesquisa ampliou o conhecimento sobre o uso da Shadow IT a nível individual. Ademais, um instrumento para medir o comportamento de uso da Shadow IT foi desenvolvido, o qual pode ser aplicado nas organizações para conhecer o comportamento do usuário de TI com relação ao uso destas tecnologias. A partir do conhecimento dos antecedentes do comportamento de uso da Shadow IT e qual é a sua relação com o desempenho individual do usuário de TI, os gestores podem elaborar políticas de gestão que reduzam os riscos associados a esse fenômeno, bem como potencializar os seus benefícios. / Given the increasing use of unauthorized technologies by employees in organizations, called Shadow IT, the traditional way to manage technology is changing. Shadow IT is the use of an unauthorized technology by employees, changing, thus, the role of IT is changing within organizations. Motivated by this context, this research aims to verify the antecedents factors behind Shadow IT usage behavior and the relationship of this behavior with the individual performance of IT users. To reach this goal, we performed a survey research with 286 IT users of from the administrative area. These users are employees of three different companies: a public agency, a professional education company and a financial cooperative. As results, we found that User Experience, Perceived Usefulness and Social Influence has positive relationship with Shadow IT usage, as well as the use of Shadow IT has a positive relationship with the individual performance of the IT user. This research has theoretical and practical implications. To the academia, this research has extended knowledge about Shadow IT usage at individual level. Furthermore, we also has developed an instrument to measure the Shadow IT usage behavior, which can be applied to the IT users of companies in order to know their Shadow IT usage behavior. To know the antecedents of Shadow IT usage and what is its relationship with individual performance of IT user is also important to companies. Managers must know what drives users to use Shadow IT, as well as what is the outcome of this use in terms of individual performance in order to develop policies and strategies that reduce the risks associated with this phenomenon and maximize its benefits.

Föreliggande studie är en kvantitativ enkätundersökning som ämnade att undersöka korrelationenmellan global självkänsla och facebookanvändande. Enkäten bestod av Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scaleoch en egendesignad skala gjord för att mäta facebookanvändande. Enkäten skapades med hjälpSurvey and Report och resultatet analyserades sedan i SPSS där Pearsonsproduktmomentkorrelationskoefficient användes för att räkna ut korrelationen. Deltagarna valdes utgenom ett bekvämlighetsurval, då enkäten delades ut genom Facebook. Resultat visade att det intefinns en signifikant korrelation mellan facebookanvändande och självkänsla. / Quantitative survey study about facebook usage and self-esteem. The study used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.