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Showing 81 to 90 of 90 (0.025 seconds)| 81 |
Evolução de modelo de negócio e o processo de criação de valor no setor de serviço de valor agregado móvel: uma análise a partir das dimensões do capital intelectualBonazzi, Fabio Luiz Zandoval 26 November 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-11-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to understand the intellectual capital role, in the value creation process,
throughout the different phases of the business model, in a mobile value added service (VAS)
company. The theoretical constructs of value, intellectual capital, business model and process
perspective, have been reviewed. From these constructs, a conceptual model has been
developed. This model is able to integrate human, structural and relational dimensions of
intellectual capital, and guide them to process of creating, delivering and capturing value for the
company, through a business model evolutionary perspective. The conceptual model was
empirically applied to the Movile company, a VAS technology developer, through a single case
study, carried out at an interval of 18 months, in a period comprised between april 2013 and
september 2014. Data were collected from six interviews, and complemented by primary and
secondary artifacts, as well as by direct observations. As a result, it has been observed that
human, structural and relational dimensions of intellectual capital, are closely related to value
creation process, and were gradually built and hinged along an organizational evolutionary
process, of more than 15 years. During this period, six different business models were
identified, involving the past, present and future of the company. In the initial phase, human and
relational dimensions were essential to value creation. In subsequent steps, there was an
importance alternation of dimensions in value creation process, and an enhancement of each
dimension features, showing the relational dimension as a determining factor for value creation
in the company long-term future. As an empirical contribution, the business model evolutionary
analysis, through the articulation of the intellectual capital dimensions, provides analytical
elements for new companies that emerge in Mobile VAS industry. In relation to the
telecommunications companies, these tend to turn into a pipe performance, substantially
focused on providing technology infrastructure to mobile VAS companies. / Teve-se como objetivo, neste estudo, compreender o papel do capital intelectual no processo de
criação de valor ao longo das diferentes fases evolutivas do modelo de negócio de uma empresa
de Serviço de Valor Agregado (SVA) móvel. Foram revisados os constructos teóricos de valor,
capital intelectual, modelo de negócio e perspectiva processual. A partir deles, foi desenvolvido
um modelo conceitual capaz de integrar as dimensões humana, estrutural e relacional do
capital intelectual, e orientá-las ao processo de criação, entrega e captura de valor para a
empresa, numa perspectiva evolutiva de modelo de negócio. Esse modelo conceitual, foi
aplicado empiricamente na empresa Movile, desenvolvedora de tecnologia SVA móvel, por
meio de um estudo de caso único, realizado em um intervalo de 18 meses, entre abril de 2013 e
setembro de 2014. Os dados foram coletados mediante a realização de seis entrevistas e
complementados por artefatos primários, secundários e observações diretas. Como resultado,
pôde-se observar que as dimensões humana, estrutural e relacional do capital intelectual,
encontram-se intimamente relacionadas ao processo de criação de valor, e foram
gradativamente construídas e articuladas ao longo de um processo evolutivo organizacional de
mais de 15 anos. Nesse período, foram identificados seis diferentes modelos de negócio,
envolvendo o passado, presente e futuro da empresa. Na fase inicial, observou-se que as
dimensões humana e relacional foram essenciais para a criação de valor. Nas etapas
subsequentes, observou-se uma alternância da importância das dimensões no processo de
criação de valor, e um aprimoramento e modificação das características de cada dimensão,
evidenciando ser a dimensão relacional o fator determinante para a criação de valor em um
futuro de longo prazo da empresa. Como contribuição empírica, a análise evolutiva do modelo
de negócio, por meio da articulação das dimensões do capital intelectual, fornece elementos
analíticos para as novas empresas que venham a surgir e se estabelecer no setor de SVA Móvel.
No tocante às operadoras de telecomunicações, observou-se que essas tendem a evoluir para
uma atuação de pipe, substancialmente voltada para o fornecimento de infraestrutura
tecnológica às empresas de SVA móvel.
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Pesquisa de mutações no gene CFTR (Cystic Fribrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) em homens brasileiros inférteis portadores de ausência congênita dos ductos deferentes (CAVD) / Screening of mutations in the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) gene of Brazilian infertile men with congenital absence of vas deferens (CAVD)Mariangela Tuzzolo Missaglia 27 March 2009 (has links)
A Fibrose Cística (FC) é a doença autossômica recessiva mais freqüente em caucasianos e está associada, em seu amplo espectro de apresentação clínica, a mais de 1500 mutações no gene CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance regulator). O papel de CFTR é especialmente relevante no desenvolvimento da porção reprodutiva dos ductos mesonéfricos. Em 98% dos pacientes masculinos portadores da FC, mutações em CFTR são responsáveis pela ausência bilateral congênita dos ductos deferentes (CBAVD), associada à anomalias variáveis das vesículas seminais, ductos ejaculatórios e da porção distal dos epidídimos. A ausência uni ou bilateral congênita dos ductos deferentes (CAVD), na ausência de outros sinais clínicos de FC, é conhecida causa de infertilidade masculina, presente em 1%-2% de todos os homens inférteis, e em cerca de 10% dos azoospérmicos. A reprodução assistida utilizando a injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozóides (ICSI) obtidos preferencialmente por aspiração microcirurgica de espermatozóides do epidídimo (MESA) permite a paternidade biológica a esses pacientes. Em função da alta morbi-mortalidade da FC e da alta freqüência de portadores assintomáticos, estimada em 1:25, é recomendável que seja realizado teste para identificação de mutações em CFTR em todos os pacientes com CAVD antes de serem submetidos à ICSI. Em populações de etnia homogênea, a mutação F508 é identificada em 90% dos pacientes com FC e em 70% a 85% dos pacientes com CAVD. No Brasil, onde diferenças étnicas refletem a heterogeneidade genética, a freqüência da mutação F508 varia entre 23% e 50% em paciente com FC indicando que outras mutações devam estar envolvidas. Este dado levou ao estudo completo do gene CFTR de 20 homens inférteis com CAVD visando a identificação das mutações mais prevalentes em nossa população. Foram identificadas mutações em 17 pacientes (85%): três DF508 representando 15% (3/20), uma G542X, uma 875+1G>A e 4 mutações ainda não descritas na literatura, a S753R, G149W identificada em dois irmãos, V580F e a 712-1G>T. A variação no trato polipirimidínico em IVS8 (alelo 5T), seja como segunda mutação ou presente em homozigose, está diretamente relacionada com a CAVD, com freqüências em população caucasiana masculina infértil variando entre 21% e 30%. No presente estudo, 15 (15/20=75%) pacientes apresentaram o alelo a variante alélica 5T sendo que em 8 pacientes essa variante alélica foi identificada em heterozigose composta com outra mutação. Anomalias renais foram identificadas em 6 pacientes, todos com CBAVD. O presente estudo pode correlacionar o fenótipo da CAVD a alterações no genótipo de CFTR em 100% dos pacientes investigados / Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in caucasians and is associated, in an wide variety of different clinical manifestatons. More than 1500 mutations in the CFTR gene (Cystic Fibrosis regulator Transmembrane conductance) have been described and an even growing number of mutations are being currently studied worldwide. The role of CFTR gene is especially important in reproductive tissues of the mesonephric tract sensitive to the expression of the CFTR gene. The great majority of infertile males with CF (98%) have clinical manifestations and mutations in CFTR are responsible for the congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), associated to the abnormalities of the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts and/or the distal portion of the epididymis. The congenital absence, uni or bilateral, of the vas deferens (CAVD), in the absence of other clinical signals of CF is a known cause of male infertility present in 1%-2% of all men investigated and in about 10% of men with obstructive azoospermia. Serious considerations should be drawn about the lack of proper diagnosis of infetile males with CFTR that seek reproductive clinics for assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), as well as the lack of proper consideratins of the existance of this disease as a potential cause of male infetility among male are takers, like urologistas, andrologistas and gynecologists that rush for the misuse of ARTs. The introduction of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), has given new reproductive potetntial for these couples, but again as in the majority of cases it is obstructive azoospermia, couples should be advised about proper microsurgical sperm retrieval, preferentialy microsurgical epydidymal sperm aspiration (MESA). As a consequence of the potential high mortality rate of the CF descendents and the high frequency of carriers, estimated in 1:25,it is highly recommended that tests for correct identification of mutations in CFTR gene are carried out for all patients with CAVD before considered being submitted to ICSI. In populations of homogeneous ethnic origin, the mutation F508 is identified in 90% of the patients with CF and between 70% and 85% of the patients with CAVD. In Brazil, where ethnic differences reflect the genetic heterogeneity, the frequency of the mutation in F508 varies between 23% and 50%, indicating that other mutations must have a role. Our data looked carefully in the CFTR gene of 20 infertile men with CAVD aiming at the identification of the most prevalent mutations in our population. Mutations had been identified in 17 patients (85%): three DF508 representing 15% (3/20), one G542X, one 875+1G>A and 4 mutations not yet described in literature, S753R, G149W identified in two brothers, V580F and 712-1G>T. In the literature the allelic variant in IVS8 (allele 5T), either as a second mutation or in homozygosis, is directly related with the CAVD, with reported frequencies in the infertile caucasian male population varying between 21% and 30%. In the present study, 15 (15/20=75%) patients presented the CFTR mutation in the IVS8/5T: eight of them in heterozygosis composed with another mutation. Regarding genitourinary tract malformations, kidney anomalies were identified in 6 patients, all with CBAVD. In the present study we could correlationate the phenotype of the CAVD with the genotype alterations of CFTR gene in 100% of the investigated patients
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APSEN Analysis for Beyond 3G Wireless Networks / APSEN Analysis for Beyond 3G Wireless NetworksQADEER, MUHAMMAD, KHAN, MUHAMMAD HUMRAN January 2009 (has links)
The beyond 3G official IEEE name for next generation of wireless technology, some people also called it as 4G (fourth-generation) mobile communication systems. Beyond 3G will be used largely to contain not only cellular telephone systems but also several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication field. A new age has begun for telecommunication industry. Over the past decade wireless industry has grown at a remarkable pace, consequently level of technology development goes beyond the level of customer desire. Application flexibility and being highly dynamic will be the main features of beyond 3G services of interest to users. Being there all these emerging technologies in one cellular network has opened the work of designing and optimization of the networks to be viewed from a different perspective. APSEN analysis for Beyond 3G wireless networks has been discussed. “AP” stands for application layer, analysis of services and applications. “SE” stands for session layer, analysis of session management protocol and “N” for network layer, analysis for network protocols. The main purpose of our research is to focus on the challenges offered at APSEN for beyond 3G wireless network. There are a lot of research challenges in each of the different layers but focus will be on APSEN. The objective is to take a look at and familiarize with some of the major challenges offered at APSEN for beyond 3G wireless network. Qualitative approach has been used which will help us to collect wide range of information and enhance our knowledge by analyzing the perspectives of different researchers.
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Relation entre la configuration de l'habitat dans la végétation aquatique submergée et la distribution des poissonsAllart, Théo January 2020 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
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Lumbar spinal stenosis : Body mass index and the patient's perspectiveKnutsson, Björn January 2015 (has links)
During recent decades, lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) has become the most common indication for spine surgery, a change that coincides with a higher worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity. Thus, surgical treatment of LSS in the overweight and obese population is common and increasing in scope. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate whether body mass index (BMI) is related to the development of LSS, and whether BMI is linked to outcome after surgery for LSS. We further evaluated whether there are specific experiences of LSS from a patient perspective. Data were obtained for all patients registered in the Swedish Spine Register who had undergone surgery for LSS between January 1, 2006 and June 30, 2008. After adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics, patients with obesity showed both poorer results after surgery and a higher rate of dissatisfaction than patients with normal weight (odds ratio 1.73; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.36-2.19). Furthermore, patients with obesity in the cohort reported modest weight loss at follow-up (2.0 kg; 95% CI, 1.5-2.4), and only 8% reported a clinical important weight loss 2 years after surgery. Our analysis of 389,132 construction workers, showed that overweight (incidence rate ratio, IRR 1.68; 95% CI, 1.54-1.83) and obesity (IRR 2.18; 95% CI, 1.87-2.53) were associated with an increased future risk in developing LSS when compared with patients with normal weight. To gain insight into the patients' perspective of LSS, we performed interviews with 18 patients who were on a waiting list for LSS surgery. The transcripts, analyzed with content analysis, revealed that living with LSS is a physical, mental and social challenge in which resources to cope with the condition are of major importance. In summary, obesity is associated with poorer results after surgery, and patients with obesity report modest weight loss during follow-up. In addition, obesity is associated with an increased risk to develop LSS. Our findings revealed that being a patient with LSS, naturally involves considerable suffering and pain, but it also implies being a person with his or her own resources who is able to cope with these adverse conditions.
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Studies on Premenstrual DysphoriaEriksson, Olle January 2005 (has links)
<p>Premenstrual dysphoria, so severe that it affects the lives of the women afflicted, is the condition studied in this thesis. Physiological and pharmacological mechanisms of pathogenetic relevance were investigated. </p><p>Women with premenstrual dysphoria showed a stronger and less dampened response of LH to an estradiol challenge than asymptomatic women, indicating an altered neuroendocrine regulation. In women with premenstrual dysphoria, the LH response was correlated to the severity of irritability and bloating, and the early FSH response was correlated to the severity of depressed mood. </p><p>The positron-emission study showed strong, consistent correlations between worsening of mood symptoms and a decrease in brain trapping of the immediate serotonin precursor, from the mid-follicular to the late luteal phase in women with premenstrual dysphoria. The strongest correlations were seen for the cardinal mood symptoms of premenstrual dysphoria, and for their opposites. Physical symptoms showed weaker or no correlations with the exception of nociceptive symptoms from erogenous body regions which showed positive correlations to serotonin precursor trapping in the right caudate nucleus. The findings are consistent with the serotonin hypothesis of premenstrual dysphoria, and might possibly explain the observed effects of serotonin-augmenting drugs in this condition.</p><p>The partial 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor agonist buspirone was superior to placebo in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. The weak SRI and 5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonist nefazodone was not superior to placebo. For women with premenstrual dysphoria in need of medication and who do not tolerate SRIs because of the sexual sideeffects, buspirone may be an alternative drug, since it had no adverse effects on sexual function. </p><p>The prevalence of polycystic ovaries and serum levels of androgens were not higher in women with premenstrual dysphoria than in their asymptomatic counterparts. The findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that irritability in women with premenstrual dysphoria is induced by elevated testosterone levels. </p><p>Thesis results, which are in line with the serotonin hypothesis of premenstrual dysphoria, may imply that increased brain sensitivity is one of the factors underlying severe premenstrual mood symptoms, thereby further supporting a common serotonergic dysregulation in this condition.</p>
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Studies on Premenstrual DysphoriaEriksson, Olle January 2005 (has links)
Premenstrual dysphoria, so severe that it affects the lives of the women afflicted, is the condition studied in this thesis. Physiological and pharmacological mechanisms of pathogenetic relevance were investigated. Women with premenstrual dysphoria showed a stronger and less dampened response of LH to an estradiol challenge than asymptomatic women, indicating an altered neuroendocrine regulation. In women with premenstrual dysphoria, the LH response was correlated to the severity of irritability and bloating, and the early FSH response was correlated to the severity of depressed mood. The positron-emission study showed strong, consistent correlations between worsening of mood symptoms and a decrease in brain trapping of the immediate serotonin precursor, from the mid-follicular to the late luteal phase in women with premenstrual dysphoria. The strongest correlations were seen for the cardinal mood symptoms of premenstrual dysphoria, and for their opposites. Physical symptoms showed weaker or no correlations with the exception of nociceptive symptoms from erogenous body regions which showed positive correlations to serotonin precursor trapping in the right caudate nucleus. The findings are consistent with the serotonin hypothesis of premenstrual dysphoria, and might possibly explain the observed effects of serotonin-augmenting drugs in this condition. The partial 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone was superior to placebo in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. The weak SRI and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist nefazodone was not superior to placebo. For women with premenstrual dysphoria in need of medication and who do not tolerate SRIs because of the sexual sideeffects, buspirone may be an alternative drug, since it had no adverse effects on sexual function. The prevalence of polycystic ovaries and serum levels of androgens were not higher in women with premenstrual dysphoria than in their asymptomatic counterparts. The findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that irritability in women with premenstrual dysphoria is induced by elevated testosterone levels. Thesis results, which are in line with the serotonin hypothesis of premenstrual dysphoria, may imply that increased brain sensitivity is one of the factors underlying severe premenstrual mood symptoms, thereby further supporting a common serotonergic dysregulation in this condition.
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Influence of Nontraditional and Natural Pozzolans (NNPs) on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Mortars and ConcretesAlberto Castillo (12323243) 29 April 2022 (has links)
<p> </p>
<p>Concrete is the second most consumed material in the world after water and is an essential element of constructed infrastructure. Over 14 billion m3 of concrete are being produced annually, resulting in a serious impact on the environment. The production of cement, which is the main component of concrete, is responsible for 5 – 8 % of global CO2 emissions. As a result, several global initiatives have been undertaken to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. This carbon neutrality target coincides with the Paris Agreement's goal to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. A well-known, and successful strategy to reduce CO2 emissions in the concrete industry is to use supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as a partial replacement for cement. However, it is projected that in 2030 the demand for two of the most commonly used SCMs, fly ash and slag cement, will exceed their supply. Using nontraditional and natural pozzolans (NNPs) can help to close this supply gap, but there is a lack of knowledge regarding the reactivity and long-term performance of these materials.</p>
<p>The purpose of this research was to perform experiments on several NNPs, some of which can be supplied in commercially viable quantities with the objective of evaluating their performance in cementitious systems (mortars and concretes) with the goal of accurately assessing their potential for use as alternative SCMs. The mortar study was performed using a total of 11 different NNPs, belonging to 4 distinctive groups and distributed as follows: 3 from the group of calcined clays (CCs) - CC1, CC2, and CC3, 3 from the group of natural pozzolans (NPs) - NP1, NP2 and NP3, 2 from the group of fluidized bed combustion (FBCs) ashes - FBC1 and FBC2, and 3 from the group of bottom ashes (GBAs) - GBA1, GBA2, and GBA3.</p>
<p>The concrete study was performed on 4 different materials, one from each of the previously mentioned groups. The materials selected for concrete study were the worst-performing members of each group, as determined by the analysis of the test results obtained from mortars. These included CC2, NP3, FBC1, and GBA3 materials. This approach was adopted under the assumption that achieving adequate concrete characteristics with lowest-quality materials will all but assure satisfactory performance of concretes with higher-quality materials. </p>
<p>The findings generated from this research indicate that several of the NNPs used in this study present a viable alternative to traditional SCMs. As an example, out of the 11 NNPS, 9 were found to conform to the requirements of the ASTM C618-19, the standard specification currently used to assess the suitability of coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolans for use in concrete. Results obtained from tests performed on mortars demonstrated that, when used at the replacement level of 25%, all 11 NNPs produced mixtures with characteristics similar to those obtained from the plain cement (OPC) mortar. For that reason, this level of replacement was selected to prepare concrete specimens. The results collected from concrete specimens showed that, when compared to plain concrete, mixtures with all 4 NNPs attained comparable (or improved) mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), durability (freeze-thaw resistance), and transport (formation factor and rate of water absorption) properties. As in the case of traditional SCMs, the mixtures with NNPs were found to require extended curing times to fully realize their property-enhancing potential associated with pozzolanic reactions. Overall, the best performing materials were those from the CCs group, followed by those belonging to, respectively, NPs, GBAs, and FBCs groups. </p>
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Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial servicesPerlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links)
The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique
transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked,
underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones.
Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and
independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’
services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’
services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services
are provided through ‘agents.’
Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a
Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile
‘airtime’-based Store of Value.
The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed,
in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and
consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that
entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the
traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric
MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’
An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is
undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be
deemed ‘money’ in law.
Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law
and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in
South African law is discussed.
The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are
compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer
protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a
regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is
recommended for protection of user funds.
| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LLD
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| 90 |
Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial servicesPerlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links)
The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique
transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked,
underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones.
Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and
independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’
services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’
services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services
are provided through ‘agents.’
Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a
Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile
‘airtime’-based Store of Value.
The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed,
in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and
consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that
entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the
traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric
MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’
An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is
undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be
deemed ‘money’ in law.
Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law
and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in
South African law is discussed.
The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are
compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer
protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a
regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is
recommended for protection of user funds.
| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.
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