Actualmente, las nuevas tendencias en la construcción exigen una gestión colaborativa, que se constituye como una metodología permitiendo la eficiencia de los procesos, reducción en los plazos, mejoras en la utilidad de los proyectos y satisfacción del cliente. Debemos considerar, que una buena planificación minimiza los desperdicios, aumenta los tiempos productivos y elimina los re-procesos del entregable final. La presente Tesis “Aplicación de la Metodología VDC en la Etapa de Diseño para la Construcción de Viviendas Económicas del Programa Techo Propio: Caso de Estudio Residencial Pacocha, ciudad de Ilo, Perú.”, tiene como propósito aplicar VDC en proyectos económicos, modalidad del programa Techo Propio, para cumplir con lo planificado desde su etapa de diseño, manteniendo o mejorando la utilidad del proyecto, así como los tiempos de construcción, con respecto al método de planificación tradicional. En la actualidad, las empresas constructoras se encuentran en la búsqueda de nuevas estrategias de trabajo, así como una integración moderna de diseño, construcción y operación desde las etapas tempranas de un proyecto, con el propósito de definir, alinear y alcanzar metas. En esta tesis se plantea la aplicación de la construcción virtual del proyecto como una ayuda para poder entender y plantear mejoras en los procesos de construcción, necesitando incluir a todas las partes interesadas en compromiso de trabajar en colaboración para lograr objetivos comunes. / Currently, new trends in construction demand collaborative management, which is constituted as a methodology allowing the efficiency of processes, reduction deadlines, improvements in the usefulness of projects and customer satisfaction. We must consider that good planning minimizes waste, increases production times and eliminates the re-processes of the final deliverable. The present Thesis "Application of the VDC Methodology in the Design Stage for the Construction of Economic Housing of the Techo Propio Program: Pacocha Residential Case Study, city of Ilo, Peru.", has a purpose to apply VDC in economic projects, modality of the Techo Propio program, to comply with what was planned from its design stage, maintaining or improving the usefulness of the project, as well as the construction times, in accordance to the traditional planning method. Currently, construction companies are in search of new work strategies, as well as a modern integration of design, construction and operation from the early stages of a project, with the purpose of defining, aligning and achieving goals. This thesis proposes the application of the virtual construction of the project as an aid to understand and propose improvements in the construction processes, needing to include all stakeholders in commitment to work collaboratively to achieve common objectives. / Tesis

To cope with the low productivity, as well as the fragmentation within the Swedish construction industry, organizations are working with technically mediated social collaboration methods. One of those methods, which have established a considerable presence within the Swedish industry, is Integrated Concurrent Engineering, ICE. The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge regarding how ICE is utilized within the Swedish industry, as well as identify and determine how factors influence the concept. The study is carried out as a case study within a Swedish contractor. Firstly, the thesis examines how the methodology is used in practice during the design stage. This by observing design meetings within two separate projects carried out by the same organization. Secondly, the study explores how the use of the methodology is perceived and recognized by, for the organization, internal and external stakeholders. The individual perception of the concept was acquired by semi-structured interviews. The employed methods in the study enables the thesis to identify and understand factors influencing the use of, and the diffusion of, the concept. Both within the organization as well as within the industry. The study reveals that even though the concept has been practiced for a number of years, the utilization of the concept is fragmented, both within the organization as well as within the industry. For example, external stakeholders experience problems obtaining a clear understanding of the organization’s aims and goals using the concept. This due to inconsistencies between projects within the same organization. Similarly, internal users highlight methodological variations between the organization’s projects. The findings indicate a problem with the organizational definition regarding the content of, and the utilization of, the ICE methodology. Since the organization in the study represents a major part of the communication between the academia and the industry, a problem with the organizational definition does not only affect the organization, it could affect the use of the concept within the entire Swedish construction industry. To enable an organizational learning, as well as to facilitate a diffusion of the concept within the industry, a systematic approach with the methodology is required. The factors identified by the study can be considered important to understand how the concept can be further developed within the organization, but also how to positively affect the diffusion in the industry.

Byggproduktionen är, på grund av sina invecklade arbetsmoment och dynamiska arbetsplatser, drabbad av svåra informations- och kommunikationsproblem. Veidekke Sverige AB använder sig av virtuellt byggandet (VDC) för att lösa dessa hinder i utförandet av sina projekt. VDC tillämpar flera olika informations- och kommunikationstekniker (ICT) och har visat sig vara lönsamt vid projektering. Under projektering med VDC samlas alla beslutsbehöriga parter i ett interaktivt rum där information förmedlas snabbt och effektiv med hjälp av olika visualiseringstekniker. Då VDC saknar liknande arbetsmetoder som kan tillämpas i produktionen, används fortfarande traditionella informations- och kommunikationsprinciper. Genom ett samarbete med Veidekke implementerades ett ICT-program i ett bostadsprojekt för att undersöka hur dess funktioner påverkade de rådande informations- och kommunikations-problem. Observationer och intervjuer utfördes för att fastställa programmets användbarhet, användarvänlighet och implementeringsvillkor. Utvecklingen av olika molntjänster har revolutionerat möjligheterna att lagra och förvalta information. Genom att utnyttja molntjänster har olika ICT-program, såsom BIM 360 Field, utvecklats för att tillgodose byggproduktions informations- och kommunikationsbehov. Programmen skapar, via molntjänsten, ett virtuellt forum för arbetsplatsen där omfattande informationsmängder och byggnadsinformationsmodeller (BIM), kan lagras, för att sedan tillhandahållas, korrigeras och kommuniceras via mobila enheter såsom bärbara datorer, läsplattor och mobiltelefoner. BIM 360 Field erbjuder en rad olika funktioner med varierande användbarhet som bör anpassas till den svenska byggarbetsmarknaden för att öka användarvänligheten. Om programmet ska vara lönsamt krävs en fullständig implementering där majoriteten av projektets aktörer medverkar. Innan ny ICT tillämpas bör en välutformad implementeringsstrategi etableras för verksamheten. / The construction industry suffers, due it´s dynamic work environment and intricate operations, from difficult information and communication problems. To solve these problems Veidekke incorporates the use of virtual design and construction (VDC) in its projects. VDC is a project method that applies the use of several different information and communication technologies and has proven to be profitable during the design phase. The use of VDC in the design phase assembles the decision-authorized parties in an interactive room where information can be shared quickly and effectively by utilizing visualization technology. VDC, however, lacks similar work processes for the construction phase of the project which still applies traditional information and communication principles. Through cooperation with Veidekke, an ICT-program was implemented in order to study its effect on the current information and communication problems. Observations and interviews were conducted in order to analyze the programs usability, user-friendliness and the conditions of implementation. The development of cloud computing services has revolutionized the possibilities to store and manage information. By utilizing the advantages of cloud services several ICT programs, such as BIM 360 Field, have been designed to address the information and communication problems of the construction industry. The programs create virtual forums wherein immense amounts of information can be stored, managed accessed by mobile units such as laptop computers, table pc and cellular phones. BIM 360 Field offers a range of different functions with high usability but should be adjusted to the Swedish construction industry in order to increase user-friendliness. In order for the program to be profitable it needs be fully implemented so that all construction parties are involved. Before new ICT can be introduced into a notoriously tech-conservative industry like construction, a well design implementation strategy needs to be established. The strategy should entail exactly which information and communication problems need to be addressed, what possibilities are available as well as how existing work processes and organizations need be conformed in order to maximize usability. The strategy should also contain an education and development plan.

Digitala verktyg har bidragit till att utveckla och förändra byggbranschen de senaste åren. Idag används i vissa byggföretag digitala verktyg vid planering av större projekt för att planera arbetsmiljöarbetet bättre och minimera de problematiska riskerna. Syftet med studien är att få en bättre förståelse för hur arbetsmiljön och riskidentifiering förstärks när företaget tillämpar moderna verktyg vid produktion. Arbetet är avgränsat till endast beställare/konsult och entreprenörsföretag med användning av digitala verktyg. Denna rapport är baserad på tre delar som består av en litteraturstudie, en enkätundersökning samt kvalitativa intervjuer utförda med sex aktörer från olika byggföretag. Inledningsvis genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att reda ut teoretiska begrepp som är relaterade till arbetsmiljö och digitala verktyg. Intervjumetoden gav djupare information om hur arbetsmiljö och digitala verktyg kombineras i olika verksamheter och problematiken som aktörer upplever i verkligheten. Resultaten har framför allt påvisat att det finns stor nytta att implementera digitala verktyg i riskhanteringsprocess och göra arbetsberedning i modellen, detta leder vidare till att enklare identifiera riskfyllda moment i tidigare skede samt säkra arbetsmiljön ute på bygget. Modellernas användningsområden är stora, de kan bland annat användas till visualiseringar, kollisionskontroller och riskanalyser etc. Genom att använda BIM och Buildsafe som metod och kommunikationsverktyg under arbetet med arbetsmiljö uppmuntras andra aktörer såsom exempelvis projektörer, entreprenörer och säkerhetsspecialister att involve rariskbedömningen. Genom att använda VDC som arbetssätt kan även projektörerna simulera hur en byggnad konstrueras och upptäcka eventuella riskmoment i förtid. Ju bättre planering desto bättre arbetsmiljö. Framtiden för tillämpningen av digitala verktyg i arbetsmiljöarbetet ser ljus ut och idag råder det inga tvivel om att arbetsmiljön kan förbättras med hjälp av digitala verktyg. Studien uppvisar även att det idag inte är lagkrav på användningen av digitala verktyg, därav bör arbetsmiljöverket och beställarna kravställa hur dessa skall användas flitigare. Detta kan på så vis effektivisera byggprocessen samt riskidentifieringen ytterligare i framtiden. / Digital tools have contributed to developing and changing the construction industry in recent years. Today, some construction companies use digital tools when planning in larger projects to plan work environment's work better and minimize the problematic risks. The purpose of the study is to gain an understanding of how the work environment and risk identification are strengthened when the company applies modern tools in production. The work is limited to only clients / consultants and construction companies using digital tools. This report is based on three parts consisting of a literature study, a questionnaire survey and qualitative interviews conducted with six actors from different construction companies. Initially, a literature study was conducted to unravel theoretical concepts related to the work environment and digital tools. The interview method provided deeper information about how the work environment and digital tools are combined in different activities and the problems that actors experience in reality. Above all, the results have shown the great benefit of implementing digital tools in the risk management process and making the work preparation in the model, this leads to correctly identifying risky elements in the earlier stage and ensuring the working environment on the construction site. The models' areas of use are large, they can be used for visualizations, collision checks and risk analyzes, etc. By using, for example, BIM and Buildsafe as methods and communication tools during the work environment encourages other partners such as designers, contractors and safety specialists to involve risk assessment. By using VDC working methods, the designers can also simulate how a building is constructed and detect any risk factors in advance. The better the planning, the better the working environment. The future for the application of digital tools in the work environment looks bright. And today there is no doubt that the work environment can be improved with the help of digital tools. The study also shows that much depends on the Swedish Work Environment Authority and the customers requiring how digital tools are to be used more frequently, thus streamlining the construction process and further identifying risk in the future.

Buildings become more complex and society is constantly evolving. More and more specialized operators join the construction industry, which increases the need for effective interaction between them. Focus should be on communication and an intersectoral cooperation must be taken into use. New ways of working together that promotes interaction in order to streamline the construction process should be developed. The municipality plays an important and central role in order to push forward the social development. The aim of the study is to investigate how an VDCinspired approach can develop the municipal process in the urban development process, in order to make the planning process in early stages until the design phase more efficient. To achieve the goal, interviews with employees within the construction company NCC and the municipalities of Norrköping, Linköping and Örebro has been done. Once the empirical data was collected from the interviews it was analyzed together with this thesis theoretical framework. Today, BIM is not used in the municipalities the same extent as NCC. The municipalities do not have the same need for information and coordination of their digital models. The 3D models they work with usually consist of 3D volumes, where volume relationships and correlations are the most important information conveyed. However, it is clear that the municipality work in project teams that can be developed and made more efficient. Today, the municipalities already work in teams, where they benefit from the collective expertise. To implement project studio as a VDC inspired approach may ultimately create a closer collaboration and help reduce communication problems internally. In order for the municipality to work VDC-inspired they must first find out what type of information in a BIM model they consider relevant and interesting. Furthermore, a high level of technical expertise is required among the employees to allow an implementation of VDC. The thesis has investigated a VDC application in the early stages until project design stage. Furthermore, the study was limited to the municipality's urban planning office. Data collection has only occurred through interviews. / I takt med att byggnader blir mer komplexa och samhället ständigt utvecklas får byggbranschen allt fler specialinriktade aktörer, vilket ytterligare ökar behovet av fungerande samspel mellan aktörerna. Kommunikationen behöver stå i fokus och ett branschöverskridande samarbete måste tas i bruk. Nya arbetssätt som främjar samverkan bör tas fram för att effektivisera byggprocessen mera. Där spelar kommunen en viktig och central roll för att driva på samhällsutvecklingen. Målet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur ett VDC-inspirerat arbetssätt kan utveckla kommunens process i stadsbyggnadsprocessen för att effektivisera planprocessens tidiga skeden fram till projektering. För att uppnå målet har intervjuer med tjänstemän från NCC och kommunerna Norrköping, Linköping och Örebro genomförts. Det empiriska data som insamlats har sedan analyserats tillsammans med examensarbetets teoretiska ramverk. Resultatet visar på att kommunerna i dagsläget inte arbetar med BIM i samma omfattning som NCC. Kommunerna har inte samma behov av informationshantering och samordning av digitala modeller. Kommunernas 3D-modeller består oftast av 3Dvolymer, där volymförhållanden och samband är den viktigaste informationen som förmedlas. Däremot konstateras att kommunens arbetssätt i projektgrupper går att utveckla och göras mer effektiv. Idag arbetar kommunerna redan i team där de drar nytta av den kollektiva kompetensen. Att implementera projektstudio som ett VDCinspirerat arbetssätt kan i förlängningen skapa ett tätare samarbete och bidra till att minska kommunikationsproblem internt. För att kommunen ska kunna arbeta VDC-inspirerat bör först en kartläggning av vilken typ av information i en BIM-modell som kommunen anser relevant och intressant för dem. Vidare krävs också en hög teknisk kompetens bland tjänstemännen för att möjliggöra en implementering av VDC. Examensarbetet har undersökt en VDC tillämpning i tidiga skeden fram till projektering. Vidare har arbetet avgränsats sig till kommunens stadsbyggnadskontor. Datainsamlingen har endast skett genom besöksintervjuer.

In the construction industry, property management is the least development-intensive part, which is evident in a comparison of how working methods and digital tools are used. The information model that is built up in digital tools is rarely adapted for property management. The work intends to investigate whether changes, especially in the early stages of the construction process, can contribute to positive changes for property managers and property management models. The content of the report is largely based on extensive interview studies where the informants consist of various consultants, project managers, property managers and suppliers for construction projects. There are integrated working methodologies that could assist the property manager in early stages through building control. The methodology of Virtual Design and Construction is beginning to have an impact on organizations in the industry. Informants who are employed by larger companies within design or production are at the forefront regarding the certification and use of VDC. The methodology reduces the time required for decision-making processes and thus also costs. In order to obtain a high efficiency of VDC, there are requirements of commitment. With the right knowledge in the early stages of construction projects, a digital model can prove to be of value for property management. / Inom byggnadsbranschen är fastighetsförvaltning den minst utvecklingsintensiva delen vilket märks vid en jämförelse av hur arbetssätt och digitala hjälpmedel nyttjas. Informationsmodellen som byggs upp i digitala hjälpmedel är sällan anpassad för slutlig fastighetsförvaltning.   Arbetet avser att undersöka om förändringar i framförallt byggprocessens tidiga skede kan bidra till positiva förändringar för fastighetsförvaltare och fastighetsförvaltningsmodeller. Rapportens innehåll baseras till stor del på en omfattande intervjustudie där informanterna består av olika konsulter, projektledare, fastighetsförvaltare och leverantörer till byggnadsprojekt.   Det finns integrerade arbetsmetodiker som skulle kunna bistå vid fastighetsförvaltaren deltagande i tidiga skeden genom styrning. Arbetsmetodiken Virtual Design and Construction börjar få genomslag hos aktörer i branschen. Informanter som är anställda hos större bolag inom projektering eller produktion ligger i framkant gällande certifieringen och användning av VDC. Metodiken minskar tidsåtgången för beslutsprocesser och på så sätt även kostnader. För att få en hög verkningsgrad av VDC finns krav på engagemang. Med rätt kompetens i tidiga skeden av byggprojekt kan en digital modell visa sig ha ett värde för fastighetsförvaltning.

No description available.

Building Information Modeling, abbreviated BIM, is a process of information sharing which enhances communication and which helps in visualizing complex problems in the building industry. BIM has not been used in a larger extent in the production phase of civil works. The purpose of the study is therefore to investigate driving forces behind the use of BIM and the resistors against it and to investigate in what ways BIM could be used in the production phase. The theoretical framework is based on one licentiate thesis, two degree projects, three research papers and three books. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was used. The interviews were made with a calculator, a supervisor and a CAD planner from Skanska, a constructor and project manager from ELU, a Project Information Officer from Tyréns and a VDC coordinator and VDC business developer from Veidekke who all have been working with BIM. This was to get a good representation from different actors and people with different professional roles. The study shows that the driving forces behind a use of BIM are that it enhances collaboration and communication between the actors, it makes it easier to visualize the project and the scope, and it provides a higher degree of accuracy of coordination’s. BIM also makes the work more effective and results in fewer errors. Above all, BIM give a possibility for a shorter production phase, shorter total project duration and a lower total cost. The study also shows that the resistors against the use of BIM are employee’s negative attitude against administrative work, that it is hard to measure profitability of using BIM, the uncertainty of who has the legal ownership of the data, and who has the responsibility of the accuracy of it. 3 That the implementation cost and the design phase are more expensive is also a resistor against a use of BIM. BIM could be used in visualization with 3D models in collision controls and co-reviews in meetings, work preparations and at site. A workplace outline could also be printed from the 3D model to be placed on the site for visualization. 4D scheduling and 4D animations could be used for visualization in meetings, work preparations and at site. The study showed that quantity takeoff and cost estimation with 5D is only reconciled in the meetings in the production phase and that the programs for it are not needed in this phase. RFID tags could be used at site for logistics and tracking materials, and field verifications could be used to verify that a work task is executed according to exact coordination’s in the 3D model. Furthermore tablet computers could be used for bringing the technique of BIM to the site which enables a better understanding of complex work tasks for the workers. A BIM coordinator who understands the process of working with BIM and who could work as a bridge between the users and the technical development team is important in a successful implementation. The study also shows that the focus of BIM should lie on how to make use of the technique. The examples of how BIM could be used in the production phase of civil works have to be useful and meet the needs and demands of the users. The processes of using 3D models, 4D scheduling, 4D animations, RFID tags, field verifications and tablet computers should therefore be studied thoroughly to find how the technique could be applicable at site, in meetings and work preparations and how it could enhance the daily activities and work tasks. If the demands are met it will be accepted by both the user and the organization. Further research should therefore lie on how 3D models, 4D scheduling, 4D animations, RFID tags, field verifications and tablet computers could be useful in the production phase. These BIM techniques should then be tested on a real project to investigate how the processes could be useful at site, in meetings and in work preparations. Further research should also be made on how countries like Norway, Finland and USA have made use of BIM in the production of civil works.

Inom byggsektor orsakar fel, skador och brister extrakostnader på mellan 83 och 111 miljarder kronor varje år. De kostnaderna grundar sig ofta i fel som kan ses som små och därmed lätta att åtgärda på plats, men som när de adderas ihop innebär stora konsekvenser. Kök är ett område med en stor mängd avvikelser, då alla olika discipliner ska få plats med sin installation och inredning i ett litet utrymme. Det gör att kraven för kommunikation och samordning är extra höga i just kök. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka och sammanfatta vilka som är de vanligaste återkommande avvikelserna i kök, förstå vad som orsakar dem, och till sist föreslå åtgärder för att kunna minska mängden avvikelser som uppstår. Genom en intervju- och en enkätstudie kunde en sammanställning göras där felaktigt placerade eluttag var det ensamt vanligast förekommande avvikelsen, följt av måttfel, passbitar som inte stämmer, samt inredning och installation som inte passar. Orsakerna till de avvikelserna lyckades hittas genom samma studier och sammanfattas till dålig kommunikation mellan projektörer, att projektörerna saknar kunskap av varandras områden, samt att samordningen av de olika disciplinerna ofta brister. Med grund i de orsaker till avvikelser som uppdagats presenteras flera förslag på åtgärder med syfte att undvika återkommande avvikelser. De rekommendationer som studien kommer fram till är att en frågemall med frågor som projektörerna måste fråga varandra i början av projektering, att någon ska utses som ansvarig för erfarenhetsåterföring, samt att köksleverantörerna ska leverera sina ritningar i IFC-format. Med de åtgärderna implementerade hoppas författarna att företag ska kunna minska mängden återkommande avvikelser i framtida projekt. / Within the construction sector, defects, damages and errors lead to extra costs of between 83 and 111 billion Swedish kronor each year. These deviations are often based on deviations that may seem small, and therefore easy to solve on the site, but when they are added together amount to large consequences. Kitchens are an area with a large amount of deviations, because all different disciplines have to fit their installation and furnishing into a small space. That means that the requirements on communication and coordination are extra high. The purpose of this study is to identify and summarize which deviations are most commonly recurring in kitchens, understand what causes them, and finally suggest measures to reduce the amount of deviations in future projects.  A compilation could be made by carrying through an interview and a survey study, in which incorrectly placed outlets was found to be the most common deviation, followed by measurement errors, missing filler moulding, as well as furnishing or installation that doesn't fit. The reasons behind these deviations were found through the same studies and summarized to lacking communication between projectors, that projectors lack knowledge of each other's areas, and that the coordination often fails. Based on the reasons behind deviations that were found, multiple suggestions for measures to minimize recurring deviations are presented. The recommendations that the study presents is to create a question template containing questions that the projectors have to ask each other at the start of every project, to appoint someone the responsibility to carry out experience retrieval, as well as having the kitchen suppliers deliver their drawings in IFC-format. By implementing these measures, the authors hope that construction companies will be able to reduce the amount of recurring deviations in future projects.

This thesis presents a framework to conduct a quantity take-off (QTO) and cost estimate within the Building Information Modeling (BIM) Environment. The product of this framework is a model-based cost estimating tool. The framework addresses the cost uncertainty associated with the detailed information defining BIM model element properties. This cost uncertainty is due to the lack of available tools that address detailed QTO and cost estimation using solely a BIM platform. In addition, cost estimators have little experience in leveraging and managing information within semantic-rich BIM models. Unmanaged BIM element parameters are considered a source of uncertainty in a model-based cost estimate, therefore they should be managed and quantified as work items. A model-based system, which assists the estimators to conduct a QTO and cost estimate within the BIM environment, is developed. This system harnesses BIM element parameters to drive work items associated with the parameter’s host element. The system also captures the cost of scope not modeled in the design team’s BIM models. The system consists of four modules 1) establishing estimate requirements, 2) planning and structuring the estimate, 3) quantification and costing, and 4) model-based historical cost data collection. The complete system can produce a project cost estimate based on the 3D BIM Model. This framework is supported by a computation engine built within an existing virtual design and construction (VDC) model review software. The computation engine supports BIM authoring and reviewing BIM data. The Framework’s quantification and costing module was compared to existing methods in a case study. The outcomes of the model-based system demonstrated improved cost estimate accuracy in comparison to the BIM QTO method and improved speed compared to the traditional methods. The framework provides a systematic workflow for conducting a detailed cost estimate leveraging the parameters stored in the BIM models.