Em relação ao vestuário utilizável pelo público vegano (indivíduos que se abstêm, por motivos éticos e/ou ideológicos, na medida do possível, do consumo de produtos e serviços provenientes do reino animal), há diversas alternativas sintéticas aos materiais de origem animal que os substituem em suas funções práticas, estéticas e/ou simbólicas. De arremedos burlescos a imitações fidedignas da realidade, simulacros de peles, penas, pelos, ossos e secreções de animais, à primeira vista, de perto, de longe e/ou aos olhos de leigos, em diferentes graus de realismo, figuram aspectos estéticos e sensoriais que os tornam difíceis de serem distinguidos de genuínos materiais de origem animal. Neste contexto, o presente estudo concerne uma investigação qualitativa exploratória de caráter sobretudo fenomenológico, acerca da reflexão sobre a problemática de possíveis implicações conceituais e práticas mais notáveis, sob o enfoque ético, estético, sociológico, semiótico e prático, da ideia de simulacro, emulação e cópia de materiais de origem animal e/ou que façam referência, alusão ou evoquem aspectos exteriores de corpos de animais em vestuário de veganos. Para tanto, a partir de levantamentos de comentários de usuários veganos em redes sociais da internet, aplicação de questionários e entrevistas em profundidade com usuários, ativistas do movimento vegano e especialistas teóricos, espera-se, com esta contribuição, iluminar os campos do design de moda, do veganismo e, consequentemente, dos direitos dos animais. Alguns dos resultados desta investigação sugerem, por exemplo, que, enquanto, para alguns usuários, o recurso a alternativas consideradas como veganas seria aceitável pelo fato de substituírem atributos funcionais, estéticos e até afetivos de roupas e acessórios diretamente associados, por eles, a sofrimento, para outros usuários, seria objeto de reprovação. Segundo parte dos respondentes, devido ao razoável grau de fidedignidade de vários destes simulacros, o mero uso deste tipo de material artificial resultaria pouco aceitável por ser insuficientemente discernível de materiais derivados de corpos de animais. Nestes casos, esta verossimilhança poderia, segundo eles, indiretamente promover a ideia de que o uso de materiais de origem animal seria admissível, contribuindo, assim, para estimular o consumo de vestuário não condizente com a ideologia que adotam / In the cathegory of clothing which can be worn by the vegan public that is, by those who abstain as much as possible from consuming products and services of animal origin for ethical and ideological reasons there are various synthetic alternatives to materials of animal origin which fulfill the practical, aesthetic and/or symbolic functions. From burlesque copies to reliable imitations, like those of leather, feathers, fur, bones and animal secretionswith different degrees of realism, they haveat first, up close, or from a distance and/or to the eyes of laypeople, aesthetic and sensorial aspects that make it difficult to distinguish from genuine materials of animal origin. This study is a qualitative, exploratory, phenomenological investigation about the problematic of some of the most notable possible conceptual and practical implications, from the practical, aesthetic, philosophical, sociological and ethical viewpoints, of the idea of imitation, emulation and copying of materials of animal origin or materials which make a reference or allusion to, or which evoke exterior aspects of, animals bodies in vegans\' clothing.To this end, based on searches for vegan users comments in online social media, questionnaires and in-depth interviews with users, vegan movement activists and theoretical specialists (like ethics philosophers and designers specializing in ethical fashion), the aim of this study, based on conclusions obtained through analysis of these different points of view, is to illuminate the fields of fashion design, veganism and consequently, animal rights. Results of this investigation suggest, for instance, that for some users, making use of alternatives considered vegan would be an acceptable practice because they would replace functional, aesthetic and even affective attributes of clothing and accessories that such users otherwise associate with pain, while for other users this option would be objectionable. According to some respondents, due to the reasonably high level of visual similarity of various types of such simulacra, merely employing these animal byproducts would be considered less acceptable, given their insufficiently discernible distinction from animal-body materials. In such instances, they felt this verisimilitude could indirectly foster the idea that the use of such animal-origin material would be acceptable, therefore contributing to promoting the consumption of clothing of a type which is against the principles they adopt

The proliferation of attention given to environmental issues in politics, the media and economics is distinctive for one of the biggest trend movement of the last decades. Past studies have focused on researching green marketing as an emerging topic of importance. However, as vegan advertising is increasingly commonplace on product packages, this thesis provides novel empirical research following an exploratory mixed method research model, investigating the perception of students in the south of Sweden regarding vegan advertised products. Including qualitative in-depth interviews as well as a quantitative online survey, the study provides detailed insights into consumer biases and associations with the term’s vegan and plant-based and its influence on product selection choices. Findings, as well as recommendations are submitted and completed in a conclusive discussion.

Lifestyle medicine is the use of lifestyle interventions in the prevention, treatment and management of disease. A faith-based community, which is the subject of much health lifestyle research, is the focus of this study. The Seventh-day Adventist church has promoted a healthy lifestyle, including a plant-based diet, since its foundation in 1863. Research shows that Adventists are much healthier and live significantly longer than the general population. Adventist vegetarians are even more healthy, and live about five years longer than non-vegetarians. The present study was designed to investigate how church leaders relate to the Adventist health lifestyle, and to what extent information about the benefits of adopting this lifestyle is communicated to church members in Sweden. Survey interviews with specific health-related lifestyle questions were used to collect the data. 60% of the respondents reported being vegetarian or vegan. Many agreed that pastors should be health educators as much as gospel preachers, but a majority did not have any academic or other education on health. Only a minority stated that they often preach or share the Adventist health message, but most respondents agreed that every church should be a school of health. The educational program for pastors and other church leaders should include adequate training and experience in health and lifestyle medicine from a faith-based perspective. Seventh-day Adventists should be the first to take full advantage of an evidence-based healthy lifestyle and live as examples to others.

Bakgrund: Livsmedelsverket har tidigare inte rekommenderat vegankost till barn trots undersökningar som visar att en kost innehållande mycket vegetabilier minskar risken för flera välfärdssjukdomar, och att animaliskt fett ofta är en bidragande orsak till dessa sjukdomar. Med en vegansk kost finns risker för bristfälliga intag av fullvärdigt protein, Vitamin B12, D, kalcium, järn och alfa- linolensyra, men det finns också studier som visar att veganbarn får i sig tillräckligt av alla näringsämnen, samt att de flesta föräldrar är medvetna om att maten bör berikas med speciellt vitamin B12. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att jämföra två veckomatsedlar, en vegansk och en blandkost med avseende på näringsinnehåll, kostnad samt innehåll av frukt och grönsaker. Ett annat syfte var att låta förskolebarn provsmaka veganska mellanmål. Metod: En veckas blandkostmatsedel från en förskola i Umeå närings- och kostnadsberäknades och jämfördes med en komponerad vegansk matsedel och med Nordiska näringsrekommendationer, NNR. En av förskolans avdelningar, med 13 barn, fick därefter provsmaka veganska mellanmål. Resultat: Innehållet utav frukt och grönsaker var mer än dubbelt så hög i den veganska matsedeln än i blandkostmatsedeln. Andelen energigivande näringsämnen och fiberinnehållet var i båda kosterna i linje med rekommenderat intag. Dock var andelen fleromättat fett under NNR i blandkostmatsedeln och enkelomättat fett något under NNR för båda kosterna. Vitamin D, natrium samt selen låg under rekommenderat intag i både den veganska och blandkostmatsedeln. Det gjorde också retinolekvivalenterna i den veganska och järnintaget i blandkostmatsedeln. Bland de 13 barnen som hade tre röster var, en för vardera mellanmål, ogillade sammanlagt 17 röster de tre mellanmålen, elva röster gillade dem, och tio tyckte att de var någonstans mittemellan. Blandkostmatsedeln kostade 0.07 kronor per kcal och den veganska matsedeln 0.09 kronor per kcal. Slutsats: Fördelningen utav de energigivande näringsämnena låg för båda matsedlarna inom ramen för rekommendationerna. Vid planering av både blandkost och vegetarisk kost bör dock innehållet av vitamin D och selen observeras. Den veganska matsedeln innehöll mer frukt och grönsaker än blandkostmatsedeln. Kostnaden var i princip densamma för båda matsedlarna. En längre testperiod utav mellanmålen skulle kunna ge annorlunda resultat, då barnens preferenser förändras ju fler gånger samma livsmedel smakas på. / Background: The National food agency in Sweden, who gives out the nutrition recommendations, has previously not recommend vegan diet for children despite studies showing both that a diet containing a lot of plant foods reduces the risk of multiple welfare diseases, and that animal fat is often a contributing factor to these diseases. It can be risks for a deficient intake of complete protein, alpha- linolenic acid, vitamin B12 and D, and the minerals calcium and iron with a vegan diet. Some studies also showing that vegan children get enough of all the nutrients. It´s likewise studies that show that vegan children may satisfy enough of all nutrients, and that most parents are aware of the food to be fortified with vitamin B12. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare two weekly meal plans, one vegan and one omnivore meal plan regarding nutrient content, cost and the content of fruit and vegetables. A further aim was to let preschoolers taste vegan snacks. Method: The nutrition content and cost was calculated for a one week omnivorous menu from a preschool in Umeå, and compared with a composed vegan menu and the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, NNR. One of the four sections in the preschool, with 13 children, was then aloud to taste and evaluate vegan snack based on their five senses. Results: The study showed that the content of fruit and vegetables was more than twice higher in the vegan menu than in the omnivorous menu. The content of energizing nutrients and the content of fiber were in both menus in line with the recommendations. However, the content of polyunsaturated fat was under the recommendations in the omnivorous menu, and the monounsaturated fat slightly below the recommendations in both of the menus. Vitamin D, sodium and selenium were below the recommended intake in both the vegan and the omnivorous meal plan. Even did retinol in the vegan meal plan and iron in the omnivorous meal plan. Among the 13 children who had three votes each, one for each snack, 17 votes disliked the three snacks, eleven votes liked them. Ten thought they were somewhere in between. The cost of the omnivorous menu was 0.07 Swedish kronor per kcal and the vegan menu 0.09 Swedish kronor per kcal. Conclusion: The distribution of the most energizing nutrients was for both of the meals in the context of the recommendations. When planning both diet and vegetarian and vegan diet, the content of vitamin D and selenium should be observed. The vegan menu contained more fruits and vegetables than the omnivorous menu. The cost was in principle the same for both of the meal plans. A longer test period of the snacks could give different results, because the children's preferences change the more times the same food product is testing.

Bakgrund: Diskussionerna och studierna kring vegankost till barn är många och med spridda åsikter och resultat. I folkmun dominerar ofta de negativa åsikterna där riskerna för brister i kosten står i fokus. Många studier visar dock att om de vanligaste fällorna undviks växer och utvecklas barn som äter vegankost normalt. Idag hamnar debatten ofta kring riskerna med att ge barn vegankost, medan debatten kring den felbalanserade blandkostens baksidor lätt glöms bort. Enligt den senaste nationella koststudien på barn i Sverige (2003), ses generellt sett en tillfredställande fördelning av protein, fett och kolhydrater i kosten hos barn, medan typen av fett och kolhydrater är av dålig kvalitet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka näringsintag, livsmedelsval och måltidsmönster bland barn som äter vegankost och barn som äter blandkost, samt att undersöka hur näringsintaget stämmer överens med Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer för målgruppen. Metod: En kvantitativ metod användes där en skattad kostregistrering på totalt tolv barn genomfördes under tre valfria dagar, där hälften åt vegankost och den andra hälften blandkost. Resultat: Barnen som åt vegankost åt mer frukt och grönt, fibrer samt hade ett högre energiintag. Skillnaden beträffande intag av frukt och grönt var dock inte signifikant. De barn som åt blandkost hade ett högre intag av socker, salt och mättat fett, där en signifikant skillnad sågs för de två sistnämnda. Vegankostgruppen hade konsekvent ett högre medelvärde på alla jämförda näringsämnen med undantag för selen och B12, skillnaden var enbart signifikant på intaget av vitamin C. Båda grupper hade ett tillfredsställande måltidsmönster. Slutsats: Vegankostgruppen hade ett intag mer i enlighet med Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer än blandkostgruppen, vilket visar på välmotiverade och kunniga föräldrar till de barn som åt vegankost. / Background: The discussions and studies on vegan diet for children are many and with diverged opinions and results. The negative views, where the risks of deficiencies in the diet is in focus often dominates. Many studies show that if the most common pitfalls are avoided the growth of vegan children is normal. Today, the debate often focus on the risks of giving children a vegan diet, while the unbalanced mixed diet is easily forgotten. The latest national study of children´s dietary habits in Sweden (2003), reported a satisfactory distribution of protein, fat and carbohydrates, while the type of fat and carbohydrates consumed were of bad quality. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake, food choice and meal patterns among vegan and omnivore preschool children. The study also investigated whether the nutrient intake was consistent with the recommendations by the National Food Agency (NFA). Method: A quantitative method was used where a three-day estimated dietary registration of twelve children was performed, where half of the children were vegans and the other half omnivores.  Results: Children who ate a vegan diet consumed more fruit and vegetables, fibers and had a higher energy intake. The difference on the intake of fruit and vegetables was not significantly. The omnivores had a higher intake of sugar, salt and saturated fat, with a significant difference for the latter two. The vegan children had consistently a higher mean value of all nutrients with the exception of selenium and B12. The difference was only significant for the intake of vitamin C. Both groups had a satisfactory meal patterns. Conclusion: The vegan children had an intake more in accordance with the NFA recommendations than the omnivore children, indicating highly motivated and knowledgeable parents of the children who ate a vegan diet.

Kentucky has a health crisis and most of the causes can be linked to diet, smoking and physical activity. Vegetarian and vegan diets have numerous benefits for many diet related health problems such as obesity, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes and certain cancers. There has been limited research on vegetarians and vegans in the United States and none in Kentucky. This study used an anonymous electronic survey to examine the different characteristics, behaviors, experiences and opinions of adult vegetarians and vegans in Kentucky. Results were compared to statistical data reported on the general population of Kentucky. Calculated body mass index (BMI) from self-reported height and weight showed 36% of vegetarians and 21% of vegans to be overweight or obese compared to 67% of the general Kentucky population being overweight or obese. The impact on BMI due to type of plant based diet (vegetarian or vegan) was found to be of greater significance (p=0.0030) than that of exercise. Reports from both groups indicated that they may be underserved by health care professionals. These findings have important implications for dietitians, dietetics education programs and health care providers concerned with high rates of obesity and chronic diseases.

This thesis explores 5C dietary-restricted college students’ reiteration of a “lack of [food] options” in the dining hall and at on-campus, institutionally-sponsored events of particularly Scripps College. Given that Scripps specifically has in the past responded to dietary-restricted student needs, and that it offers an admittedly broad variety of foods for a college dining hall, dietary-restricted students’ dissatisfaction with “food options” presents an interesting problem. Situated within broader Claremont College community discussions, this ethnographic work hopes to better understand not just what students want, but what they need to socially and culturally sustain themselves while dwelling in the residential 5C community. I argue that when my dietary- and non-dietary-restricted interlocutors narrate their desire for, request, and provide food options, they are engaging in efforts to facilitate access to membership and participation in all aspects of the “residential college experience.” In the spirit of interlocutors’ enduring determination to exist in a space of possibility with regard to their identities and the necessary food options that could exist, this thesis also contains Scripps-specific suggestions to better include those with dietary restrictions in the Scripps College residential community.

Bakgrund Det finns studier som antyder att barnmorskors kunskaper inom näringslära skulle kunna vara otillräckliga, att barnmorskor upplever sig ha begränsade kunskaper om vegetarisk kost, och att de känner sig obekväma i att ge kostråd till gravida som äter en vegetarisk kost. Det saknas idag studier som undersöker hur gravida som äter vegankost upplever barnmorskans bemötande beträffande kost. Syfte Att undersöka hur gravida som äter vegankost upplever barnmorskans bemötande beträffande kost, och om de upplever det annorlunda jämfört med gravida som äter blandkost. Metod Webbenkätbaserad kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med bekvämlighetsurval. Resultat Gravida som åt vegankost upplevde att barnmorskans kunskap om deras kosthållning var lägre än vad gravida som åt blandkost gjorde (p<0,001). De kände sig också mer otrygga i att prata om kost med barnmorskan (p<0,001) och upplevde att barnmorskans inställning till deras kosthållning var mer negativ än vad gravida som åt blandkost gjorde (p<0,05). Det fanns ingen skillnad mellan grupperna gällande upplevelsen av om barnmorskan tillvaratog deltagarens kunskaper och erfarenheter gällande kost (p=0,192), bemötandet överlag med barnmorskan (p=0,108) och upplevelsen av om kostval påverkade hur deltagaren blev bemött (p=0,167). Slutsats De gravida som åt vegankost och de gravida som åt blandkost upplevde barnmorskans bemötande beträffande kost olika. En ökad kunskap om vegankost hos barnmorskor skulle eventuellt kunna göra att gravida som äter vegankost upplever barnmorskans bemötande beträffande kost som bättre. / Background There are studies suggesting that midwives’ knowledge of nutrition could be insufficient, that midwives perceive having limited knowledge of vegetarian diets, and that they felt unprepared to offer dietary advice to pregnant vegetarians. There are today no studies investigating how pregnant women eating a vegan diet perceive the encounter regarding diet with the midwife. Aim To investigate how pregnant women eating a vegan diet perceive the encounter regarding diet with the midwife and if they perceive it differently than pregnant women eating a mixed diet. Method A web-based quantitative cross-sectional study using a convenience sample Results Pregnant women eating a vegan diet perceived the midwife had less knowledge of their diet than the women eating a mixed diet did (p<0,001). They also felt less secure talking about their diet with the midwife (p<0,001) and perceived the attitude toward their diet as more negative than the pregnant women eating a mixed diet did (p=0,011). There was no difference between the groups in how they perceived the midwife utilized their own knowledge and experiences regarding diet (p=0,192), the general satisfaction with the encounter with the midwife (p=0,108) and if they perceived their chosen diet influenced how the midwife received them (p=0,167). Conclusion The pregnant women eating a vegan diet and the pregnant women eating a mixed diet perceived the encounter regarding diet with the midwife differently. An increased knowledge about vegan diet among midwives might help pregnant women eating a vegan diet perceive the encounter regarding diet as more satisfying.

abstract: In 2002, a scientifically derived food guide pyramid for vegetarians, the Modified Food Guide for Lacto-ovo-vegetarians and Vegans was published and well received. Now that 10 years have passed, new scientific literature regarding the bioavailability of the nutrients of key concern in vegetarian diets has been published, and the graphical format of the nation's food guide has evolved from a pyramid shape into a circular plate. The objective of this research was to examine the post-2002 literature regarding the bioavailability of key nutrients in vegetarian diets; to use this information to update the recommendations made in the 2002 Modified Food Guide Pyramid for Lacto-ovo-vegetarians and Vegans; and to adapt this revised food plan to the new USDA MyPlate format. This process involved reviewing the scientific literature to determine if the DRIs for the nutrients of key concern in vegetarian diets are adequate for the vegetarian population and using this information to develop new recommendations for vegetarians if necessary, analyzing the nutrient content of representative foods in different food groups, reconfiguring the food groups so that foods with like nutrient components were grouped together, determining the number of servings of each food group required to meet vegetarians' nutrient requirements at three caloric levels, and developing sample menus. A circular plate graphic, the Vegetarian Plate, was designed to illustrate the recommendations of this updated food guide. This updated, scientifically derived food guide provides a sound base for diet planning for lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans. Further research is needed to assess the Vegetarian Plate's adequacy for children, pregnant and lactating women, athletes, and individuals with medical conditions or chronic diseases. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Nutrition 2013

Em relação ao vestuário utilizável pelo público vegano (indivíduos que se abstêm, por motivos éticos e/ou ideológicos, na medida do possível, do consumo de produtos e serviços provenientes do reino animal), há diversas alternativas sintéticas aos materiais de origem animal que os substituem em suas funções práticas, estéticas e/ou simbólicas. De arremedos burlescos a imitações fidedignas da realidade, simulacros de peles, penas, pelos, ossos e secreções de animais, à primeira vista, de perto, de longe e/ou aos olhos de leigos, em diferentes graus de realismo, figuram aspectos estéticos e sensoriais que os tornam difíceis de serem distinguidos de genuínos materiais de origem animal. Neste contexto, o presente estudo concerne uma investigação qualitativa exploratória de caráter sobretudo fenomenológico, acerca da reflexão sobre a problemática de possíveis implicações conceituais e práticas mais notáveis, sob o enfoque ético, estético, sociológico, semiótico e prático, da ideia de simulacro, emulação e cópia de materiais de origem animal e/ou que façam referência, alusão ou evoquem aspectos exteriores de corpos de animais em vestuário de veganos. Para tanto, a partir de levantamentos de comentários de usuários veganos em redes sociais da internet, aplicação de questionários e entrevistas em profundidade com usuários, ativistas do movimento vegano e especialistas teóricos, espera-se, com esta contribuição, iluminar os campos do design de moda, do veganismo e, consequentemente, dos direitos dos animais. Alguns dos resultados desta investigação sugerem, por exemplo, que, enquanto, para alguns usuários, o recurso a alternativas consideradas como veganas seria aceitável pelo fato de substituírem atributos funcionais, estéticos e até afetivos de roupas e acessórios diretamente associados, por eles, a sofrimento, para outros usuários, seria objeto de reprovação. Segundo parte dos respondentes, devido ao razoável grau de fidedignidade de vários destes simulacros, o mero uso deste tipo de material artificial resultaria pouco aceitável por ser insuficientemente discernível de materiais derivados de corpos de animais. Nestes casos, esta verossimilhança poderia, segundo eles, indiretamente promover a ideia de que o uso de materiais de origem animal seria admissível, contribuindo, assim, para estimular o consumo de vestuário não condizente com a ideologia que adotam / In the cathegory of clothing which can be worn by the vegan public that is, by those who abstain as much as possible from consuming products and services of animal origin for ethical and ideological reasons there are various synthetic alternatives to materials of animal origin which fulfill the practical, aesthetic and/or symbolic functions. From burlesque copies to reliable imitations, like those of leather, feathers, fur, bones and animal secretionswith different degrees of realism, they haveat first, up close, or from a distance and/or to the eyes of laypeople, aesthetic and sensorial aspects that make it difficult to distinguish from genuine materials of animal origin. This study is a qualitative, exploratory, phenomenological investigation about the problematic of some of the most notable possible conceptual and practical implications, from the practical, aesthetic, philosophical, sociological and ethical viewpoints, of the idea of imitation, emulation and copying of materials of animal origin or materials which make a reference or allusion to, or which evoke exterior aspects of, animals bodies in vegans\' clothing.To this end, based on searches for vegan users comments in online social media, questionnaires and in-depth interviews with users, vegan movement activists and theoretical specialists (like ethics philosophers and designers specializing in ethical fashion), the aim of this study, based on conclusions obtained through analysis of these different points of view, is to illuminate the fields of fashion design, veganism and consequently, animal rights. Results of this investigation suggest, for instance, that for some users, making use of alternatives considered vegan would be an acceptable practice because they would replace functional, aesthetic and even affective attributes of clothing and accessories that such users otherwise associate with pain, while for other users this option would be objectionable. According to some respondents, due to the reasonably high level of visual similarity of various types of such simulacra, merely employing these animal byproducts would be considered less acceptable, given their insufficiently discernible distinction from animal-body materials. In such instances, they felt this verisimilitude could indirectly foster the idea that the use of such animal-origin material would be acceptable, therefore contributing to promoting the consumption of clothing of a type which is against the principles they adopt