ABSTRACT In today´s world chicane becomes more pronounced term and is considered to be the most significant negative aspect of current school system. In addition unlike chicane in the past today is displays more alarming features. That includes in particular increasing number of chicane occurrence in schools, lower age of offenders and increased aggressivity and brutality of such behaviour. Chicane is a complex and cross-society problem. And it is defined as any behaviour with the intention to harm somebody repeatedly, threaten or intimidate other student or group of students. This intentional violence is focused on individuals or groups of students who don{\crq}t know how or cant defend themselves for whatever reason. It includes physical attacks in form of beating, extortion, robberies, damaging of property of others as well as verbal attacks in form of invectives, aspersions, assault or humiliation. It may also have the form of sexual harassment or even sexual abuse. Chicane occurs also indirectly as notable neglecting or ignoring of a student or students by the teacher or other group of students. Danger of chicane is based mainly on its severity, long term effect and related consequences for mental and physical health. These are the reasons why chicane must not be neglected and underestimated. The purpose of this diploma work is to map occurrence and severity of chicane in secondary vocational schools in Kroměříž district. In my opinion this objective has been achieved. The research objective was to prove or disprove the following hypothesis: H1: Chicane occurs in secondary vocational schools in Kroměříž district. H2: Most of chicane cases are not of severe character in secondary vocational schools in Kroměříž district. H3: Most of chicane offenders also display discipline problems. H4: Boys are more often chicane offenders than girls. The H1 hypothesis has been proved. 66 % of students in secondary vocational schools in Kroměříž ever experienced chicane and 21 % of students experience chicane in their current school. The H2 hypothesis has been proved. Chicane is not of severe character. The most common form of chicane is verbal attacks, humiliation and aspersions. The H3 hypothesis has been disproved. The research did not prove that chicane offenders also display discipline problems. The H4 hypothesis has been proved. The result of the research conclude that boys are more often chicane offenders, in 60% of cases. In addition the research pointed out the problem of chicane reporting and solving. Chicane often remains unreported or is reported but not addressed. As concerns the chicane abatement issue in secondary schools, also 8 % of students is of the opinion that their school effectively addresses chicane and less than 61 % of student does not even know if their schools are addressing this problem at all. Therefore I would recommend to schools to pay more attention to communication with students about this socially pathological problem and take preventive measures.

La place de la victime au sein du procès pénal est complexe et ambiguë. En droit positif, la victime bénéficie désormais de droits et de moyens d'action dans le procès pénal qui lui garantissent un véritable rôle. Par exemple, comme le ministère public, la victime peut déclencher l'action publique et demander la réparation du préjudice subi. La victime n'est plus la grande oubliée du procès pénal, elle est devenue une partie à part entière. Toutefois, en dépit d'un renforcement manifeste du rôle de la victime dans le procès pénal, un déséquilibre des droits et des moyens d'action persiste entre les parties dans chaque étape de la procédure pénale. Une amélioration de la procédure pénale est donc toujours nécessaire pour sauvegarder les droits de la victime et empêcher celle-ci d’être injustement mise à l’écart. / The place of the victim in the criminal trial is complicated and ambiguous. In current law, the victim enjoys rights and means of action in the criminal trial which guarantee her a real part. For example, as the prosecution, the victim can activate the public action and she can ask for the repair of her damage. The victim is not any more the forgotten of the criminal trial, she became a full part. However, in spite of an obvious strengthening of the part of the victim in the criminal trial, an imbalance of the rights and the means of action persists between the parts in every stage of the criminal procedure. The improvement of the procedural balance between the parts in the criminal trial has to continue not to put aside the victim.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att göra en kritisk diskursanalys av begreppet brottsoffer i internationella, nationella och vetenskapliga dokument. Utgångspunkten i analysen är Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell. Analysen leder till en redovisning av brottsofferdiskursen och dess konsekvenser för samhället. De huvudsakliga slutsatserna är att brottsofferdiskursen är en del av en större diskursordning och underordnas en diskurs i vardera typen av text, internationell, nationell och vetenskaplig typ av text. Synen på brottsoffer och brottsofferdiskursen är avgörande för hur brottsoffer bemöts och vilket stöd de får. / The purpose of the essay is to perform a critical discourse analysis of the concept: crime victim in international, national and scientific documents. The basis of the analysis is Norman Faircloughs three-dimensional model. The analysis demonstrates the discourse of crime victims and its consequences for society. The main results are that the discourse of crime victims is part of a larger order of discourse and is subordinate to a discourse of each type of text, the international, the national and the scientific type of text. The general view of crime victim and the discourse of crime victims are decisive of the treatment of crime victims and the support they receive.

A documentação odontológica é utilizada como ferramenta indispensável para identificação humana uma vez que possibilita a comparação entre registros ante mortem (AM) e post mortem (PM), levando a resultados objetivos e confiáveis. A constante evolução tecnológica ocasionou grande avanço na qualidade dos exames por imagens, auxiliando o processo de identificação por arco dentário. Nesse contexto, as imagens radiográficas digitais ganharam espaço frente às convencionais e as tomografias computadorizadas (TC) passaram a ser comumente utilizadas na Odontologia, devido à multiplicidade dos detalhes oferecidos pelas imagens tridimensionais. Estudos recentes revelam as tentativas de se reproduzir imagens semelhantes às intraorais por meio de TC. No entanto, ainda não há estudos efetivos no campo das ciências forenses, utilizando tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC) com o propósito de identificação. O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para simulação de imagens radiográficas intraorais em tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico, visando repetir a incidência e geometria da radiografia de origem, contemplando os possíveis erros de angulação, além de verificar a eficácia e confiabilidade desse princípio entre os examinadores. Para isso, foi realizada a aquisição de vinte TCFC de crânios secos e os dados do seu odontograma inseridos nas fichas PM do WinID. Para cada crânio, um segundo observador realizou três radiografias periapicais digitais, simulando as AM, uma delas contendo alteração de posicionamento. As 60 radiografias foram randomizadas, três pontos foram selecionados, suas distâncias lineares e angulação mensurados no Photoshop e catalogados em planilha do Microsoft Excel. Os dados odontológicos das radiografias foram incluídos como fichas AM do WinID. O software indicou similaridade ao confrontar os elementos AM com os PM. e os valores tabulados das radiografias conduziram as análises do primeiro, sem o conhecimento prévio dos erros. As regiões de interesse (ROI) das imagens radiográficas foram localizadas nas TCFC e a geometria de incidência simulada, mediante a manipulação dos planos espaciais e ferramentas disponíveis no software Osirix, buscando valores semelhantes aos originais. Por fim, a sobreposição de imagens foi realizada utilizando artifícios do Photoshop, comprovando a similaridade entre as imagens originais e as replicadas na tomografia. Os resultados mostraram que foi possível replicar a geometria das imagens radiográficas nas TCFC em 100% da amostra. Testes estatísticos como o coeficiente de variação, diferenças de médias e coeficiente de Pearson evidenciaram forte correlação para todas as variáveis estudadas e todos os valores foram estatisticamente significantes (p<0.05). O protocolo desenvolvido possibilitou a reprodução da geometria e incidência das radiografias convencionais em TCFC, inclusive na presença de alterações na angulação. As imagens produzidas puderam ser comparadas às originais, assegurando o resultado por sobreposição. Em todas elas ficou comprovada a viabilidade do uso do protocolo para fins de identificação humana e sua aplicação, portanto, foi considerada confiável e segura, visto que a concordância entre os observadores ficou demonstrada pelos testes estatísticos. / Dental Records are used as a necessary tool for human identification, as it enables the comparison of Antemortem (AM) and Postmortem (PM) data, leading to objective and reliable results. The constant evolution of technology brought advances in the quality of images, aiding the dental arch identification process. In this context, the digital radiographic images gained ground among conventional radiographs and Computed Tomography (CT) became usual in dentistry, due to the multiple details available in the tridimensional images. Recent studies shown attempts of reproducing intraoral images from CT. But there was no effective studies in the forensic science field using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) with identification purposes. The present study aims on developing a methodology that could simulate intra-oral images in CBCT exams, in order to repeat the incidence and image geometry of the original radiography, covering possible angulation errors and testing the reliability of the process. To do so, 20 CBCT were acquired from dry skulls and their dental charts were registered in WinID. In each cranium, a second observer made three periapical radiographs, simulating the AM records in WinID, and one should contain and incidence error. The 60 radiographs were randomized and in each three points were selected with linear distances and angle between them were measured in photoshop and recorded in a MS Excel chart. The data from the radiographs were included in WinId as AM records. The Sotware indicated similarities of the records by matching AM and PM, and the values from the radiographs directed the analysis made by the first examiner, with no knowledge of the previous errors and the AM data registered in WinID. The Region of Interest (ROI) in the radiographs were located in the CBCT and the geometry and incidence were simulated using the manipulation of the orientation planes and tools of the software Osirix, in search of similar to the original values. Finally, the superimposition of images was made in Photoshop, to prove the achievement of similarity between the original images and those extracted from the CBCT. The results showed a possible repeatability of image geometry in 100% of the sample. Statistic test of the variance coefficient, average difference and Pearson coefficient highlighted the strong correlation of all variables and significance of all tested values (p<0.05). The developed protocol enabled the reproduction of conventional radiographs geometry and incidence in CBCT exams, including in the presence of incidence errors. The produced images could be compared to the original, assuring a result by superimposition. In every analysis, the use of this protocol has been confirmed as viable for human identification purposes, and its usage was considered reliable and secure, as the concordance between examiners was demonstrated by the statistic analysis.

This thesis examines the portrayal of men and boys within the women, peace and security agenda, and in particular the United Nations Security Council’s (UNSC) security discourse on this theme. The relationship between the portrayal of victims and perpetrators, and the portrayal of men and boys are analysed and discussed based on the three-dimensional framework for Critical Discourse Analysis by Norman Fairclough. Through the theoretical framework of Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink on norm theory, this thesis furthers the understanding of the evolution of how men and boys are portrayed within the women, peace and security agenda. The results of this thesis are that the portrayal of victims often does not correspond with the portrayal of men and boys, while the portrayal of perpetrators often does correspond to the portrayal of men and boys. The study also shows that the portrayal of men and boys as the perpetrators as well as leaders in society has reached the third stage of the norm cycle by Finnemore and Sikkink; internalisation, and that the portrayal of men and boys as victims as partners to the female leaders in society has reached only reached the first stage of the norm cycle: norm emergence.

The aim of this study is to examine how female and male perpetrators are represented in the tabloid Aftonbladet. The study is based on two murder cases that resemble each other. The murders are commited by two perpetrators together, a woman and a man. The questions examined are: How are the perpetrators and victims of news journalism represented in murders commited together by a female and male offender? Which are the similarities and differences between how female and male offenders are represented? We executed a critical discourse analysis of 14 news articles from Aftonbladet, from the time period of the detention to the sentence of the crimes. The result shows that the perpetrators together are represented as well-planned, greedy and evil. The female offender are represented as manipulative, emotional and her actions are correlated to her role as a mother. Furthermore she is placed above the male offender, he becomes submissive. The man is also represented as deviant and has relationship problems with others. The victims are portrayed as helpless and innocent. They are also represented as thoughtful and generous towards their children. The victims’ fear is portrayed in relation to the perpetrators malice.

The aim of this study was to examine how the swedish newspaper Aftonbladet portrays the Las Vegas shooting in october 2017. Our research questions were: How is Stephen Paddock portrayed?, How is the victims portrayed? and How does Aftonbladet portray Stephen Paddocks motive of the shooting? With a qualitative framing analysis we examined a total of 19 articles and identified several frames that the perpetrator and the victims is described with. The result shows that Stephen Paddock is framed as evil, cold, lone wolf, a massmurderer and a systematic perpetrator. But we also identified a frame when he is portrayed as a “normal” individual. The victims are framed as goodhearted and ideal victims. Aftonbladet’s way of reporting is charatherized by sensationalism, emotionalism and intimacy which is typical for a tabloid newspaper. Aftonbladet also describes the course of events with rich details, which also is typical for tabloids. When this study was conducted, the motive and cause of the attack was still unknown. With that in mind, we identified several frames where Aftonbladet is trying to answer the question of what motive the perpetrator could have had. They portray Stephen Paddocks gambling and psychotic brain as possible reasons of the attack.

This thesis deals with the crime of dangerous stalking under s. 354 of the Criminal Code and also with the phenomenon called stalking, which is directly linked with the merits. In introduction of the thesis is described a relationships between the concepts - crime of dangerous stalking and stalking. The thesis is composed of three large chapters - first chapter is focused on stalking from psychological viewpoint, another chapter deals with a legislation of the crime of dangerous stalking in the Czech republic and in the last part are outlined the problematic aspects related to this crime and reasoning de lege ferenda. First chapter starts with a short description of history of stalking and includes mentioning of the first cases for introduction the antistalking legislation. Than a significant part of thesis deals with perpetrators of stalking, especially with the types of perpetrators, which were been created over the whole period of time and characteristics for each type of perpetrator. Another key part deals with victims of stalking from the psychological view and also from legal context of Victims of Crime Act, and also from context of Criminal Procedure Code from the viewpoint of the rights of the victims. Another part focuses on merits of dangerous stalking, where are mentioned the options of...

The thesis deals with the issue of bullying at the primary level of the elementary schools from the point of view of the experienced teachers that have encountered this kind of situations in their practice. The thesis consists of a theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part brings latest news from the foreign and local bibliography. It describes causes, forms, participants of bullying, and there is a comparison of different kinds of solutions. Last but not least it proposes a wide range of preventive methods. The practical part is based on case studies of the interventions of bullying in the primary school which are realized through semi-structured interviews with five teachers from different countries with different backgrounds who dealt with bullying in their practise. The results present different techniques which involved people in the intervention use to efectively solve the cases and on the other hand what slows the proces of healing down and how to overcome these obstacles. Which steps were done in the classroom and which methods of prevention teachers use. This paper includes a discussion about the difference of dealing with bullying in Czech and foreign schools. KEYWORDS bullying among children, primary school, aggression, victim, aggressor, teacher's experience, diagnostics,...

The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of physical, verbal and social bullying in high school on the adolescent’s sense of self, thereby improving the knowledge base and insight of counsellors who work with victims of bullying. The objectives of this study were: <ul><li>To build a knowledge base on the problem of bullying using existing literature. The knowledge base was used to form a holistic picture of the problem.</li> <li>To empirically investigate the impact that bullying in the school has on the adolescent’s sense of self.</li> <li>To provide conclusions and recommendations for teachers of school A as well as counsellors who, in the counselling setting, work with bullied children. </li></ul> This quantitative study endeavoured to answer the following research question: “What is the impact of bullying on the adolescent’s sense of self.” The researcher aimed to use the statistical analysis of the empirical study to improve the helping profession’s understanding of the phenomenon. This may lead to more successful intervention strategies on behalf of these adolescents. The study was feasible, as it was within the financial and practical means of the researcher. She had access to the school as she was employed there and obtained permission from the school, Department of Education, parents of participants, the participants themselves and The Ethical Committee of the University of Pretoria. The following themes emerged from the data analysis (when the male and female adolescents’ results were separated) namely: <ul><li>Physical bullying does not affect any parts of the sense of self of the female adolescent but does affect the physical and creative self of the male.</li> <li>Social bullying impacts every part of the female adolescent self but only affects the emotional, behavioural and creative sense of self of the male.</li> <li>Verbal bullying has an impact on every part of the female adolescents sense of self and affects all parts of the male sense of self except the physical and intellectual sense of self.</li></ul> From the research findings, recommendations were made on a micro, macro and exo- level. On a micro-level, this included improved intervention and prevention programmes in schools. On macro-level the researcher is of the opinion that the Department of Education of various districts need to ensure that policies are put in place as well as to support individual schools in their endeavours to stop bullying. On a meso-level, legislation changes and enforcement of the Bill of Human rights in schools are recommended. Copyright / Dissertation (MSD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted