Company valuation is entering a new era; with increasing demands, more awareness and internal resistance. As the companies who request the valuation, together with third parties, begin to show more interest in the value statements - the analyst must be able to validate his course of action with reliable reasoning based on substantiated data. In this thesis, two approaches to the Comparable Company Valuation method will be evaluated and analyzed with the use of a Case Study. Initially, the two approaches will be applied on a Target Company, Company X, which will result in two value estimations. In order to draw conclusions of how to derive a correct valuation and what approach that is to be preferred in the given scenario, similar valuations were performed on six additional companies, in the same manner as the Case Study, and compared with their respective real market value. The valuation is based on financial data and all companies used in the study are listed on Nasdaq Stockholm Stock Exchange. Findings – First and foremost, results showed that a Comparable Company Valuation is very dependent on its composed peer group. Results from the study indicated increasingly favorable outcomes, when the peer group was similar to the Target Company. The prime conclusions are that, with a perfectly composed peer group, in a mature industry, one of the approaches was to be preferred. However, in an immature industry, where the requirements of the companies used in the composed peer group have to be broadened, the latter approach indicated favorable outcome. Originality - This study is one of the first to compare two different approaches to the Comparable Company Valuation method and analyze in what scenarios one approach is to be preferred to the other. / Företagsvärdering går mot en ny era; med ökade krav, högre medvetenhet och internt motstånd hos värderingsfirmorna. Företag som begär en värdering samt tredjeparter visar allt mer intresse och förståelse för hur värderingen har gått till - vilket leder till att analytikern måste redogöra för sitt tillvägagångssätt med korrekta resonemang baserade på pålitlig data. I denna uppsats analyserar och utvärderar vi två olika approacher till Comparable Company Valuation med hjälp av en fallstudie. Inledningsvis kommer de två approacherna utföras på Målföretaget, Företag X, vilket leder till två olika värderingar. Vidare, för att kunna dra slutsatser kring vilken approach som bör användas vid vilket tillfälle, gjordes liknande värderingar på ytterligare sex företag, på samma sätt som fallstudien, dessa värderingar jämfördes med marknadsvärdet för respektive företag. Samtliga värderingar baseras på finansiell data och alla företag som är med i studien är listade på Nasdaq Stockholm Stock Exchange. Resultat – Först och främst visade resultaten att Comparable Company Valuation är väldigt beroende av hur sammansättningen av jämförelseföretag har gått till. Resultat indikerade vidare att värderingen gav bättre, det vill säga mer precist, resultat – om jämförelseföretagen var lika Målföretaget. De viktigaste slutsatserna som drogs var att, när en värdering görs med en perfekt grupp jämförelseföretag, i en mogen industri, var den ena approachen att föredra. Vidare, på en nyare marknad, där kraven för jämförelseföretagen måste sänkas – gav den andra approachen en mer precis värdering. Originalitet – Denna studie är en av de första som jämför två olika approacher till Comparable Company Valuation samt analyserar när vilken av dessa bör användas för att få en så bra värdering som möjligt.

Offentligt upphandlade tjänster omsätter omkring 800 miljarder SEK per år och står för omkring 20% av Sveriges BNP. Offentlig upphandling av tjänster står för omkring 43% av alla offentligt upphandlade affärer vilket gör upphandling av tjänster en vanligare typ av affär än upphandling av produkter. Trots detta har det akademiska intresset för vad som driver värde inom offentligt upphandlade affärer varit lågt, och intresset för offentligt upphandlade tjänster ännu lägre. För att förstå vad som driver värde under kontraktsperioden i en offentligt upphandlad tjänsteaffär har Trafikförvaltningen i Stockholm valts som fallföretag. Trafikförvaltningen är den organisation som upphandlar och förvaltar kollektivtrafiken i Stockholm och kollektivtrafiken i Stockholm har cirka två miljoner påstigande varje dag. Studiens syfte är därför att undersöka vilka faktorer som driver kundvärde under komplexa tjänsteleveranser och att definiera vad är värdedrivande på respektive faktor. För att åstadkomma detta genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att ta reda på vilka faktorer som vanligtvis är värdedrivande under affärer mellan företag, affärer mellan företag och statliga organisationer och under tjänsteleveranser. Detta resulterade i en analysmodell som därefter prövades explorativt genom 14 djupintervjuer med affärsförvaltare och affärsområdesansvariga på Trafikförvaltningen och en representant från Skånetrafiken respektive Västtrafik. Utifrån denna fallstudie kan det konstateras att följande faktorer definitivt är värdedrivare under B2G-tjänsteleveranser: Faktorn tjänstekvalitet, vilket innebär en hög kvalitet och prestanda, en hög kravuppfyllelse över tid och att tjänsten levereras så att kunden får tid att ägna sig åt sin kärnverksamhet. Faktorn tjänstehantering, vilket innebär ett ordentligt och förebyggande underhåll, en välfungerande fakturahantering och en välfungerande rapport- och dokumentationshantering. Faktorn leveransnoggrannhet, vilket innebär att leverera med exakthet och att leverantören gör allt i sin makt för att leverera tjänsten så exakt som möjligt. Faktorn möjligheter att växa, vilket innebär att leverantören levererar sin tjänst på ett sådant sätt att kunden kan växa i marknadsandel och antal slutkunder. Faktorn utvecklingsmöjligheter, vilket innebär kontinuerliga förbättringar av verksamheten och att leverantören aktivt arbetar för att utveckla processer och rutiner. Faktorn organisatoriska förmågor, vilket innebär att leverantörens samarbete med andra aktörer ska fungera på ett professionellt och ansvarstagande vis, att leverantören har en stor kunskap- och avtalsförståelse, ett helhetsperspektiv - inte bara ett ekonomiskt perspektiv, tar ett arbetsgivaransvar samt har avtalsstöd när förhandlingar uppstår. Faktorn intressentrelationer, vilket innebär en hög kundnöjdhet (slutkunderna) och att leverantören aktivt jobbar för att öka denna, att leverantören levererar tjänsten utan att skada kundens varumärke och anseende samt att leverantören skapar socialt värde genom att värde skapas för allmänheten. Faktorn leverantörsrelation, vilket innebär att leverantören ska ha en god personlig interaktion, en hög lyhördhet och god samtalston, skapar tillit och förtroende, är lösningsorienterade i förhandlingar samt inte har ett opportunistiskt beteende. Sist men inte minst, faktorn interaktion, vilket innebär ett professionellt och affärsmässigt bemötande, en hög tillgänglighet, transparens och respektfullhet samt förstår den offentliga förvaltningens roll i affären.

國內政府為發展國內知識經濟產業，協助企業增加融資管道，屬於無形資產之融資制度，即將實施。無衡量即無管理，企業無形資產價值的評估，在融資、管理及投資決策上，就益顯重要。本研究參考Gu and Lev (2001)之無形資產評估方法，以國內電子資訊業與化學產業為研究對象，探討（1）考量無形資產之企業綜合價值是否比帳面價值更能解釋股價的變動；（2）智慧資本密集產業的市價綜合價值比是否與未來股價報酬成負相關；及（3）綜合價值是否能由衡量企業人力、創新及關係構面之指標加以解釋。 實證結果發現不論是資訊電子業或化學業，在加入帳面淨值後，無形資產對股價仍具有增額解釋能力。此結果意謂，對知識資本密集產業而言，除了帳面價值外，無形資產亦具有價值攸關性。此外，本研究發現，市價綜合價值比對於後期股價報酬確實具有顯著的預測能力，顯示市價綜合價值比具有資訊內涵，可協助投資人之投資決策或金融機構之授信決策。實證結果亦顯示，未來二期之股價報酬與市價綜合價值比之負相關較未來一期股價報酬與市價綜合價值比之關係更顯著。最後，對資訊電子業而言，衡量創新資本之當年度研發費用率和新專利權數，以及衡量人力資本的每人營收及員工紅利保留盈餘比為知識資本之價值決定因素；而對化學業而言，當年度研發費用率與員工紅利保留盈餘比與企業綜合價值呈顯著正相關。 / Taiwan government sets forth policies in order to assist companies in the knowledge industries obtain financial resources from the market on the basis of their intangibles. As there is no proper management measures could be exercised when there is no measurement to intangibles, the importance of valuation of intangibles surges with respect to financing, operating and investing decision making. Based on the approach developed by Gu and Lev (2001) and sample firms from chemical and information and electronics industries, this thesis explores issues: (1) whether the comprehensive value has incremental explanatory power in addition to book value of equity; (2) if there is a negative association between future stock return and the ratio of market value to comprehensive value for firms studied; and finally (3) if the variation in comprehensive value can be explain by value drivers that contribute to human, innovation and customer capitals. The empirical findings indicate that for firms both in the information and electronics and chemical industries, the comprehensive value contributes additionally to book value of equity in the return-value relation. This implies that information of the comprehensive value is value-relevant. The results also evidence that the ratio of stock market price to comprehensive value is significantly and negatively related to stock return for the future period. Moreover, such association is found to be stronger for two-period ahead stock return than that of one-period. The predictive ability of market-to-comprehensive value ratio indicates that the provision of the ratio could be helpful for investments decision making. Finally, this thesis finds that, for the information and electronics industry, variables such as R&D intensity, number of new patent, revenue per employee and stock bonus-to-retain earnings ratio determine the comprehensive value of the firm. With respect to the chemical industry, variables such as R&D intensity and stock bonus-to-retain earnings ratio explain the variation in comprehensive value of the sample firm.

<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p><strong>Purpose </strong>The purpose of this study is to investigate the methods used for valuating private limited knowledge based companies and if a new approach is required, create or modify a foundation that will constitute as a base within the valuation process.</p><p><strong>Method </strong>This is a qualitative study using interviews to obtain primary data. People working in the valuation industry were contacted and we got eight respondents. The questions were designed to answer our purpose and research questions. Telephone interviews were chosen due to the fact that we believed the response would be higher.      <strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Frame of References </strong>The theories used in this section is divided into three parts; the financial analysis including traditional valuating methods such as the Discounted Cash Flow model and relative valuating and multiples. The non-financial analysis focus on the underlying analysis consistent of structural- and intellectual capital and also value drivers that are creating value for the firm. In the end other theories concerning the analysis are presented, such as the risk-return trade-off, risk rating systems and analytical hierarchy process.            <strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Empirical Findings </strong>In this section the presentations of the respondents’ answers and</p><p><strong>and Analysis </strong>a brief analysis related to each question. After this an extended analysis is presented focusing on the subject and our risk scheme and guidelines we created/modified. The extended analysis is connected to the respondents’ answers. The purpose of this section is to have a better understanding about the risk of transient intellectual capital and give recommendations how to handle it. Also, guidelines of how to weight different value driver are discussed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion </strong>We concluded that all valuations utilize more than one approach in order to estimate the most accurate value for the company. For knowledge based companies the biggest risk with a M&A transaction is the probability of diminishing the intellectual capital. We constructed a model that will manage this risk based on our interviews and established theories.</p><p> </p>

The objective of the thesis is to estimate the value of Rodinný pivovar BERNARD a. s., a small brewery based in Humpolec, Czech Republic, as of 31th December 2010. The thesis consists of two parts. The theoretical parts describes applied methods and approaches, the application part includes company profile, strategic analysis, financial analysis, analysis and prognosis of value drivers, financial plan and final valuation. The company was valued using the DCF Entity method.

The main goal of my diploma thesis is business valuation of EOS KSI. Whole thesis is divided into four parts. Financial analysis, strategy analysis, analysis and forecast of value drivers and final valuation.

Trabalhos acadêmicos têm procurado explicar o impacto do uso estratégico da tecnologia no desempenho das empresas e identificar as práticas adotadas pelas empresas para o gerenciamento de sua estratégia tecnológica, bem como a relação desta com a sua competitividade. Porém, o entendimento da inter-relação entre os fatores que geram o processo de inovação e seu impacto econômico sobre as empresas ainda é deficiente. Neste sentido, na busca de elementos que possam contribuir para minimizar esta lacuna, este estudo procurou um melhor entendimento sobre a relação entre a capacidade de inovação e a formação de valor, através da identificação dos vetores de valor da capacidade de inovação capazes de gerar fluxos de caixa que contribuam para a formação de valor da empresa. A capacidade de inovação foi definida como o potencial interno para gerar novas idéias, identificar novas oportunidades no mercado e desenvolver uma inovação comercializável através dos recursos e competências existentes na empresa. Operacionalmente, a capacidade de inovação é um construto formado pela inter-relação sinérgica de sua cultura organizacional, de seus processos internos e de suas relações interorganizacionais. Estudos de casos múltiplos foram realizados em cinco empresas que trabalham com produtos e processos biotecnológicos. Foram observados valores e comportamentos peculiares da cultura organizacional, alguns processos internos característicos das empresas inovadoras e as relações interorganizacionais. Dentre os processos internos, foram analisados a gestão da carteira de projetos, a formulação e implementação da estratégia da empresa e a forma de assegurar uma melhor contribuição dos profissionais de P&D para a empresa. Através do uso de Mapas Cognitivos, foram identificados os traços dos vetores de valor da capacidade de inovação e a forma como estes vetores se inter-relacionam. A análise comparativa dos mapas traçados em cada caso estudado revelou serem o fator humano e a gestão participativa potentes vetores de valor, os quais não foram contemplados nas premissas deste estudo e devem ser estudados com maior profundidade em estudos posteriores. / Academic works have tried to explain the strategic use of technology and its impact in the companies’ performance, and to identify practices adopted by companies for the management of their technological strategy, as well as the relation of these with its competitiveness. However, the understanding of the relationship between factors that generate the innovation process and its economic impact on companies is still deficient. In order to minimize this gap, this study searched for a better agreement on the relationship between innovation capacity and the formation of value by identifying the existing value drivers in the innovation capacity capable to generate cash flows that contribute to the company value capture. Innovation capacity was defined as the internal potential to generate new ideas, identify new opportunities in the market and develop a marketable innovation by leveraging existing resources and competences. Operationally, innovation capacity is a construct formed by the synergistic interrelationships of its organizational culture, its internal processes and networking. Five biotechnology companies were analyzed through multiple case studies. In each case, particular attention was given to values and behaviors of the organizational culture, some characteristic internal processes of the innovative companies and their networking. Among internal processes, project portfolio management, strategy formulation and implementation and the way to assure a better contribution of the R&D personnel were analyzed. Using Cognitive Maps, it was possible to identify the innovation capacity value drivers and the way they interact. The comparison of the cases showed that human factors and participative management are powerful value drivers. Since these two factors have not been contemplated in the premises of this study, they need to be extensively analyzed in future studies.

The objective of the thesis is to estimate the value of 2K Czech, s.r.o., as of 31th December 2011. The thesis is structured into two parts. The theoretical part describes applied methods and valuation approach. Application includes strategic and financial analysis, prognosis of value drivers, financial plan and final valuation using discounted cash-flow method and market comparison method.

The diploma thesis deals with the determination of the value of the company from the construction branch. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part aims at the methods of the determination of the value of the company. The theoretical knowledge is applied in the second part, namely in subsections about strategic, financial analysis and the evaluation by the yield method of discounted cash flow. Programs Stratex and Evalent are used to determine the value. The conclusion of the thesis includes the determination of the value of the company applied to 1st January 2014.

隨著土地、勞力成本提高及開發中國家之競爭，台灣的傳統產業長期低迷不振，而美國「新知識經濟」效應，引伸出智慧資本的重要性，也使得投資人資金追逐具有未來憧憬的高科技股票，導致傳統產業發展陷入瓶頸。儘管現今高科技產業當道，但平心而論，不少傳統產業也曾是過去的新興產業，並造就台灣經濟奇蹟，在經濟發展史上不容忽視。職此，本研究以價值衡量觀點出發，以經濟附加價值（EVA）為公司價值之衡量指標，主要目的在探討傳統產業和高科技產業之價值驅動因子差異性。實證結果發現：（一）不論傳統或高科技產業，財務性價值動因皆為企業達成價值創造的主要因素。傳統產業若能提高銷貨成長率、增進營運資金使用效率、降低資金成本，皆有助創造企業價值。高科技產業如能妥善運用營運資金，亦能創造價值。資本支出在兩種產業中皆為價值創造之決定因素，然卻與預測方向不符。（二）智慧資本對傳統產業不具解釋力。高科技產業中，員工平均年齡較年輕、員工每人營收愈高，將提昇企業價值；而每名員工管理費用與預測方向不符。（三）不論傳統或高科技產業，財務性價值動因皆較智慧資本具解釋力，這可能因智慧資本指標不具代表性或與研究期間有關。但對於無形資產當道的新經濟時代，建議傳統產業可考慮將產業特性與科技結合，積極升級、轉型；高科技產業未來仍需就軟體與網路應用深耕發展，提昇科技人才素質及創新研發能力。最後，藉由發現影響企業價值的主要因素，企業應將此類攸關因素加以揭露，或以補充性報表表達，不但使企業更瞭解本身競爭優勢，協助管理當局進行價值管理與價值創造，也能幫助投資人更精確地評估企業價值。 / With the increasing costs of land and labor, also with the competitions from developing countries, traditional industries in Taiwan have depressed for a long time.「New Knowledge Economy」effects also reveal the importance of intellectual capital, making investors search for high-tech stocks; therefore, traditional industries fall into a bottleneck. The study uses EVA（Economic Value Added）as an enterprise value measure to explore the differences of value drivers between traditional and high-tech industries, finding the following results. First, financial value drivers are important variables to create value both in traditional and high-tech industries. These variables are SG（Sales Growth）、WC（Working Capital）and WACC（Weighted Average Cost of Capital）in traditional industries, and WC（Working Capital）in high-tech industries. CE（Capital Expenditure）is also a vital factor, but is opposite to hypotheses. Second, there's a significant association between intellectual capital variables and enterprise value of high-tch industries; nevertheless, appearing no significant reaction in traditional industries. In high-tech industries, ADE（Administrative Expense per Employee）、AEA（Average Employee Age）and SPE（Sales per Employee）are all value creative drivers, but ADE is in a reverse direction. Third, financial value drivers are more associated with enterprise value than non-financial value drivers（intelligent capital variables）in both industries, probably owing to the research period or the fact that intellectual capital variables aren't representative. However, we suggest traditional industries increase R&D expense to upgrade and high-tech industries expand to software or Internet field. Finally, the results recommend enterprises disclosure these value-creation drivers or express them in a supplementary statement.