Les dernières avancées dans les traitements des hémopathies aboutissent à un meilleurs taux de rémission complète ainsi qu' à de meilleurs taux de survie après traitement. Cependant les risques de rechutes restent élevés. Notre projet s'inscrit dans la compréhension du rôle des cellules NK dans l'évolution de ce type de pathologies. Dans une première partie nous nous sommes intéressés à la polyglobulie de Vaquez. Cette pathologie présente une évolution lente et progressive, et elle est caractérisée par une mutation de JAK2 présente dans la lignée myéloïde chez plus de 95% des patients. Nous avons cherché à détecter la mutation dans les cellules NK de patients, puis, pour savoir si la mutation avait un effet sur les NK, nous avons exploré leurs fonctions in vitro. Nos résultats ont montré que, bien que la mutation soit présente dans les cellules NK, elle ne semble pas avoir d'impact sur les fonctions des cellules NK que nous avons pu tester. Nous en avons conclu que l'évolution de la polyglobulie de Vaquez en leucémie n'était peut-être pas due à une perte de fonction des NK mais plutôt à leur inhibition par l'environnement cellulaire.Dans une deuxième partie nous avons étudié la régulation des natural cytotoxicity receptors dans la leucémie aiguë myéloïde. D'apres des travaux antérieurs nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'expression des trois NCR aurait une régulation commune s'effectuant au niveau de transcription de leurs gènes. Nos recherches bio-informatiques ainsi que notre expérimentation d'immunoprécipitation de la chromatine (Chip) montrent que le facteur de transcription ETS-1 semble être impliqué dans la régulation commune aux trois NCR. / The latest advances in blood disorders treatments lead to a better complete remission rate and a better survival rate after treatment. However, the risk of relapse remains high. Our project is included in the understanding of NK cells role in the development of these diseases.In a first part, we focused on polycythemia Vera for several reasons: the pathology has a slowly progressive disease, and it is characterized by the presence of JAK2 mutation for > 95% patients. We wanted to know if this mutation was found in NK cells from PV patients and what effects the mutation had on NK cells functions. Our results have shown that although the mutation was found in NK cells, it appears to have no impact on NK cells functions. We conclude that the evolution of PV to leukemia is not due to a loss of NK cell functions but to their inhibition by cellular environment.In a second part, we investigated the regulation of natural cytotoxicity receptors in acute myeloid leukemia because previous works have shown that NCR are weakly expressed in AML patients, that this down-regulation is acquired during evolution of AML and reversible after complete remission, ant that NCR weak expression is related to poor prognosis. We supposed that the expression of the three NCR has a common regulation at genes transcription level. Our bioinformatic researches and our experiment of chromatin immunoprecipitation show that ETS-1 transcription factor is a good candidate involved in the common regulation of the three NCR.

Department of Food Science and Technology / MSCPNT

MA (English) / Department of English / The prevalence of patriarchal norms and the privileging of the African man in African literary works gradually led to an erasure of women‘s identities, thereby leaving them to hold peripheral positions. This has motivated African women critics to engage in linguistic and performative methodologies to restructure African women‘s status in postcolonial writings. Using feminist literary theory, Marxist literary criticism and postcolonial theory, among others, this study explores the changing images of women as depicted in a selection of Yvonne Vera‘s works, namely: Butterfly Burning (1998); Under the Tongue (1996); Without a Name (1994) and Nehanda (1993). Close reading and textual analysis are employed in examining the strategies devised by Vera to assess patriarchal attitudes that suppress women as well as reconfiguring their identities. This study is inspired by the desire to investigate the techniques employed by an African woman writer in speaking against marginalisation, exploitation and oppression of women in a postcolonial literary environment. Of primary concern to this study, is an examination of how Vera unleashes, re-writes and re-negotiates the potential of an African woman in her novels. This study distinctly shows that, as a subaltern writer, Vera reconfigures her female characters‘ identities through social and economic liberalisation. It is clear in this study that economic liberty has a great impact on the life of an African woman. This study contributes to the growing body of works that appreciates women writers‘ efforts in transforming, reifying and reinstating the image of African women in fictional works. / NRF

The present study aims at the isolation and identification of diverse phenolic polyketides from Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. and Aloe plicatilis (L.) Miller and includes their 5-LOX/COX-1 inhibiting potency. After initial Sephadex-LH20 gel filtration and combined silica gel 60- and RP18-CC, three dihydroisocoumarins (nonaketides), four 5-methyl-8-C-glucosylchromones (heptaketides) from A. vera, and two hexaketide-naphthalenes from A. plicatilis have been isolated by means of HSCCC. The structures of all polyketides were elucidated by ESI-MS and 2D 1H/13C-NMR (HMQC, HMBC) techniques. The analytical/preparative separation of 3R-feralolide, 3′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl- and the new 6-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3R-feralolide into their respective positional isomers are described here for the first time, including the assignment of the 3R-configuration in all feralolides by comparative CD spectroscopy. The chromones 7-O-methyl-aloesin and 7-O-methyl-aloeresin A were isolated for the first time from A. vera, together with the previously described aloesin (syn. aloeresin B) and aloeresin D. Furthermore, the new 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl- 3,6R-dihydroxy-8R-methylnaphtalene was isolated from A. plicatilis, together with the known plicataloside. Subsequently, biological-pharmacological screening was performed to identify Aloe polyketides with anti-inflammatory potential in vitro. In addition to the above constituents, the anthranoids (octaketides) aloe emodin, aloin, 6′-(E)-p-coumaroyl-aloin A and B, and 6′-(E)-p-coumaroyl-7-hydroxy-8-O-methyl-aloin A and B were tested. In the COX-1 examination, only feralolide (10 µM) inhibited the formation of MDA by 24%, whereas the other polyketides did not display any inhibition at all. In the 5-LOX-test, all aloin-type anthranoids (10 µM) inhibited the formation of LTB4 by about 25–41%. Aloesin also displayed 10% inhibition at 10 µM in this in vitro setup, while the other chromones and naphthalenes did not display any activity. The present study, therefore, demonstrates the importance of low molecular phenolic polyketides for the known overall anti-inflammatory activity of Aloe vera preparations.

En el Perú, a lo largo de los años, vemos que el inicio o el desarrollo de los proyectos (o megaproyectos) de inversión atraviesan por una serie de dificultades para llevarse a cabo o concretarse. Dichas dificultades, en la mayoría de casos, son originadas por las deficiencias que presenta el diseño de las medidas que estos proyectos incluyen –o su inadecuada implementación– para prevenir o mitigar los impactos ambientales a ser generados, lo cual trae como resultado el descontento de la población frente a su realización. Ahora, ¿Se puede planificar estratégicamente la realización de proyectos de inversión en el Perú? ¿Sería posible que estas deficiencias sean superadas desde el ámbito legal? ¿La regulación ambiental peruana contempla medidas o herramientas para evitarlas? Y, si fuera así, ¿qué sucede en nuestro contexto normativo para no utilizar dichas herramientas o utilizarlas de forma incompleta? En el Perú se encuentran reguladas normativamente herramientas e instrumentos de gestión ambiental: Las mismas analizan y anticipan los impactos directos o indirectos de las actividades que se pretenden desarrollar, así como el uso planificado del territorio. Dicho análisis es realizado para un proyecto en particular o como iniciativa de una política, plan o programa en un determinado contexto. Estas herramientas son: el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica y el Ordenamiento Territorial. Sin embargo, el análisis normativo y de la aplicación práctica de las referidas herramientas demuestra que no se encuentran reguladas adecuadamente, no son aplicadas oportunamente, factores que influyen en el hecho de que no alcancen sus objetivos.

In der zimbawischen Literatur sind die Themen Nation, Körper, Gewalt, Sprache und Erinnerung aufs engste miteinander verbunden. Durch den Einfluß von Yvonne Vera hat sich in den 90er Jahren das Bild des weiblichen Körpers und insbesondere die Diskussion um koloniale und postkoloniale Gewalt deutlich verändert. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit geht es um die Frage nach Nation. Unterschiedliche Darstellungen von Nehanda und den Kämpferinnen des 2. Chimurenga werden näher beleuchtet. Außerdem geht es um Veras "pastoral novel" in der sie von einer weißen Farmersfrau erzählt. Im zweiten Teil geht es um die Körperkonzepte in der zimbabwischen Literatur. Gewalt in der Familie und vor allem der weibliche Körper als Schlachtfeld steht hier im Mittelpunkt. Die Vergewaltigte und die Prostituierte sind auch weiterhin Symbole für den kolonisierten afrikanischen Kontinent. Vera versucht diese Frauen aus einer anderen Perspektive zu betrachten. Bei ihr geht es um die Erfahrung der Frauen selbst. Der dritte Teil der Arbeit befasst sich schließlich mit der Frage nach der Darstellbarkeit von Gewalt. Wie ist es möglich von Gewalt zu erzählen, ohne die Gewalt zu reproduzieren? Vera beantwortet diese Frage mit der Reflexion über des Erzählen. Bei ihr wirkt Sprache heilend. / In Zimbabwean literature, the themes of nation, body, violence, language, and memory are closely connected. The dissertation analyses, how the treatment of these themes changed significantly during the 1990s. The focus lies on Yvonne Vera's work and its influence on the image of the female body and the debate about colonial as well as postcolonial violence. The first part deals with the question of nation at the example of various narratives about Nehanda and other female freedom fighters in the Second Chimurenga. Further material is drawn from Vera's "pastural novel", in which she tells about a white settler woman. The second part looks at body concepts in Zimbabwean literature. Special attention is paid to domestic violence and the image of the female body as battlefield. The raped woman and the prostitute are still widely used as symbols for the colonized African continent. Vera tries to break with this tradition by looking at such female characters from the perspective of their own experiences. The third part, finally, raises the issue of the representation of violence. How is possible to write about violence without reproducing it? Vera answers this question by reflecting about narration. Language thus works as a healing power in her texts.

O recorte temporal deste trabalho - 1993 a 2013 - deve sua data inicial ao fato de o começo dos anos 1990 ter sido o momento de um primeiro ciclo da Reforma Urbana e das primeiras discussões de Planejamento Estratégico no Brasil. A despeito da discussão que ocorria do Rio de Janeiro, cujo discurso continha a necessidade de resgate de identidade citadina e tudo o mais a ele associado, a discussão estratégica, de forma geral, se deu de forma direta, repetindo a fala de um de seus idealizadores, Jordi Borja. Segundo a mesma, a ´cidade global´ necessita se mostrar competitiva no cenário econômico para atrair investimentos. À época já havia uma gama de administradores e gestores públicos, de técnicospolíticos e de arquitetos e outros profissionais que lidam com a cidade, seduzida pelo diagnóstico da globalização e da parceria cidade global/planejamento estratégico. A pesquisa explicita o reflexo deste tipo de pensamento por meio do qual a cidade é uma mercadoria passível de venda - objetivo final do city marketing desenvolvido desde então - em uma cidade de porte médio como Ribeirão Preto, aderindo a discussões sobre as Políticas Públicas na área da Cultura, vistas também como fonte para este pensamento. Além disso, tem-se como objetivo, por meio do recorte temporal de 1993 - início da primeira gestão do prefeito Antonio Palocci Filho, PT - a 2013 - início da segunda gestão da prefeita Dárcy Vera, PSD -, localizar e questionar o posicionamento do poder público em relação ao empreendedorismo urbano, bem como o resultado físico-espacial das forças nele aplicadas. Estariam a arquitetura e o urbanismo, bem como a arte, apenas subordinados às dimensões econômica e social, tornando-se meros empreendimentos, ou valeria ainda uma discussão que os enquadrasse nas questões referentes à cultura/mercadoria, espetáculo e dinheiro? Qual seria o lugar das intervenções urbanas para a governança urbana no período englobado? O trabalho propõe, assim, um forte questionamento sobre qual a relação entre urbanismo e política cultural, no caso de Ribeirão Preto. A hipótese defendida é a de que o Planejamento Estratégico que intencionou-se aplicar à cidade de Ribeirão Preto no início da década de 1990 - por meio do Projeto Ribeirão Preto 2001 - Ação Estratégica para o Desenvolvimento e das Parcerias Público - Privadas, à imagem de Atlanta [EUA] - ainda vigora, de forma virtual e não declarada, apesar da mudança de governo. Observamos, ainda, um discurso extremamente embasado na competitividade, empreendedorismo e governança urbanos direcionados pela acumulação flexível do capital. A cultura torna-se, assim, um objeto mercadológico - e, portanto, autonomizado - ainda incipiente, mas promissor, visto que necessário à inserção da cidade na lógica cultural do capitalismo tardio especialmente devido às características da região administrativa da qual Ribeirão Preto seria municípiopolo. O trabalho retoma, assim, planos antigos e até o momento não devidamente contrapostos - ou sobrepostos -, trazendo à luz o caminho percorrido para chegarmos aqui, bem como lança perspectivas a respeito dos processos de urbanização e cultura em Ribeirão Preto. / Period of this work - 1993 to 2013 - owes its initial date to the fact that the beginning of the nineties was the moment of the first cycle of the Urban Reform and of the first discussions about Strategic Planning in Brazil. Regarding the discussion that was taking place in Rio de Janeiro, whose discourse contained the need to rescue the city identity and everything else associated to it, the strategic discussion, generally, occurred in a direct manner, repeating the line of one of its creators, Jordi Borja. According to it, the \"global city\" needs to show itself as competitive in the economic scenario to attract investments. By that time, there were already a range of administrators and public managers, technic-politicians and architects, and other professionals that deal with the city, seduced by the diagnosis of globalization and by the partnership global city/strategic planning. This research explains the reflex of this kind of thinking wherewith the city is a salable merchandise - final goal of the city marketing developed since then - in a medium-sized city like Ribeirão Preto, adhering to the discussions about the Public Policies in the field of Culture, also seen as a source to this thinking. Besides that, another objective of this work is, through the period from 1993 - beginning of the first term of the mayor Antonio Palocci Filho, PT - to 2013 - beginning of the second term of the mayor Dárcy Vera, PSD -, to localize and question the position of the government regarding the urban entrepreneurship, as well as the physic-spatial result of the forces applied to it. Would architecture and urbanism, as well as the art, be only subordinated to the economic and social dimensions, becoming mere developments? Alternatively, would still worth a discussion that placed them in issues regarding culture/merchandise, entertainment and money? What would be the place of urban interventions to the urban governance in the studied period? Therefore, this work proposes a strong questioning about what is the relation between urbanism and cultural policy, in the case of Ribeirão Preto. The hypothesis is that the Strategic Planning that one intended to apply to the city of Ribeirão Preto in the beginning of the 90s - through the Projeto Ribeirão Preto 2001 - Ação Estratégica para o Desenvolvimento and the Public-Private Partnerships, to the image of Atlanta [USA] - is still in force, in a virtual and non-declared manner, despite the change of government. We observe, still, a discourse extremely grounded in competitiveness, entrepreneurship and urban governance directed by the flexible accumulation of the capital. Culture becomes, then, a marketing object and, therefore, independent still incipient, but promising, since necessary to the insertion of the city in the cultural logic of the late capitalism, especially due to the characteristics of the administrative region which Ribeirão Preto would be hub municipality. This work resumes old plans not duly opposed or overlapped until the moment, bringing to light the path chosen to get here, and launches prospects regarding the processes of urbanization and culture in Ribeirão Preto.

O recorte temporal deste trabalho - 1993 a 2013 - deve sua data inicial ao fato de o começo dos anos 1990 ter sido o momento de um primeiro ciclo da Reforma Urbana e das primeiras discussões de Planejamento Estratégico no Brasil. A despeito da discussão que ocorria do Rio de Janeiro, cujo discurso continha a necessidade de resgate de identidade citadina e tudo o mais a ele associado, a discussão estratégica, de forma geral, se deu de forma direta, repetindo a fala de um de seus idealizadores, Jordi Borja. Segundo a mesma, a ´cidade global´ necessita se mostrar competitiva no cenário econômico para atrair investimentos. À época já havia uma gama de administradores e gestores públicos, de técnicospolíticos e de arquitetos e outros profissionais que lidam com a cidade, seduzida pelo diagnóstico da globalização e da parceria cidade global/planejamento estratégico. A pesquisa explicita o reflexo deste tipo de pensamento por meio do qual a cidade é uma mercadoria passível de venda - objetivo final do city marketing desenvolvido desde então - em uma cidade de porte médio como Ribeirão Preto, aderindo a discussões sobre as Políticas Públicas na área da Cultura, vistas também como fonte para este pensamento. Além disso, tem-se como objetivo, por meio do recorte temporal de 1993 - início da primeira gestão do prefeito Antonio Palocci Filho, PT - a 2013 - início da segunda gestão da prefeita Dárcy Vera, PSD -, localizar e questionar o posicionamento do poder público em relação ao empreendedorismo urbano, bem como o resultado físico-espacial das forças nele aplicadas. Estariam a arquitetura e o urbanismo, bem como a arte, apenas subordinados às dimensões econômica e social, tornando-se meros empreendimentos, ou valeria ainda uma discussão que os enquadrasse nas questões referentes à cultura/mercadoria, espetáculo e dinheiro? Qual seria o lugar das intervenções urbanas para a governança urbana no período englobado? O trabalho propõe, assim, um forte questionamento sobre qual a relação entre urbanismo e política cultural, no caso de Ribeirão Preto. A hipótese defendida é a de que o Planejamento Estratégico que intencionou-se aplicar à cidade de Ribeirão Preto no início da década de 1990 - por meio do Projeto Ribeirão Preto 2001 - Ação Estratégica para o Desenvolvimento e das Parcerias Público - Privadas, à imagem de Atlanta [EUA] - ainda vigora, de forma virtual e não declarada, apesar da mudança de governo. Observamos, ainda, um discurso extremamente embasado na competitividade, empreendedorismo e governança urbanos direcionados pela acumulação flexível do capital. A cultura torna-se, assim, um objeto mercadológico - e, portanto, autonomizado - ainda incipiente, mas promissor, visto que necessário à inserção da cidade na lógica cultural do capitalismo tardio especialmente devido às características da região administrativa da qual Ribeirão Preto seria municípiopolo. O trabalho retoma, assim, planos antigos e até o momento não devidamente contrapostos - ou sobrepostos -, trazendo à luz o caminho percorrido para chegarmos aqui, bem como lança perspectivas a respeito dos processos de urbanização e cultura em Ribeirão Preto. / Period of this work - 1993 to 2013 - owes its initial date to the fact that the beginning of the nineties was the moment of the first cycle of the Urban Reform and of the first discussions about Strategic Planning in Brazil. Regarding the discussion that was taking place in Rio de Janeiro, whose discourse contained the need to rescue the city identity and everything else associated to it, the strategic discussion, generally, occurred in a direct manner, repeating the line of one of its creators, Jordi Borja. According to it, the \"global city\" needs to show itself as competitive in the economic scenario to attract investments. By that time, there were already a range of administrators and public managers, technic-politicians and architects, and other professionals that deal with the city, seduced by the diagnosis of globalization and by the partnership global city/strategic planning. This research explains the reflex of this kind of thinking wherewith the city is a salable merchandise - final goal of the city marketing developed since then - in a medium-sized city like Ribeirão Preto, adhering to the discussions about the Public Policies in the field of Culture, also seen as a source to this thinking. Besides that, another objective of this work is, through the period from 1993 - beginning of the first term of the mayor Antonio Palocci Filho, PT - to 2013 - beginning of the second term of the mayor Dárcy Vera, PSD -, to localize and question the position of the government regarding the urban entrepreneurship, as well as the physic-spatial result of the forces applied to it. Would architecture and urbanism, as well as the art, be only subordinated to the economic and social dimensions, becoming mere developments? Alternatively, would still worth a discussion that placed them in issues regarding culture/merchandise, entertainment and money? What would be the place of urban interventions to the urban governance in the studied period? Therefore, this work proposes a strong questioning about what is the relation between urbanism and cultural policy, in the case of Ribeirão Preto. The hypothesis is that the Strategic Planning that one intended to apply to the city of Ribeirão Preto in the beginning of the 90s - through the Projeto Ribeirão Preto 2001 - Ação Estratégica para o Desenvolvimento and the Public-Private Partnerships, to the image of Atlanta [USA] - is still in force, in a virtual and non-declared manner, despite the change of government. We observe, still, a discourse extremely grounded in competitiveness, entrepreneurship and urban governance directed by the flexible accumulation of the capital. Culture becomes, then, a marketing object and, therefore, independent still incipient, but promising, since necessary to the insertion of the city in the cultural logic of the late capitalism, especially due to the characteristics of the administrative region which Ribeirão Preto would be hub municipality. This work resumes old plans not duly opposed or overlapped until the moment, bringing to light the path chosen to get here, and launches prospects regarding the processes of urbanization and culture in Ribeirão Preto.

A babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.), família Asphodelaceae, reconhecida e explorada mundialmente pela indústria farmacêutica e cosmética devido aos princípios medicinais de seus compostos fenólicos e principalmente ao gel de polissacarídeos específicos, foi submetida a dois experimentos interligados. O primeiro, refere-se a micropropagação no qual foram avaliados tratamentos de desinfestação de ápices caulinares, multiplicação in vitro e condições de aclimatação ex vitro. O segundo experimento refere-se ao cultivo das plantas em areia lavada e irrigada com solução nutritiva, em condições controladas de casa de vegetação, onde foram testados os efeitos de doses (105; 210 e 315 ppm) de nitrogênio avaliados aos 90; 180 e 270 dias de cultivo. Os efeitos foram avaliados em função dos teores foliares dos macronutrientes e dos micronutrientes boro, cobre, ferro manganês e zinco, de proteínas totais solúveis (PTS), de açúcares redutores (AR) e açúcares totais solúveis (ATS) e sobre o crescimento por meio do índice de área foliar (IAF), da taxa de assimilação líquida (TAL), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) e incrementos de massas de matérias fresca (IMMF) e seca (IMMS). Todos os dados foram analisados estatisticamente. Em relação a micropropagação, a eficiência de desinfestação foi aumentada em torno de 40% na obtenção de ápices caulinares verdes em início de brotação quando as plantas colhidas a campo foram previamente desinfestadas por lavagem com solução de hipoclorito de sódio com 0,5% de cloro ativo ou com solução de dicloroisocianurato de sódio (Sumaveg®) 0,66%. p.v-1 e os ápices caulinares submetidos a imersões alternadas nas soluções dos dois produtos utilizados. A fase multiplicativa da microproagação em meio MS apresentou um rendimento de 1:5,3 a cada intervalo de 30 dias de multiplicação. A partir de 136 ápices caulinares desinfestados, verdes, em início de brotação, foram obtidas 40.495 microplantas. Classificadas em pequenas, médias e grandes, foram submetidas a condições de aclimatação observando-se que bandejas de 64 células com 40 cm3 de substrato apresentaram economia em torno de 50% de substrato e em espaço físico na casa-de-vegetação com micro-aspersão e exaustão de ar em sistema \"pad-house\", e durante o processo de aclimatação e transporte das microplantas aclimatadas. Em relação ao cultivo das plantas em doses de nitrogênio, apesar de algumas variáveis responderem melhor à dose de 105 ppm e outras à dose de 315 ppm, a dose de 210 ppm de nitrogênio favoreceu as melhores respostas para os teores de açúcares totais solúveis (504,21 mgATS.g-1 de MMS), que são diretamente relacionados ao conteúdo de polissacarídeos específicos, de interesse comercial da cultura de Aloe vera. Esses teores, por sua vez, foram propiciados pelos melhores valores de IAF, TCA, IMMF e IMMS, todos observados aos 270 dias de cultivo, ratificando a significância do fator tempo e da dose de 210 ppm de nitrogênio no cultivo dessa espécie vegetal. / Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., family Asphodelaceae, worldwide renowned and explored by pharmaceutics and cosmetics industries due to its phenolics bearing medicinal principles and mainly to the specific polysaccharides present in the gel, was submitted to two interlinked experiments. The first one refers to apical shoot micropropagation evaluating different disinfection treatments of the explants, the in vitro bud multiplication and ex vitro acclimatization of the microplants. The second one refers to cultivation in greenhouse of the micropropagated plants in washed sand and irrigated with nutritive solution, in the presence of three nitrogen rates (105, 210 and 315 ppm); the plant material was harvested at 90-, 180- and 270-day. All data were statistically analyzed. The effects of nitrogen were evaluated on the content of the macronutrients, the following micronutrients: B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn and total soluble proteins, reducing sugars, total soluble sugars; the growth of the Aloe vera plants was measured through the foliar area index, the rate of liquid assimilation, rates of relative and absolute growth and increases in the fresh and dry weights. In regards to micropropagtion, the efficiency of the disinfection process was increased by 40% when the plants harvested in the field were previously washed either with sodium hypochloride (0.5% active chlorine) solution or sodium dichloroisocyanurate (Sumaveg®) 0.66% w.v-1 solution and the apical shoots explants were afterwards alternatively treated with the two disinfectants. The multiplication phase in MS medium showed a rate of 1:5.3 of microplant production at each 30-day interval with a production of 40.495 microplants out of the 136 initial disinfected apical shoots. The microplants were classified as small, medium and large plants and acclimatized in polyethylene trays bearing 64 cells with 40 cm3 of substrate each cell, a 50% saving in terms of substrate amount and free space in the greenhouse equipped with micro-aspersion irrigation, pad-house and air exhaustion systems and also in the transport of the acclimatized microplants. In regards to the effect of nitrogen rates on the development of Aloe vera plants, besides the fact that the best responses were observed either to 105 ppm or 315 ppm nitrogen by some variables, at 210 ppm nitrogen rates the best result was obtained for total soluble sugars (504.21 mg.g-1DW); the sugars are directly related to specific polysaccharides of Aloe vera and are of great importance for the industries. On the other hand, these values were favored by the best values reached by the physiological variables studied in this work at 270-day validate the significance of the time factor and the 210 ppm N rates in the Aloe vera production system.

本文題目為「俄國女性革命家 維拉‧沙蘇里契及其政治思想轉換」，專述沙蘇里契的生平要事與其思想轉換過程。好比她在勞動解放社和俄國社會民主黨在十九世紀末的紛爭，另外在火星報時期列寧和普列漢諾夫之間的紛爭中也可以看出沙蘇里契的樞紐角色。在幾乎二十五年的時間裡，在反政府恐怖主義運動中，她不得已地刺殺了德列波夫之後，她便拋棄了恐怖暴力革命之思想，並在土地與自由社的分裂當中，吸引一些追隨者隨她加入黑土重分社，同樣地她在一八八三年更有助於發掘第一個俄國馬克思主義社會，如此一來，永久地分裂了民粹主義，長久以來換得了一個激進的社會主義觀點。一度在一九○三年，沙蘇里契扮演一個在孟什維克派與布爾什維克派的分裂中重要的角色。 　　不難發現其所每次之轉變，她好爭論的工作之進程也在這些分裂之中，近三十多年的著作，她的影響確實在社會主義的世界裡，令人深切的感受到。 　　本文目的主要在於分析三個問題： 　　一、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契其先後思想更迭之因素； 　　二、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契和列寧之關係轉換與俄國政治型態更替之關係； 　　三、俄國女性革命家─維拉‧沙蘇里契晚期思想分析。 　　綜上所述，第一章將以序論為楔子，敘述研究動機、文獻探討、研究目的、研究限制、研究架構。第二章則題為沙蘇里契革命思想之形成，也就是與涅查耶夫相識的形成期。 　　第三章則題為從民粹主義至馬克思主義的思想轉換，也就是銜接沙蘇里契的自我形成與之參與民粹派活動。第四章則題為馬克思主義中的維拉‧沙蘇里契，此段時期為她一生中革命事業與地位之最高峰。第五章題為一九○九年至一九一四年的取消派與維拉‧沙蘇里契。第六章題為十月革命以後的維拉‧沙蘇里契，此時已然為沙蘇里契在政治舞台上最後一段時期。第七章為結論部分，主要呈現研究目的與研究結果相互回應下所產生的維拉‧沙蘇里契之思想原貌與轉變原因，並利用垂直分析，來使讀者清晰本論文之目的與結論，更進一步回應本文之研究目的。 / The topic of this dissertation is “ The Russian female revolutionist- the life of Vera Zasulich and her transformation of political conviction.” The focus of this research is her life and the transformation process of her political conviction. For example, her role in the Liberation of Labour, Social Democratic Labour Party, and her relationship with Plekhanov and Lenin. 　　At first, the focus is an introductory part in a piece of this research. In the second chapter, touching upon her life, she was born into a poor family in 1849. Her father died when she was three years old and as her mother was unable to cope, she sent Vera to live with wealthy relatives in Biakolovo. When Zasulich finished her schooling she moved to St. Petersburg and found work as a clerk. She became involved in radical politics and met Sergi Nechayev, the co-author with Mikhail Bakunin of Catechism of a Revolutionist. Zasulich joined a weaving collective and became active in the movement to educate workers, conducting literacy classes for them in the evenings. 　　In the third chapter, the focus is her transformation from a populist to a Marxist. In 1876, Zasulich found work as a typesetter for an illegal printing press. A member of the Land and Liberty group, when Zasulich heard that one of her fellow comrades, Alexei Bogoliubov, had been badly beaten in prison, she decided to seek revenge. Zasulich went to the local prison and shot Dmitry Trepov, the Governor General of St. Petersburg. She was arrested and charged with attempted murder. During the trial the defence produced evidence of such abuses by the police, and she conducted herself with such dignity, that the jury acquitted her. When the police tried to re-arrest her outside the court, the crowd intervened and allowed her to escape. 　　In the fourth chapter, the focus is the role she played in the Marxist period. In 1883, Zasulich joined with George Plekhanov and Paul Axelrod to form the Liberation of Labour, the first Russian Marxist group. Later she moved to Switzerland where she became active in the Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) and served on the editorial board of Iskra. 　　From the fifth to the seventh chapter, the key point is the latter part of her life. At the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Labour Party in London in 1903, there was a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Jules Martov, two of SDLP''s leaders. The last part, she returned to Russia during the 1905 Revolution but after its failure ceased to be active in politics. During the First World War Zasulich supported the war effort and opposed the Bolshevik Revolution. Vera Zasulich died in 1919. 　　The objective of this research is to analyze three subjects: 　　1.The causes of her transformation in her political conviction. 　　2.The relationship between Zasulich and Lenin under changing of the Russian political form. 　　3.The thinking of the latter part of Zasulich''s life.