Purpose –Comparing the accessibility of e-commerce for General Merchandise, between major retailers and novelties, in the conformance of web accessibility guidelines, and the implementation of rich internet applications specifications. So that to figure out whether the differences exist between them, if so, what are the differences, and analyzing upcoming e-commerce and established e-commerce.  Method – The descriptive and quantitative case studies were used to evaluated 45 websites respectively from major retailers and novelties in General Merchandise of e-commerce, where sample websites were selected from Alexa’s rank lists. Then the WAVE tool, Accessibility Quantitative Metric (WAQM), and Fona assessment were applied for analyzing cases for representing the accessibilities and answering the research questions of purpose.  Findings – ARIA specifications as a kind of technological solution really had positive functions on web accessibility when only focusing on accessibility guidelines, because the novelty websites with less ARIA attributes resulting in lower accessibility levels generally, even though there were also many other elements that can affect accessibility.  Implications – In the main branch of General Merchandise, the degree of web accessibility in major retailer websites was better than that in novelties, which means as far as e-commerce is concerned, the accessibility of mature websites that had been established for a long time was contemporarily stronger than that of new websites with creative products.  Limitations – From the perspective of the sample, there were limitations in sample sources, size, websites languages, while in the technical aspect, the evaluation of dynamic contents just aims at keyboard navigation, and the tool of Fona assessment also had restrictions.

Digitalization in society is going fast and was accelerated further by the Covid-19 pandemic. By this, many people's everyday tasks were transferred to digital environments. This meant in Sweden that most new internet users in 2020 were people over the age of 75 and people with different types of disabilities. Due to this increase in digitalization and all these new internet users, accessibility online is a subject that has gained higher significance. Since September 2020, all Swedish municipalities' websites must be accessible by law. Municipalities have a great responsibility to make information and necessary services available to the public. The purpose of this study was to investigate how well municipalities succeed with their work with web accessibility as a consequence of the legislation in Sweden and identify where the municipalities meet concrete obstacles in order to comply with the law. The purpose was also to investigate how the work with web accessibility on municipal websites can be simplified, improved, or otherwise enabled for those who work with such issues in the municipalities. To fulfill the purpose, two research question was formed for the study: 1.     In the process of making municipalities’ websites accessible, which are the concrete obstacles that make the work difficult for those who work with such issues in the municipalities?   2.     How can the work with the accessibility of municipal websites be simplified, improved, or otherwise enabled for those who work with such issues in the municipalities? To answer the research questions, two methods were chosen, a web survey and in-depth interviews, which corresponds to a combination of a quantitative and a qualitative method. The web survey was sent out to all municipalities in Sweden with the focus to answer RQ1 and the in-depth interviews were conducted with two accessibility experts with the focus to answer RQ2. Several obstacles were identified relating to lack of resources, lack of competence, lack of understanding of the law and the interpretation of it, attitudes, and old technology. Solutions on how the work can be simplified for those who work with web accessibility were identified relating to attitudes, resources, competence, legislation, and consumer demands. The main conclusions were that even though a municipality comply fully with the law, it does not mean that the website is accessible for all users, hence the law is not comprehensive enough. It also shows that there are several aspects that makes it hard for the municipalities to comply with the law and that most of these aspects also are the areas that needs improvement for the work to be simplified for the municipalities.

Enabling access for people with disabilities, brings benefits to everyone, notonly people with disabilities. Therefore, accessibility is an important aspect to consider when designing a website. The purpose with this research paper is to explore how media agencies within the private sector that provides this service to others, work with web accessibility towards their customers and on their own websites. This report aims to examine media agencies’ level of knowledge  about web accessibility as well as their attitude and perception towards it. Furthermore, possible improvements of media agency’s websites will be investigated and suggested.   To answer our research questions, we have chosen a qualitative research approach. The method chosen is semi-structured interviews, these were conducted with three media agencies in Sweden. Additionally, an accessibility evaluation was performed of the media agencies websites with the accessibility tools AChecker and WAVE.  How much each media agency worked with web accessibility and WCAG differed, one of them did stand out among the others. The media agencies knowledge was broad, and their perception was comparable to the result from the accessibility evaluation of their website. The accessibility was high according to the accessibility tools, but there's room for improvements mainly when it comes to contrast issues, naming and labeling. In conclusion all media agencies are aware of web accessibility and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines which could be  seen on the results from the accessibility evaluation.

The number of people living with disability is increasing according to the World Health Organization. Due to this increase, accessibility online is a subject that has gained higher significance as technology develops further. The United Nations has additionally declared digital accessibility to be a human right. The public sector shoulders the responsibility of making the necessary services and information available to the public and counties play an important role in this work. This study focuses on how Swedish counties accommodate for accessibility on their official websites and the challenges they might face while doing so. A few counties were selected to describe their work with accessibility design in a qualitative semi-structured interview format. The data collected was analysed with the help of literature regarding Web Content Accessibility Guidelines and how it affects accessibility accommodations. Several challenges relating to guidelines, competence, support, external agencies and resources was discovered. From these results, suggestions regarding areas of priority were developed to potentially help public sector agencies in their decision-making processes.

Web forms are one of the main points of user interaction on the internet. It is important that these forms are developed to be accessible to as many people as possible. The project aims to reduce the complexity for application developers when developing accessible web forms that conform to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) using HTML and React. The result is a prototype library that creates an abstraction that application developers can use to build accessible web forms that conform to the WCAG.

Esta investigación se orienta en estudiar la accesibilidad de los sitios web de varios países de Latinoamérica, para evaluar si cumplen con los estándares mínimos de accesibilidad web establecidos por el W3C. Además, este estudio se enfoca a las personas interesadas en conocer el estado relativo a la accesibilidad y estándares de las WCAG 2.0 y 2.1 en los sitios web de varias instituciones de Latinoamérica, y la importancia de utilizar estas normas. Este estudio investigó si los sitios web educativos de Latinoamérica cumplen con los lineamientos vigentes de accesibilidad web y si estas condiciones dependen de la ubicación en el ranking establecido por Webometrics en donde se encuentran aproximadamente 3,942 universidades de Latinoamérica. El estudio permitió evaluar la accesibilidad de 348 páginas de inicio de las universidades de Latinoamérica, de acuerdo con el cálculo del tamaño de la muestra. En la evaluación de la accesibilidad de los sitios web aplicamos herramientas de revisión automática y un método manual que permitan comprobar los estándares de accesibilidad. El mayor número de los problemas identificados con relación a la accesibilidad de los sitios web muestran que es obligatorio robustecer las políticas de accesibilidad web en cada país y brindar lineamientos en este espacio para que los sitios web sean cada vez más inclusivos. Los futuros trabajos deberían seguir analizando la evolución de los sitios web, proporcionando clasificaciones actualizadas periódicamente y haciendo públicos los resultados y los informes. Por otro lado, existen métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos para evidenciar si un sitio web es accesible. La mayoría de los métodos aplican herramientas de revisión automática porque son de bajo costo, pero no presentan una solución ideal. En cambio, los métodos heurísticos requieren un apoyo manual que ayudará al experto a evaluar la accesibilidad mediante el establecimiento de rangos de severidad. Razón por la cual, en esta investigación se utilizó una modificación del método de Barrier Walkthrough propuesto por Brajnik teniendo en cuenta las WCAG 2.1. La modificación consistió en incluir un valor de persistencia para determinar la severidad de una barrera de accesibilidad. Este método permitió medir la accesibilidad de los sitios web para probar un proceso heurístico y obtener datos de muestra para el análisis e interpretación de resultados. La propuesta permite probar una nueva heurística con un rango de persistencia más amplio, que ayude a los evaluadores a tener una aproximación más realista de la severidad de una barrera de accesibilidad web. Esta investigación concluyó que, aunque un sitio web está en una clasificación alta según un ranking, no necesariamente cuenta con un sitio web accesible e inclusivo. Este método puede ser replicado para otros sitios web al incluir diferentes tipos de discapacidades, escenarios de prueba y usuarios finales. Como resultado de esta investigación encontramos que ningún sitio web seleccionado en la muestra alcanzó un nivel aceptable de accesibilidad. Por lo tanto, las universidades de Latinoamérica y los sitios web más visitados según Alexa deben realizar esfuerzos significativos para perfeccionar la accesibilidad en los sitios web. Por último, sugiero animar a los diseñadores y creadores de sitios web a aplicar los lineamientos establecidos en las WCAG 2.0 y 2.1 como punto de partida a la hora de desarrollar sitios web accesibles. En conclusión, los sitios web deben hacer esfuerzos significativos para mejorar la accesibilidad, incluir la diversidad y construir sitios web inclusivos.

According to the law, websites within the public sector must be accessible to all citizens. Currently, around 20% of Sweden's population has some form of disability. Therefore, the importance of good digital accessibility can be crucial for accessing information or conducting business with the public sector. To investigate the factors that affect the public sector's efforts to comply with legal requirements regarding digital accessibility a qualitative interview study was conducted with eleven municipalities in northern Swe den. The interviews covered the following areas: digital accessibility, knowledge of WCAG guidelines, practical work with digital accessibility, testing and knowledge about future guidelines. A thematic analysis was carried out, resulting in the following themes: (1) insufficient knowledge within the organization, (2) delegation of responsibility to other actors, systems, and tools and (3) difference in working methods between municipalities. The result suggests that digital accessibility is something that must be prioritized in several different areas by all municipalities. We can also see that there is a significant difference between large and small municipalities in their work with digital accessibility, where the small municipalities have fever resources and therefore face greater challenges when trying to meet the requirements. Municipalities need to increase the general knowledge about digital accessibility, spend more time on testing, and increase future preparedness to be able to handle the obstacles that may arise in the work with digital accessibility.

The research investigates the feasibility of applying 2D accessibility guidelines to enhance a 3D digital planning tool's accessibility for individuals with visual impairments. Three primary research questions guide this study. It incorporated a mixed-method data collection approach to comprehensively investigate these questions. The study began with a designer interview to understand the current state of accessibility within a 3D planning tool, how designers ensure compliance with guidelines, guideline adherence, and implementation strategies.Subsequently, empirical user testing was conducted involving six participants with visual impairments. This methods aimed to obtain diverse user perspectives, emphasizing the user-centered nature of the study. The designer interview highlighted four critical accessibility issues: keyboard accessibility, information clarity, clear labeling, and focus visibility. Addressing these issues aligned the 3D planning tool with WCAG 2.1 guidelines and resulted in significant enhancements in it's accessibility.Empirical user testing revealed varying degrees of success among different users with visual impairments, highlighting both the successes and challenges of implementing accessibility features, and emphasizing the complexity of designing for individuals with visual impairments. The study identified key features that contributed to an enhanced user experience, including accessibility through assistive technology, effective scanning navigation strategies, and challenges for improvements in areas such as clear descriptions and interaction feedback. This research has broader implications, impacting both the practical and scientific fields of accessibility. It offers practical significance for companies like IKEA, emphasizing the importance of a user-centered approach to empower users and gather unique insights from individuals with disabilities. Contributing inclusivity and user-friendliness in 3D planning tools.The findings highlight the significance of accessible user interface elements and the importance of compatibility with assistive technologies. A need for inclusive design methods in the development of 3D planning tools and the creation of specific accessibility guidelines designed for 3D environments. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the feasibility of applying 2D accessibility guidelines to enhance the accessibility of 3D digital planning tools. The research contributes to both practical design considerations and the scientific understanding of accessibility challenges in 3D environments.It holds the potential to improve the industry, empower users, and enhance overall accessibility standards. The findings underscore the importance of user-centered design, the complexity of designing in 3D context and to diverse user needs, the interplay between accessibility and usability, and the ongoing need for improvements to enhance the user experience, to create more inclusive and user-friendly 3D digital planning solutions for everyone.

In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the percentage of seniors using social media, yet few studies have been conducted to understand the challenges underlying social network utilisation by seniors. By understanding what motivates seniors to use social media, the difficulties they encounter while using them and what would be an inclusive social media from their perspective is paramount for designing inclusive user interfaces that suit this growing population. This study explores the accessibility challenges faced by older adults, specifically those aged over sixty, when using social media platforms by focussing on Facebook as a case study. Through a heuristic evaluation and a user study this research assesses Facebook’s compliance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and specific usability issues faced by people over sixty. The focus is on understanding the barriers that hinder effective engagement of older adults on social media platforms. Our findings highlight significant areas where Facebook fails to meet accessibility standards, potentially leading to digital exclusion of the elderly. The study also discusses the broader implications of these findings, emphasising the need for more inclusive design practices in social media platforms to accommodate the diverse needs of older adults. This research seeks to contribute to the field of inclusive design and accessibility by providing insights into how social media platforms can become more accommodating and accessible to older users.

<p>Syftet med studien var att fastställa hur man presenterar en pedagogisk text på webben så att den blir tillgänglig, läsbar och användbar för målgruppen. Undersökningen gjordes med en inledande</p><p>forskningsöversikt och därpå följande litteraturstudier. Speciellt värdefull visade sig WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) vara som dessutom ligger till grund för såväl litteratur inom området som för framtagna riktlinjer för svenska myndigheter. Metoder för att mäta graden av tillgänglighet, läsbarhet och användbarhet utvärderas i teoridelen, bland vilka Lix kan nämnas. Därefter skapades en enkel webbsida i enighet med de riktlinjer som</p><p>tagits fram med enkäter, intervjuer och litteraturstudier. Denna webbsida utvärderas med enkäter, intervjuer och tidigare framtagna mätmetoder. Resultatet av studien mynnar ut i en kravlista med punkter som en pedagogisk text för webben bör uppfylla. Denna lista delas in i fyra delar: strävansmål, mål för tillgänglighet, mål för läsbarhet samt mål för användbarhet. Exempel på punkter från kravlistan är: Texten ska vara enkel och lättläst,</p><p>erbjud uppläsning av texten, radavståndet ska vara minst 150% samt information om när dokumentet skapades/ändrades och av vem ska finnas med på webbsidan.</p>