This study explores how Chinese digital journalism transformation in the context of media convergence. The research asks the following questions: How is the Chinese journalism transforming according to the changes of journalism production and users’ consumption in the digital era? Is there any difference between traditional journalism and digital journalism considering the journalistic quality in China? How does digital journalism influence the work situation of Chinese journalists? The research was conducted by mix qualitative and quantitative design and it is based on 8 in-depth interviews with Chinese journalists and an online questionnaire (n=300) on consumers. By conducting these two different kinds of empirical data, it could present the reaction of digital journalism transformation from both journalists and users. Based on the theoretical framework of media convergence and journalistic quality, the analysis was carried out on three levels: A) Chinese journalism transformation during the media convergence; B) Journalistic quality within the Chinese journalism industry; C) The impact of digital journalism on journalists work situation. The main results showed that digital transformation is under the media convergence trend in China. From Chinese users’ side, the consumption of digital journalism production is accessible and traditional journalism was more trustworthy than digital journalism. From Chinese journalists’ side, the journalistic production in traditional journalism has the journalistic quality which is more accurate and authoritative. In the digital era, the journalists working life were busy and the new media workers were more stressed than journalists in traditional media organizations.

<p>Many organizational changes have been accomplished in elder care since the 1980's and many of those have been influenced by market mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to examine how the implementation of these market mechanisms has affected three important aspects in the work situation for personnel. These aspects are, demand, control and support. To attain the purpose of this study, five qualitative interviews with home care personnel have been carried out. The interview material has been analyzed and structured with the help of Karasek and Theorells demand-control-support model. The study shows that the demands on personnel has increased, the prospect of personnel to control their work situation has both decreased and increased in different regards, finally, that support has improved after the implementation of market mechanisms in the municipality where the study was done. This implies that the personnel's prerequisites for self development, teaching and motivation in some regards seem to have improved. Although, at the same time, the increased demands of cost efficiency adhered to time pressure seems to hinder personnel from using their skills and to make work related decisions. This also means that they in their work situation are at a greater risk of suffering illness.</p>

Many organizational changes have been accomplished in elder care since the 1980's and many of those have been influenced by market mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to examine how the implementation of these market mechanisms has affected three important aspects in the work situation for personnel. These aspects are, demand, control and support. To attain the purpose of this study, five qualitative interviews with home care personnel have been carried out. The interview material has been analyzed and structured with the help of Karasek and Theorells demand-control-support model. The study shows that the demands on personnel has increased, the prospect of personnel to control their work situation has both decreased and increased in different regards, finally, that support has improved after the implementation of market mechanisms in the municipality where the study was done. This implies that the personnel's prerequisites for self development, teaching and motivation in some regards seem to have improved. Although, at the same time, the increased demands of cost efficiency adhered to time pressure seems to hinder personnel from using their skills and to make work related decisions. This also means that they in their work situation are at a greater risk of suffering illness.

Syfte: Beskriva hur arbetstidsfördelning och arbetssituation ser ut för sjuksköterskan på en hjärtavdelning. Metod: Strukturerad observationsstudie av deskriptiv design med kvantitativ ansats. 14 sjuksköterskor observerades under 18 arbetspass. Ett kategoriseringsschema användes som mätinstrument. Data bearbetades med en kvantitativ analysmetod. Huvudresultat: Sjuksköterskan lade en betydande del av arbetstiden på direkt patientkontakt, därefter en stor del på administrativa arbetsuppgifter. Ytterst liten del av tiden lades på arbetsuppgifter som kan utföras av annan personal. Arbetstidsfördelningen följde ett liknande mönster för A- och C-tur. Under C-tur avsatte sjuksköterskan betydligt mindre tid till rond och mer tid till rapportering och läkemedelshantering jämfört med A-tur. Sjuksköterskan avbröts var 12:e minut under A-tur och var 9:e minut under C-tur. Sjuksköterskan avbröts på rasten vid 5 av 18 observationer. Vid 15 av 18 observationer tog sjuksköterskan rasten hon/han hade rätt till. Sjuksköterskan arbetade utöver schemalagd arbetstid vid 10 av 18 observationer och slutade tidigare vid 5 av 18 observationer. Slutsats: En betydande del av sjuksköterskans arbetstid på hjärtavdelningen utgjordes av direkt patientkontakt och en ytterst liten del utgjordes av arbetsuppgifter som kan utföras av annan personal. Det finns dock rutiner som kan ses över. Tiden för rond under C-tur var nästan obefintlig och det höga antalet avbrott som sjuksköterskan utsattes för borde beaktas då det påverkar sjuksköterskans arbetssituation. / Aim: To describe the work situation and the distribution of working hours for the nurse at a cardiac department. Method: A structured observational study of descriptive design with a quantitative approach. 14 nurses were observed during 18 sessions. An activity schedule with categories was set up to collect data and then analyzed by a quantitative method. Main result: The nurse spent a considerable amount of time in direct contact with the patients. The second most time consuming activity was administration. The time spent on ”non-nursing duties” was insignificant. The distribution of working hours followed a similar pattern during the morning shift and the evening shift. More time was spent on reporting and handling medicines but significantly less doing rounds during the evening shift compared with the morning shift. The nurse was interrupted every 12 minutes during the morning shift and every 9 minutes during the evening shift. When having break disturbances occurred in 5 of 18 observations. In 15 of the 18 observations, the nurse was able to take her/his planned breaks. 10 of 18 observations meant work after scheduled time and in 5 of 18 observations the nurse was able to finish before scheduled time. Conclusion: The nurse in the cardiac department spends a considerable amount of time in direct contact with the patients, but almost none in ”non-nursing duties”. Though, there are routines, which should be improved. Routines to consider are the rounds during the evening shift, when almost insignificant time was spent, and the high number of interruptions affecting the nurse´s work situation.

The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of how social workers in their work with vulnerable children are related to the work situation and how the work situations affect client work. To conduct the study a qualitative method was used. In total five professional social workers who works with vulnerable children was interviewed. The analyze method in this study was content analysis. The theoretical perspective in this study is human service organizations and the demand and control model. The result in this study shows that it is high strain work situations that have an impact on client work. Social workers are heavily loaded in their work, there are gaps in support from managers and its hard keep experience staff and recruiting new staff with sufficient experience. The result shows lack of resources which leads to at risk that it is not enough staff to take care of serious notifications. The results shows that social workers work situation leads to difficulty in performing work of a high quality and those children are at risk of suffering during the waiting period. / Uppsatsens syfte var att öka förståelsen kring hur socialsekreterare i arbetet med barn och unga förhåller sig till arbetssituationen och hur de anser att den påverkar klientarbetet. I studien användes en kvalitativ metod och sammanlagt genomfördes fem intervjuer med yrkesverksamma socialsekreterare inom socialtjänstens område barn och unga. Innehållsanalys användes som analysmetod. De teoretiska perspektiven i studien är människobehandlande organisationer och krav- och kontrollmodellen. Studiens huvudresultat visar att arbetssituationen har en påverkan på klientarbetet på grund av att det är en påfrestande arbetssituation. Socialsekreterarna är tungt belastade, det finns brister i stöd från chefer samt att det finns svårigheter att behålla erfaren personal och rekrytera ny personal med tillräcklig kompetens. Resultatet visar avsaknad av resurser där det finns en risk att det inte finns tillräckligt med personal för att kunna hantera allvarliga anmälningar. Resultatet visar att socialsekreterarnas arbetssituation leder till svårigheter att utföra arbetet med en hög kvalitet och barn riskerar att fara illa under väntetiden.

L'objectif de la thèse est de proposer une modélisation de la transmission des compétences à travers l’étude des situations de travail. Le cadrage théorique de cette thèse repose sur la mise en perspective de la transmission des compétences dans le débat théorique ainsi que sur une tentative de conceptualisation de la transmission des compétences. Cet essai de conceptualisation se fonde sur les apports de la théorie de l’activité et sur les apports de la didactique professionnelle pour suggérer une lecture de la transmission des compétences centrée sur les situations de travail. La méthodologie de recherche, par une approche en recherche intervention, s’appuie sur un protocole combinant l’observation participante, l’entretien semi-directif et la capture de vidéo.Les résultats de la recherche effectuée dans le cadre d’une convention CIFRE au sein de l’entreprise SAFRAN AERO COMPOSITE invitent à considérer avec force l’impact des situations de travail dans les démarches de transmission des compétences dans le milieu industriel. Regroupés au sein d’une nomenclature, les résultats mettent l’accent sur l’ensemble des composants de l’activité ainsi que sur ses tensions. Les apports théoriques soulignent le rôle primordial que peut jouer la théorie de l’activité et la didactique professionnelle non seulement pour comprendre les mécanismes de transmission des compétences mais également pour identifier des leviers nouveaux actionnables par les gestionnaires des ressources humaines. Les apports managériaux se concentrent sur les solutions pratiques nécessaires à l’amélioration de la transmission des compétences / The aim of this doctoral thesis is to suggest a modeling for skill transmission through work situations. The theoritical framework of this doctoral thesis is based on the perspective of the transmission of skills in the theoretical debate and on an attempt to conceptualize the transmission of skills. This conceptualization attempt is based on the contributions of the Activity Theory and on the contributions of Didactique Professionnelle to suggest a reading of the transmission of skills centered on work situations. The research methodology, through an intervention research approach, relies on a protocol that combines participant observation, semi-directive interviewing and video capture. The results of the research carried out within the framework of a CIFRE agreement within the company SAFRAN AERO COMPOSITE invites to consider the impact of the work situations in the approaches of transmission of skills in the industrial sector. Grouped within a nomenclature, the results focus on all the components of the activity as well as on its tensions. Theoretical contributions emphasize the primordial role that can be played by the Activity Theory and Didactique Professionnelle, not only to understand the transmission mechanisms of skills but also to identify new leverages that can be activated by human resources managers. Managerial inputs focus on the practical solutions needed to improve the transmission of skills

Background: The work done by the nurse at the primary health care center includes meeting with people of different ages and with different health problems and diseases. It is important that the work is carried out in a good environment. Former studies show that the workload for the district nurse has increased and become more stressful with threats and violence from patients who expect more treatment. Aim: To describe the district nurse's experiences of their work situation. Method: A qualitative interview study with eight district nurses working in primary health care in Sweden were interviewed. The data was analysed using a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Results: Three main categories and nine subcategories were generated by the authors. The categories included: The content of a good day is when all the colleagues are present, and the timetable is good planned with enough work containing good meetings. When planning fails is the change of planning because of more patients and obstacles in communication skills. Experience of their environment is the impact of the physical environment such as good working environment and threatening environment. Conclusion: There was negative employment in the district nurses' work situation, but despite that, the experience was positive to work independently, make decisions and use their resources. They felt collegial support and it was important to know where to turn when things went wrong.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5514.pdf: 2415034 bytes, checksum: a023a6f7194245cc3a073924c4e61ed7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-14 / This work aims to understand the activity of people who work in food preparation at school from an understanding of the factors that influence and determine that work. The need arose from the demand of the city of São Carlos, which identified several problems faced by employees who perform the function of cook staff, problems that resulted in several complaints and absenteeism due to health problems in developing the activities and productivity. As a working methodology a case study was used through a set of data collected from a municipal school unit of São Carlos, and using methodological fundamentals of Ergonomic Work Analysis, the presented work situation was analyzed based on the fundamentals of ergonomics and situated criteria workplaces. The results are expected to generate a set of inferences and knowledge in order to serve as a basis for designing and dimensioning units of food and nutrition in public schools. / Este trabalho objetiva compreender a atividade das pessoas que trabalham no preparo da alimentação escolar a partir de um entendimento dos fatores que condicionam e determinam esse trabalho. A necessidade surgiu de demanda da Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos, que identificou vários problemas enfrentados pelos funcionários que desempenham a função de merendeiros, problemas esses que culminaram em várias queixas e afastamentos por motivos de saúde, problemas no desenvolvimento das atividades e na produtividade. Como metodologia de trabalho utilizou-se um estudo de caso, no qual se apresenta um conjunto de dados levantados junto a uma unidade escolar municipal de São Carlos e, utilizando-se como pressuposto metodológico a Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho, a situação de trabalho apresentada foi analisada a partir dos fundamentos de ergonomia situada e critérios de espaços de trabalho. Os resultados esperados passam por gerar um conjunto de conhecimento e inferências que sirva de embasamento para projetos e dimensionamentos de unidades de alimentação e nutrição de escolas públicas municipais.

Bakgrund: Barnafödsel är en naturlig livshändelse som symboliserar en viktig del i livet för många kvinnor. Förlossningsupplevelsen är för många föräldrar en stor upplevelse som kvarstår under lång tid. Det bemötande och stöd som ges av barnmorskan och undersköterskan under förlossningen har en betydande roll för kvinnan och dennes partners upplevelse av förlossningen. Barnmorskan och undersköterskan har olika arbetsuppgifter men strävar efter samma mål. Syfte: Var att beskriva hur barnmorskor och undersköterskor upplever sin arbetssituation i samband med barnafödsel. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ design med fyra fokusgruppsintervjuer, två med undersköterskor och två med barnmorskor. Datamaterialet analyserades systematiskt med en modell av Dahlin-Ivanoff och Holmgren. Resultat: Resultatet av analysen sammanställdes till två kategorier. Första kategorin är Ömsesidigt förtroende, vilket har tre tillhörande teman. Kommunikation, Samarbete och Teamarbete. Andra kategorin är Ohållbar arbetsmiljö, vilket har tre tillhörande teman. Stress, Känslomässig berg- och dalbana samt Ansvar. Resultatet visade på att barnmorskor och undersköterskor upplever sin arbetssituation stressig men fantastisk. De slits mellan sina känslor men älskar sitt yrke. Slutsats: Samspelet mellan barnmorska och undersköterska på en förlossningssal i samband med barnafödsel anses av personalen ha betydelse för kvinnan och hennes partners förlossningsupplevelse. / Background: Childbirth is a natural life event that symbolizes an important part of many women's lives. The birth experience is, for many parents, a great experience that lasts for a long time. The care and support provided by the midwife and the auxiliary nurse during childbirth has a significant role for the woman and her partner' s experience of childbirth. The midwife and the nurse have different tasks but strive for the same goals. Aim: To describe how midwives and auxiliary nurses experience their work situation during childbirth. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative design with four focus group interviews, two with auxiliary nurses and two with midwives. The data was systematically analyzed with a model by Dahlin-Ivanoff and Holmgren. Results: The results of the analysis were compiled into two categories. The first category is Mutual trust, which has three related themes. Communication, Collaboration and Teamwork. The second category is Unsustainable working environment, which has three related themes. Stress, Emotional roller coaster and Responsibility. The result showed that midwives and auxiliary nurses experience their work situation stressful but fantastic. They are torn between their emotions but love their profession. Conclusion: The staff consider the interactions between the midwife and the auxiliary nurse in the delivery room during childbirth to have a significant role for the woman and her partner's birth experience.

Vårdsituationen i Sverige präglas av personalbrist, långa arbetsdagar och stress. Under dessa arbetsförhållanden uppstår det situationer som kan upplevas hjälplösa av vårdpersonal. Vårdpersonals tilltro till att hantera dessa situationer påverkas. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur vårdpersonalen upplevde hjälplösa situationer, samt hur de upplevde sin tilltro till sin förmåga till att lösa eller hantera olika situationer på arbetet. Åtta personer som arbetade inom vården intervjuades. Resultat av en tematisk innehållsanalys visade att vårdpersonalen upplevde sin self-efficacy relativt god i hjälplösa situationer. Detta berodde på att vårdpersonalen gav stöd till varandra i dessa situationer. Erfarenhet och kunskap var faktorer som stärkte vårdpersonalens self-efficacy i hjälplösa situationer. Däremot så upplevde deltagarna att tilltron till att påverka beslut var bristande, då kommunikationen mellan undersköterskor och personal med högre status var bristfällig. Studien gav beskrivningar kring vårdpersonalens uppfattningar och förutsättningar i hjälplösa situationer. Vårdpersonalens beskrivningar kan bidra till en ökad kunskap om hur vårdpersonalen upplevde sin self-efficacy i hjälplösa situationer.