Research that links various aspects of the work environment to important work outcomes can be traced back almost seventy years. Despite the history and proliferation of these studies, firm conclusions have not been reached regarding the ways through which the work environment impacts these outcomes. For example, mediating variables such as motivation and job satisfaction have been proposed as affective and cognitive states that could impact the environment-outcome relationships but have received little attention. Additionally, organizational and contextual moderators such as group size and demographics that could impact the relationships have been called for but have yet to be studied. Consequently, much remains to be examined in the environment-outcome relationships beyond the basic links. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of motivation and job satisfaction as mediators, and group size, group tenure, and group gender composition as moderators, of work environment-work outcome relationships. Specifically, it was proposed that motivation and job satisfaction mediate the relationships between the feedback environment, learning environment, and reward and recognition environment and job performance and turnover intentions. Finally, it was expected that group size, group tenure, and group gender composition moderate these same environment-outcome relationships. It is suggested that findings gleaned from this study can provide a clearer picture of how certain work environment variables impact specific work outcomes, which can provide researchers and practitioners with information to improve the organizational setting and individual and organizational outcomes of interest. Support was found for several hypotheses and future research directions are noted.

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of women's "different voice" on their organizational behaviors. The phrase "different voice" is used here to indicate that women perceive realities and think about them in a manner distinct from men. The study examines this issue by focusing on how men and women, working in similar positions within similar organizations, construct their work-roles. The specific research questions that this study pursues are the following: 1. Does the "different voice" find its expression in women's construction of their work-roles? and 2. If so, in what ways? The study uses the ethnomethodological perspective on understanding roles. For the purpose of data collection, the study uses several methods. Among them, the in depth interview is the major one. In depth interviews are conducted wi th twelve informants, six men and six women, who are working as heads of various academic departments in a university. All the interviews were tape-recorded and later transcribed. / Ph. D.

Bakgrund: Akutens unika miljö präglas av snabba beslut kring svårt sjuka och skadade patienter. Trots att det finns evidens att omvårdnad är bärande för patientsäkerheten hamnar det ändå ofta i skuggan av den medicinska behandlingen på akuten. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av hur arbetsmiljöfaktorer kan påverka omvårdnaden på en akutmottagning. Metod: En litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats skapades. Datainsamlingen utgjordes av strukturerade sökningar i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. 16 empiriska kvalitativa artiklar granskades med hjälp av en granskningsmall för kvalitativ forskning. Därefter gjordes en tematisk kategorisering och analys av de 10 artiklar som framkom av datainsamlingen efter urval. Resultat: Två huvudteman och sex underkategorier framkom. Det första huvudtemat var: den fysiska arbetsmiljön med underkategorierna arbetsmiljön på akutmottagningen, när omvårdnaden brister och patientsäkerhetsarbetet. Det andra huvudtemat var: den organisatoriska & den sociala arbetsmiljön med underkategorierna äldre och anhöriga på akuten, bilden av sjuksköterskan och samverkan i team. Slutsats: Genomgående i resultatet finns bevis för att arbetsmiljön och brist på resurser leder till att omvårdnadsarbetet prioriteras bort. För att främja det viktiga omvårdnadsarbetet på akuten krävs förbättringar i sjuksköterskans arbetsmiljö. / Background: The unique environment of the emergency department is characterized by quick decisions regarding critically ill and injured patients. Despite the fact that there is evidence that nursing is essential for patient safety, it is still often overshadowed by medical treatment. Aim: To highlight nurses’ experiences of how factors related to the work environment can affect care in an emergency department. Method: A literature study with a qualitative approach was created. The data collection consisted of structured searches in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. 16 empirical qualitative articles were reviewed using a review template designed for qualitative research. Lastly, a thematic categorization and analysis of the 10 articles that emerged from the data collection after selection was made. Result: Two main themes and six subcategories emerged. The first main theme was: the physical work environment with the subcategories: the work environment in the emergency department, lack of nursing care and patient safety work. The second main theme was: the organizational & social work environment with the subcategories elderly and relatives in the emergency department, the nursing image and cooperation in teams. Conclusion: Throughout the results there is evidence that the work environment and lack of resources lead to nursing care being deprioritized. In order to promote the important nursing care in the emergency department, improvements are required.

The purpose of this study is to gain more understanding for police officers' experiences for the psychosocial work-environment and their experiences of threat and violence in the work-environment. Through a qualitative study has interviews conducted with police officers to gain a deeper understanding. My main question is: How do police officers experiences their psychosocial work-environment? And the other research questions are: How do psychosocial work environment affect police officers privacy? How the dynamics of the group’s role in the psychosocial work environment? What are the factors that affect/prevent psychosocial work environments? The officers' experiences of their psychosocial work-environment were very similar to each other. They feel that their psychosocial work-environment is positive for their fellowship and communication in their work group. These are some of the factors that are characteristic of a good psychosocial work-environment according to Thoerells (2003).The informants were told that their psychosocial work-environment is good when it comes to team work and cohesion and it has a more personal communication as they work in small groups which allows them to get to know each other more. Working as a policeman in Malmö was experienced as very stressful and there was always a fast pace compared with Trelleborg, which is a smaller town. According to one of the informants' experiences is it less stressful and more peaceful people in Trelleborg comparing to Malmö. / <p>Validerat; 20110721 (anonymous)</p>

The work of this master thesis, at the Royal Institute of Technology, is primarily a study of rootcauses of fatal injuries at work, related to building and construction industries includinginstallation. As a term, root cause has not only obvious synonyms, since the meaning can vary fromword to word. The author of the thesis is discussing how a root cause should be defined with somealternatives. Here, a common nominator can be that the level of impact caused should not be builtinto the term. Moreover, the definition must not hinder the practical use of root causes through unintentional misunderstanding. Fundamentally, this study is to determine whether a root cause is appropriate for use related toaccident prevention at work. Consequently, the author found 19 of them organised under theseprincipal headings: responsibility, risk analysis, communication, and protective measure. This study is accomplished through a qualitative research methodology only, based on aliterature study. A substantial part of it was to analyse court judgments related to fatal, and workrelatedaccidents, and if possible, find root causes. There were two interviews by focus groups withone employer organisation, Byggföretagen, and one trade union, Byggnads, represented. Since one of the purposes was to make a suitability assessment of the root causes and seriouslydiscuss these in the light of the introduced trails, a major part of this thesis is about the underlyingreasons for the fatal accidents of the industries. Hence, the result section of the report is worthwhileto read since it is based on wide and deep knowledge by the interviewed representatives in workenvironment related issues of the building and construction industries. Another part of the thesis is highlighting how useful statistics of accidents, from the SwedishWork Environment Authority (SWEA) and related sources, are. From the authors side, there arepoints of view about how precise the data of the registers are, since there is a growing labour importconsisting of posted workers and a workforce within the black-grey market. Some conclusions that are drawn: Societal actors would benefit from more suitable data androot causes, possible to use as tools, in both proactive and reactive purposes. / Detta masterarbete, vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, är primärt en studie av så kallade rotorsaker,eller grundorsaker till arbetsrelaterade dödsfall inom branscherna bygg, anläggning och installation.Begreppet rotorsak har inte enbart självklara synonymer, utan betydelsen kan skifta något från ordtill ord. Författaren till detta arbete diskuterar vad som bör definiera en rotorsak: det finns fleraalternativ, men en gemensam nämnare kan vara att dessa inte anger i vilken grad de påverkar, somtill exempel huvudorsak gör. Definitionen får inte heller ”stå i vägen” för den praktiskaanvändningen av rotorsaker genom att syftet missuppfattas. Fundamentalt i denna studie var att utröna vilka rotorosaker som är användbara för proaktivtarbetsmiljöarbete inom nämnda branscher. Författaren fann 19 stycken sorterade underhuvudrubrikerna ansvar, riskbedömning, kommunikation och skyddsåtgärd. Studien genomfördes som en, helt och hållet, kvalitativ studie baserad på genomläsning avtillgänglig litteratur. En väsentlig del var att studera domslut avseende arbetsmiljörelateradedödsolycksfall i brottsmål och där eventuellt finna rotorsaker. Två fokusgruppintervjuer gjordes, enmed representanter från Byggföretagen, en arbetsgivarorganisation, och en annan med deltagarefrån fackföreningen Byggnads. Eftersom ett av syftena var att lämplighetsbedöma rotorsakerna och verkligen diskutera dessa iljuset av de i fokusgrupperna presenterade rättsfallen, så handlar merparten av denna rapport omvad som ligger bakom dödsolycksfall inom branscherna. Den här resultatdelen är verkligen värd attläsa då den bygger på erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap av intervjudeltagare, med bred såväl som djupkunskap i arbetsmiljöfrågor, inom bygg och anläggning. En annan del av studien belyser användbarheten av olycksstatistik från Arbetsmiljöverket ochrelaterade källor. Här finns synpunkter på hur exakt informationen är på grund av att det finns enökande andel utstationerad arbetskraft i Sverige, liksom en grå-svart arbetskraftssektor samt hurstatistiken är indelad i registren. En slutsats är att flera samhällsaktörer skulle tjäna på en mer ändamålsenlig statistik samt påatt ha tillgång till relevanta rotorsaker, att använda som analysverktyg både för proaktiva ochreaktiva syften.

Bakgrund: Covid-19 uppkom 2019 från Kina och är ett virus som spred sig tillstora delar av världen och klassades därför som en pandemi. Covid-19 har bidragit med stora utmaningar för hälso- och sjukvård där sjuksköterskors arbetsmiljö drastiskt var tvungen att anpassas. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka sjuksköterskans upplevelse av sin arbetsmiljö under covid-19 inom slutenvården. Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie som resulterade i granskning av tio vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserade med en kvalitativ dataanalysmodell. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier: Rädslor och utmaningar med covid-19, En förändrad arbetsmiljö och teamarbete samt Chefernas påverkan på arbetsmiljön. Resultatet visade att arbetsgivaren spelar en stor roll för hur arbetsmiljön upplevs av sjuksköterskor. Resurser i from av skyddsutrustning och tillräcklig bemanning var två faktorer som visade sig betydelsefulla för att en god omvårdnad skulle bevaras trots en förändrad arbetsmiljö. Slutsats: Resultatet från litteraturstudien kan användas för att öka kunskapen om hur en pandemi kan påverka arbetsmiljön för sjuksköterskor. Även vad som ansågs betydelsefullt för sjuksköterskor som befann sig i covid-19 situationen inom slutenvården. Litteraturstudien har kommit fram till vikten av att belysa vad som är en bra arbetsgivare och inte. Detta för att resultatet har visat på att sjuksköterskors upplevelse av sin arbetsmiljö har upplevts olika beroende på hur arbetsgivaren har uppfyllt sin roll. / Background: Covid-19 emerged in 2019 from China and is a virus that spread tolarge parts of the world, therefore classified as a pandemic. Covid-19 has posedsignificant challenges to healthcare, particularly the working environment ofnurses, which had to be drastically adapted. Purpose: The purpose of theliterature study was to investigate the nurse's experience of their workingenvironment during covid-19 in inpatient care. Method: A structured literaturereview resulting in the review of ten scientific articles analyzed with a qualitativedata anlysis model. Results: The analysis resulted in four categories: Differentfears, Various challenges with covid-19, A changed working environment andteamwork and The managers impact on the working environment. The resultsshowed that the employer plays a significant role in how the working environmentis experienced by nurses. Resources such as protective equipment and sufficientstaffing were two factors that proved to be important for maintaining good caredespite a changed working environment. Conclusion: The results of the literaturereveiw can be used to increase knowledge about how a pandemic can affect the working environment for nurses. In addition, what was considered significant forthose in the covid-19 situation in inpatient care. The literature study further showsthe importance of highlighting what a good versus less good employer is.

Arbetsrelaterad känsla av sammanhang (KASAM), empowerment och psykosocial arbetsmiljö (PSAM) är väletablerade begrepp. Det finns begränsad forskning om deras inbördes relation, dock har tidigare forskning konstaterat att höga nivåer av KASAM och empowerment är relaterad till god upplevelse av anställdas PSAM. Studiens syfte var att undersöka relationen och variationen mellan PSAM, KASAM och empowerment. Detta besvarades genom fyra frågeställningar och tre hypoteser. I studien ingick 130 deltagare (74 kvinnor och 56 män). Datainsamlingen skedde på två separata arbetsplatser. Enkäten inkluderade fem bakgrundvariabler och tre skalor. Materialet analyserades med korrelationer och regressionsanalyser. Analyserna visade att KASAM och empowerment kompletterar varandra med att förklara variationen i PSAM. Korrelationerna indikerade att högre upplevelse av KASAM och empowerment är kopplade till en högre skattning av PSAM. Utöver detta korrelerade KASAM och empowerment med varandra. Slutsatsen som drogs var att arbetsplatser måste undersöka dessa tre delar tillsammans för att få en överblick över hur anställda upplever sin PSAM.

Background: The traditionally homogeneous work environment, historically associated with physical locations such as offices and buildings, has undergone significant changes in recent years. This change has been driven by technological innovation, cultural development and external challenges, an accelerator in this process was the global spread of covid-19, which radicalized the traditional way of working. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create a deeper understanding of how leadership has been affected in step with work environment changes. A delimitation has been made towards an explicit work environment, the hybrid environment.  Methodology: Through a combination of literature review and qualitative data collection methods such as interviews, has this study investigated how leadership practices have changed and adapted to the hybrid work environment in symbiosis with what challenges and adaptations, have developed.  Result: The results show that leaders must now be more empathetic, communicative, and consultative than before. They also need to possess a combination of emotional and technical skills to effectively navigate the complexity that the combined work environment entails. In addition, the importance of being able to manage and understand team dynamics and the emotional needs of individuals has become more prominent. Conclusion: Today's leaders, which are operating in hybrid work environments, face the challenging task of balancing technical competence along with human dynamics. To be effective, these leaders must be agile, forward-thinking and tech savvy. Success lies in their ability to combine innovative methods with a deep understanding of human interaction, which is critical to their effectiveness in this rapidly changing work environment.

Bakgrund: Inom det kirurgiska specialistområdet vårdas både elektiva, akuta och palliativa patienter. Det finns forskning som beskriver sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda akuta och palliativa patienter var för sig. Det finns dock begränsad forskning kring sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda akuta, elektiva och palliativa patienter samtidigt, på samma avdelning. Syfte: Beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda elektiva, akuta och palliativa patienter samtidigt på en kirurgavdelning. Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med sju sjuksköterskor. Data analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudkategorier, med tre subkategorier till respektive huvudkategori. Under huvudkategorin; Patientvariationer skapar stimulans och ställer krav beskrivs patienternas varierade omvårdnadsbehov, betydelsen av anpassning samt arbetstillfredsställelse. Under huvudkategorin; Arbetsmiljöns påverkan på vård och hälsa beskrivs den pressade arbetsmiljön, behov av prioritering samt känsla av otillräcklighet.  Konklusion: Att vårda akuta, elektiva och palliativa patienter samtidigt beskrivs som varierade och lärorikt. Samtidigt ställer det krav på att anpassning. Vidare skapar den höga arbetsbelastningen behov av att prioritera. Prioriteringen leder till att vissa delar av omvårdanden och patientgrupper blir lidande. Resultaten visar också att det är särskilt svårt att vårda palliativa patienter på en botande avdelning. / Background: Within the surgical specialist care, both elective, acute, and palliative patients are cared for. There is research that describes nurses' experiences of caring for these patients separately. However, there is limited research on nurses' experiences of caring for these groups of patients simultaneously. Aim: Describe nurses' experiences of caring for elective, acute and palliative patients simultaneously in a surgical ward. Method: Qualitative interview study with seven nurses. The data was analyzed through qualitativecontent analysis. Findings: The results revealed two main categories, with three subcategories belonging to each main category. The main category: Patient variations create stimulation and set requirements gives a description of the patients' varied nursing needs, the importance of adaptation and job satisfaction. The main category: The impact of the work environment on care and health, describes the pressured work environment, the need for prioritization and the feeling of inadequacy. Conclusion: Caring for acute, elective and palliative patients simultaneously is described as varied and instructive. At the same time, it requires adaptation. Furthermore, the high workload creates the need to prioritize, which leads to the suffering of certain parts of the care and patient groups. The results also suggest that it’s particularly difficult to care for palliative patients in a curative ward.

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