With the advent of the new National Health Act, health care in South Africa is at a critical point as this will be the first time in history that a National Health Insurance is being implemented in this country. Globally National Health Insurance has been around for more than a hundred years, however some countries with long established national health schemes are currently grappling with funding issues surrounding their health systems. South Africa should take note of these issues as it embarks on this journey. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review on how South Africa’s National Health Insurance can be funded taking cognisance of the history of the country and experiences of other countries. It is imperative for each country to achieve optimal health care funding to ensure the success and long-term sustainability of National Health Insurance. The analysis of the problems experienced by other countries revealed that balancing the three main funding options namely, allocated from the national revenue fund, user charges and or donations or grants from international organisations, is critical as the funds needed in a system to achieve coverage at an affordable cost is dependent on the current state of health care in a country. Considering South Africa’s history and current inequality in society and health care it is clear that the majority of funding for the National Health Insurance should be supplied by the national revenue fund. The required funds can either be raised by increasing existing taxes or introducing a new tax specifically aimed at financing the National Health Insurance. The use of user charges is important however, although not purely for a revenue collection point, but from a cost control point of view as well. Some studies have revealed that the lack of user charges results in a misuse of the system. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Science)

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-05-14T18:52:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Soraya Bianca Reis Duarte - 2011.pdf: 8127329 bytes, checksum: f18b3d5216f1c83a464e9bc3acd9a309 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-05-14T18:55:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Soraya Bianca Reis Duarte - 2011.pdf: 8127329 bytes, checksum: f18b3d5216f1c83a464e9bc3acd9a309 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T18:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Soraya Bianca Reis Duarte - 2011.pdf: 8127329 bytes, checksum: f18b3d5216f1c83a464e9bc3acd9a309 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / INTRODUCTION: there are several forms of expression, understanding and interpretation of the concept of disability, as well as a multitude of indicators that interfere significantly to the conceptual composition of the theme. In recent decades, the biological view of disability has been expanded due to the inclusion of socio-anthropological aspects. In the case of the deaf, the need to have their story considered through this approach is relevant to the appropriate care by the Health Professionals. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) version of the WHOQOL-BREF instrument for assessing quality of life in focal groups. METHODS: transversal type descriptive and exploratory qualitative research using the technique of focal groups in three groups distributed as follows: 1) deaf people; 2) deaf people families; and 3) Libras interpreters. Two meetings were held with three focal groups. The first aimed to explain all the details of the research, delivery of a DVD, signing of the Term of Free and Informed Consent and application of a sociodemographic questionnaire. The second aimed to discuss and analyze the Libras version of the WHOQOL-BREF. Data were analyzed based on the technique of analysis of categorial and thematic content proposed by Bardin. RESULTS:100% of the participants of the three Focal Groups (GFs) understood and considered the questions relevant to the QOL of the deaf. In the category of suggestion, GF1 came with 76.94%, GF2 presented 65.39% and GF3 came with 73.08% of the questions that needed changes. CONCLUSIONS: the scarcity of scientific research on the use of focal groups with deaf people was considered a challenging factor. This study showed that the technique of focal groups with deaf people will have better success if it consists of a maximum of six members per group. / INTRODUÇÃO: há diversas formas de manifestação, compreensão e interpretação do conceito de deficiência, assim como uma multiplicidade de indicadores que interferem significativamente para a composição conceitual do tema. Nas últimas décadas, a visão biológica da deficiência vem sofrendo ampliações devido à inclusão dos aspectos socioantropológicos. No caso dos surdos, a necessidade de ter sua história analisada neste enfoque é relevante para o atendimento adequado por parte dos profissionais de Saúde. OBJETIVO: analisar a versão em Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) do instrumento de avaliação de qualidade de vida WHOQOL-BREF em grupos focais. MÉTODOS: pesquisa qualitativa de tipologia transversal descritivo-exploratória utilizando a técnica de grupo focal em três grupos assim distribuídos: 1) pessoas surdas; 2) familiares de surdos; 3) intérpretes da Libras. Foram realizadas duas reuniões com três grupos focais. A primeira teve o objetivo de explicar todos os detalhes da pesquisa, entregar um DVD, obter assinatura do Termo de Livre Consentimento e aplicação do questionário sociodemográfico. A segunda objetivou discutir e analisar a versão em Libras do WHOQOL-BREF. Os dados foram analisados com fundamentação na técnica de análise de conteúdo categorial temática proposta por Bardin. RESULTADOS: 100% dos participantes dos três grupos focais compreenderam e consideraram as questões relevantes para a qualidade de vida dos surdos. Na categoria de sugestão, o GF1 apresentou sugestões em 76,94% das questões, o GF2 apresentou 65,39% e o GF3 apresentou 73,08% de sugestões para as questões que precisavam de alterações. CONCLUSÕES: a escassez de produção científica sobre a utilização de grupos focais com pessoas surdas foi considerada fator desafiador. Este estudo evidenciou que a técnica de grupos focais com pessoas surdas terá maior êxito se composta por, no máximo, seis integrantes por grupo.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the comparison of mortality structure by age and includes 194 member countries of the World Health Organization. The aim of the thesis is to confront mortality development in these countries with the help of individual mortality characteristics. At the beginning of this thesis are defined demographic terms and indicators, data sources and calculation methodology. The databases of the World Health Organization and the World Bank were used as the main source of data and all countries were divided into six world regions. The second chapter is devoted to selected types of mortality, namely neonatal and infant, under-five mortality, maternal mortality and adult mortality. After that, the work focuses on life expectancy of 0 and 60 years of age divided per sex. The last chapter is devoted to the optimum retirement age in selected countries. Conclusion connects of the all above well, and we can find there comprehensive information about difference of mortality practically all over the world.

This diploma thesis is called "Relations of Medical Staff and Their Patients." The first part of this diploma thesis deals with patients' rights, their genesis, and the legislative base. It also includes disordered patients, whose patient's rights should not be forgotten during their hospitalization. A large part of my thesis consists of psychological, economic, legal and organizational system limits of the realization of these rights. This means relationship between a doctor and his patient, the source of health care funding, above standard medical care and the privatization of hospitals. The final part of this thesis focuses on the interaction between health professionals in social work and the patients. This thesis is enriched by an interview with the leader of social workers of a hospital in Prague, discussing new patients' right: right on a social worker.

M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Background: Currently, the South African National Blood Services are not testing for HTLV and HTLV screening is not mandated by the WHO or by regulatory standards in South Africa. Looking at the uniquely high prevalence of HIV and HIV / HBV co-infections in the South African population and taking into account the literature that suggests that most of these infected patients will be receiving blood, exposing these patients to an additional burden like HTLV can result in an increased disease progression of HIV to AIDS and a poor prognosis in these infected patients. Study design and methods: A blinded cross-sectional study was performed. 7015 specimens were collected from all blood transfusion laboratories across South Africa excluding the Western Cape Blood Transfusion Service laboratories. The specimens collected were tested using the ABBOTT Alinity S® Immunochemiluminescent autoanalyser. All test results were confirmed with the Roche Cobas® E801 and E411 auto analyser. Results: Over all prevalence for HIV was 39.39% (N=2763), HBV 7.57% (n=531) and HTLV 0.70% (N=49). Concurrent infection for HIV/HBV 4.92% (N=345), HIV/HTLV 0.36% (N=25), HBV/HTLV 0.09% (N=6) and HIV/HBV/HTLV 0.07% (N=5). Conclusion: This study confirmed an overall high prevalence of HIV and HBV infections among patients receiving blood products from the SANBS. Compared to the general population, the HIV prevalence in blood recipients was two-fold higher. Patients receiving a blood transfusion from the SANBS have high rates of HIV, HBV and HTLV which should be taken into consideration when determining donor screening strategies.

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