Orange County is the traditional homeland of the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation. Though the tribal-nation is not federally recognized, it is a state and county recognized tribe. Development is a constant threat to Acjachemen ancestral homelands. The Acjachemen are faced with the problem that their ancestral sites are now other peoples' lands. Many Acjachemen sacred sites have already been developed, like the burial grounds at Putuidem. The four sacred sites I explore -- the Cogged Stone site at Bolsa Chica in Huntington Beach, California, Puvungna in Long Beach California, Putuidem in San Juan Capistrano, and CA-ORA-64 at the Newport Back Bay in Newport Beach -- share very political histories as well as immense ceremonial significances, significances measured in great part by their sacred rocks, their other natural features, and their roles as gathering places. I learned that, by opening my mind to the ways rocks ground ceremony, I could better appreciate Acjachemen ways of being and, in turn, appreciate these spaces' sanctity. My role in writing this thesis is to facilitate an exchanges of ideas -- ideas which explore what is sacred and ceremonial, and why - in hopes of cultivating in the reader a consciousness about these complex issues. This is a celebration of the individuals who have shared their stories with me, a celebration of ceremony and Acjachemen heritage.

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om: 1. Die struikelblokke wat in terapie binne verskillende kulture voorkom, te ontleed. 2. Verskillende Westerse en nie-Westerse terapeutiese benaderings se toepassing op multikulturele terapie te ontleed. 3. Bestaande riglyne en modelle vir multikulturele terapie daar te stel, ten einde 'n model vir relasieterapie te ontwerp. 4. Ondersoek in te st el na die doeltreffendheid van relasieterapie op kliente uit verskillende kulture. Daar is 'n idiografiese model vir Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige terapie binne verskillende kulture ontwerp. Die model is enersyds gebaseer op 'n Iiteratuurstudie en andersyds op die beginsels van relasieterapie as Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige benadering. Die resultate het die volgende getoon: 1. Hindernisse in Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige terapie met persone uit verskillende kulture kan oorbrug word. 2. V erkryging van kulturele kennis oor die klient asook selfondersoek deur die terapeut vergemaklik multikulturele Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige terapie. 3. Aan die hand van die model vir relasieterapie binne verskillende kulture kan doeltreffende multikulturele terapie uitgevoer word. 4. Die model bied riglyne vir terapie binne verskillende kulture. / The purpose of this investigation was: 1. To analyse impediments appearing in therapy within different cultures. 2. To analyse the application of different Western and non-Western therapeutic approaches on multicultural therapy. 3. To bring about existing guidelines and models for multicultural therapy, in order to design a model for relation therapy. 4. To examine the effectiveness of relation therapy on clients from different cultures. A model was designed for multicultural Educational Psychological therapy. The model is based on a study of literature as well as the principles of relation therapy as an Educational Psychological perspective. The results have shown the following: 1. Obstacles in educational psychological therapy with persons from different cultures can be bridged. 2. Attainment of cultural knowledge of the client as well as introspection by the therapist facilitate multicultural educational psychological therapy. 3 . The model for relation therapy within different cultures can be utilised effectively for therapy 4. The model offers guidelines for multicultural therapy. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149) / In this dissertation the author reflects on the absence and presence of God within Christianity. This is accomplished through engaging and seeking to understand key conversations following the Copernican Revolution and the-death-of God . The goal is to understand and model how it is that Christianity defines itself as a faith tied to knowing God and yet is appraised by many as a religion characterized by God's conspicuous silence, absence and death. These are 'God after God' conversations understood to include contributions from philosophers, Essentialists, and Christians following the-death-of God. With these 'God after God' conversations are tied to the institutional expression of Christianity and the diversification of and within religion during the modern era. It is with this in mind that the conjunction and disjunction between Christianity as religion, spirituality, and mysticism can perhaps enable a post-institutional expression of Christianity as the practice of the relational presence of God. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Christian Spirituality)

[pt] A tese A palavra-paisagem e os tensionamentos da biblioteca colonial: um estudo sobre as cosmogonias da escrita de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho tem como objetivo uma investigação da produção literária do escritor e intelectual angolano Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, tendo em vista as diferentes nuances da paisagem corporificada e os impasses do atravessamento da biblioteca ocidental para travar enfrentamentos a emanações de um sistema civilizatório global. Essas nuances são matrizes de análise, respectivamente, para os dois últimos volumes da trilogia Os filhos de Próspero: As paisagens Propícias (2005) e A terceira metade (2009). As escritas de meia-ficção duarteanas são construídas às vistas do leitor, isto é, o autor-narrador encena o processo de escrita, a partir de procedimentos literários e narrativos que teorizam e referenciam sua própria obra. Enquanto as histórias de si, entrelaçadas e confundíveis com a do outro (personagem principal), jogam com paisagens em constante movimento, devido à viagem, com o eu-narrador e com o outro, tanto o outro considerado apenas o diferente de si (como os personagens fronteiriços protagonistas da trilogia Os filhos de Próspero) quanto o outro distinguido pelo autor em textos teóricos, isto é, as sociedades tradicionais que não tiveram seus costumes e cosmovisão totalmente modificados pelo colonialismo. A partir disso surgiram questionamentos em relação ao que e como o triângulo relacional eu-outro-espaço influi e contribui para outros significados nas obras de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho. Será que as paisagens podem indicar a cosmovisão desse Outro? Como pensar o pós-colonial a partir de uma experiência europeia na ficção? Depois da trajetória de errâncias metodológicas da pesquisa e da leitura cerrada dos dois romances e demais obras do autor, depreendeu-se que, de um lado, a palavra-paisagem distingue-se, em certo grau, das teorias da geografia e filosofia em torno da paisagem, visto que se pode apreender paisagens epistêmicas decorrentes de mundivisões pastoris interferidas pelas epistemes ocidentais. De outro lado e de maneira similar, parece haver uma disputa de sentidos da ciência por meio de uma polifonia epistemológica, na qual comparece um embotamento dos limites da ciência ocidental e da biblioteca colonial, que se mistura às teorias de cosmogonias pastoris encenadas pelos personagens principais, Severo e Trindade. A questão do poder e dos ângulos nos quais o olhar repousa atravessa as duas abordagens, tanto a epistemologia da paisagem quanto a dos saberes, resultando em romances de tramas complexas que desfazem dicotomias por meio de cosmovisões heterogêneas, em um jogo literário e poético de alteridade que se volta para a interlocução em vez de representação. / [en] The thesis The word-landscape and the tensions of the colonial library: a study on the cosmogonies of the writing of Ruy Duarte de Carvalho aims to investigate the literary production of the Angolan writer and intellectual Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, considering the nuances of the landscape embodied and the impasses of crossing the western library in order to facing the emanations of a global civilizing system. These nuances are analysis matrices of, respectively, the last two volumes of the trilogy Os filhos de Próspero: As paisagens propícias (2005) and A terceira metade (2009). Duarte s half-fiction writings are constructed before the eyes of the reader, in other words, the author-narrator depictures the writing process, based on literary and narrative procedures that theorize and reference his own work. While the stories of the self, intertwined and confused with the other (main character), play with moving landscapes, due to the trip, with the I-narrator and with the other, as much the other considered only the different from the self (as the borders characters protagonists of the trilogy Os filhos de Próspero) as the other distinguished by the author in theoretical texts as traditional societies that did not have their customs and cosmovision totally modified by colonialism. Thenceforward, the research emerges questions in relation to why and how the relational triangle I-other-space contributes to other meanings in the works of Ruy Duarte de Carvalho. Can landscapes indicate the cosmovision of this Other? How to think about the post-colonial from an European experience in fiction? After the path of methodological deviations of the research and the close reading of the two novels and other works of the author, on the one hand, the word-landscape somehow differs from the theories of geography and philosophy about the landscape, since that one can apprehend epistemic landscapes arising from pastoral worldviews interfered with by Western epistemes. On the other hand, and in a similar way, there seems to be a dispute over the meanings of science through an epistemological polyphony, in which a blunting of western science and the colonial library appears, which mixes with the theories of pastoral cosmogonies depicturing by the main characters, Severo and Trindade. The question of power and the angles on which the gaze rests crosses the two approaches in both the epistemology of the landscape and the knowledge. As a result, the novels have complex plots that undo dichotomies through heterogeneous worldviews, in a literary and poetic game of otherness that turns to interlocution rather than representation. / [es] La tesis La palabra-paisaje y las tensiones de la biblioteca colonial: un estudio sobre las cosmogonías de la escritura de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho tiene como objetivo una investigación de la producción literaria del escritor e intelectual angoleño Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, en vista de la diferentes matices del paisaje encarnado y los callejones sin salida de cruzar la biblioteca occidental para enfrentar las emanaciones de un sistema civilizatorio global. Estos matices son matrices de análisis, respectivamente, para los dos últimos volúmenes de la trilogía Os filho de Próspero: Los paisajes de las propícias (2005) y La tercera mitad (2009). Los escritos de semificción de Duarte se construyen en la mirada del lector, es decir, el autor-narrador escenifica el proceso de escritura, a partir de procedimientos literarios y narrativos que teorizan y referencian su propia obra. Mientras las historias del yo, entrelazadas y confundidas con la del otro (protagonista), juegan con paisajes en constante movimiento, debido al viaje, con el yo-narrador y con el otro, ambos considerados sólo lo diferente del yo (como los personajes fronterizos protagonistas de la trilogía Os filho de Próspero) y el otro distinguidos por el autor en los textos teóricos, es decir, sociedades tradicionales que no tuvieron sus costumbres y cosmovisión totalmente modificadas por el colonialismo . A partir de ahí, surgieron interrogantes en relación a qué y cómo el triángulo relacional yo-otro-espacio influye y contribuye para otros sentidos en la obra de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho. Pueden los paisajes indicar la cosmovisión de este Otro? Cómo pensar lo poscolonial desde una experiencia europea en la ficción? Tras la trayectoria de divagaciones metodológicas de la investigación y la lectura atenta de las dos novelas y otras obras del autor, se infirió que, por un lado, la palabra-paisaje difiere, en cierta medida, de las teorías de la geografía y filosofía en torno al paisaje, ya que es posible aprehender paisajes epistémicos resultantes de cosmovisiones pastoriles interferidas por las epistemes occidentales. Por otro lado, y de manera similar, parece haber una disputa sobre los significados de la ciencia a través de una polifonía epistemológica, en la que aparece un desdibujamiento de los límites de la ciencia occidental y la biblioteca colonial, que se mezcla con las teorías de cosmogonías pastoriles puestas en escena por los personajes principales, Severo y Trindade. La cuestión del poder y los ángulos sobre los que reposa la mirada cruza ambos enfoques, tanto el de la epistemología del paisaje como el del saber, dando como resultado novelas con tramas complejas que deshacen dicotomías a través de cosmovisiones heterogéneas, en un juego literario y poético de alteridad. recurre a la interlocución más que a la representación.

Currently the world is in the midst of a major ecological crisis, of which climate change is a key element. It is contended that this ecological destruction is largely a result of the underlying values controlling ethics and the controlling instinct of the modern worldview, which has been dominant for the past three centuries. The most recent and still emerging worldview, postmodernism, is examined and contrasted as a rebuttal to the modernistic tendencies and ethics. Utilising Ecclesiastes 1: 1-18, the ethical themes that the author of Ecclesiastes used are explored and paralleled to similar views found in postmodernism. Together, these biblical and postmodern thoughts illustrate how a strong environmental ethic can be formed that counters the modernistic worldview of controlling creation. The outcome of this research is to integrate aspects of postmodern thought with the book of Ecclesiastes to present a theological ethical basis from which a Christian can view and act towards creation. / Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics / M.Th. (Theological Ethics)

This work is comprised of an Introduction and two Parts. Part One treats, by way of historical review and evaluation, the disestablishment of the Christian worldview in a postmodern age. Part Two proposes the means by whichthe Christian worldview might be reestablished. The reestablishment includes the use of some of the benefits of postmodernism by Christians as well as a return to the responsible reading of texts, especially the biblical text. Part One, The Disestablishment of the Christian Worldview, is composed ofthree chapters. Chapter 1chronicles the change that has occurred in Western culture because of the ascendency of postmodernism. It isbest described as a change in authorityfrom the logocentric metanarrative which has characterized Christianity to the deconstructionist rejection of worldviews by postmodern literary critics. Chapter 2 reviews the paradigm shifts that have occurred in belief systemsthat have occurred in the West as a result of this change,and Chapter 3 shows the effects of all this in the culture's principal institutions. Part Two, The Reestablishment of the Christian Worldview, is also composed of three chapters. Chapter 4 shows the impact that postmodernity has had on the efforts now being made on behalf of reestablishing the Christian worldview as a viable intellectual position in Western culture. Chapter 5 is occupied with the negative and positive responses of certain Christian scholars to the challenge of postmodernism, and Chapter 6 closes the study with an extended treatment of the factors that must be in play for a reestablishment of the Christian worldview to occur in Western civilization. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theology)

This essay starts at the proposition that there is not yet a satisfying way to differentiate between different worldviews. Although many attempts have been made, they fail in ways that are difficult to pinpoint. The usual way of researching a worldview is to start from a set of questions that are deemed fundamental to our beliefs, a method the author regards as flawed. In this essay it is instead proposed that we should regard actions and behaviour to determine worldview, because they lead us to the essential part of worldview, the core. To get a worldview with this method, we would categorise different tendencies of actions of individuals, instead of trying to ask them questions and categorising the answers. From this, a model of four different worldviews is established based of four different aims that are sought in actions. These for are: the way of virtue; the way of empowerment or worldly security; the way of pleasure; and the way of spiritual liberation or salvation. The aim of this model is to increase our explanatory power in terms of what people believe, why they act as they do, and what decisions they reach.

Currently the world is in the midst of a major ecological crisis, of which climate change is a key element. It is contended that this ecological destruction is largely a result of the underlying values controlling ethics and the controlling instinct of the modern worldview, which has been dominant for the past three centuries. The most recent and still emerging worldview, postmodernism, is examined and contrasted as a rebuttal to the modernistic tendencies and ethics. Utilising Ecclesiastes 1: 1-18, the ethical themes that the author of Ecclesiastes used are explored and paralleled to similar views found in postmodernism. Together, these biblical and postmodern thoughts illustrate how a strong environmental ethic can be formed that counters the modernistic worldview of controlling creation. The outcome of this research is to integrate aspects of postmodern thought with the book of Ecclesiastes to present a theological ethical basis from which a Christian can view and act towards creation. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Theological Ethics)

This work is comprised of an Introduction and two Parts. Part One treats, by way of historical review and evaluation, the disestablishment of the Christian worldview in a postmodern age. Part Two proposes the means by whichthe Christian worldview might be reestablished. The reestablishment includes the use of some of the benefits of postmodernism by Christians as well as a return to the responsible reading of texts, especially the biblical text. Part One, The Disestablishment of the Christian Worldview, is composed ofthree chapters. Chapter 1chronicles the change that has occurred in Western culture because of the ascendency of postmodernism. It isbest described as a change in authorityfrom the logocentric metanarrative which has characterized Christianity to the deconstructionist rejection of worldviews by postmodern literary critics. Chapter 2 reviews the paradigm shifts that have occurred in belief systemsthat have occurred in the West as a result of this change,and Chapter 3 shows the effects of all this in the culture's principal institutions. Part Two, The Reestablishment of the Christian Worldview, is also composed of three chapters. Chapter 4 shows the impact that postmodernity has had on the efforts now being made on behalf of reestablishing the Christian worldview as a viable intellectual position in Western culture. Chapter 5 is occupied with the negative and positive responses of certain Christian scholars to the challenge of postmodernism, and Chapter 6 closes the study with an extended treatment of the factors that must be in play for a reestablishment of the Christian worldview to occur in Western civilization. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theology)

Au XXe siècle, le problème de l’illusionnisme perspectif a posé d’importantes difficultés théoriques aux historien d’arts. En effet, la compréhension de la perspective induit une conception de l’histoire de l’art. Si la perspective est conforme à la perception, alors l’art peut être objectif et son histoire participe de l’histoire des sciences. En revanche, si la perspective n’est pas conforme à la perception, alors l’art, dans son histoire, ne peut être compris comme une quête de l’objectivité. Dans ce cas, deux autres questions se posent : comment penser le rapport entre art et rationalité, et comment définir la visée de l’art? Le premier problème appelle une réflexion sur le concept de schématisme, le second une réflexion sur le rapport entre l’art et les conceptions du monde. La Perspective comme forme symbolique, d’Erwin Panofsky, est le premier texte à avoir proposé une réponse générale à ces questions. Le concept de forme symbolique, emprunté à Ernst Cassirer, lui a permis de considérer la perspective comme une forme culturelle, et de mettre au second plan la question de l’objectivité. Cette position est à l’origine d’intenses polémiques, que les débats historiographiques ne sont pas parvenus à résoudre. En confrontant les travaux de Panofsky à ceux de Philippe Descola et de Ernst Cassirer, cette thèse explicite d’abord les attendus théoriques inhérents au rapport entre forme symbolique, schématisme et conceptions du monde. Elle propose ensuite une analyse des controverses liées à la perspective et met en valeur la pensée de Robert Klein. Cette pensée travaille la phénoménologie et amène à une conception de l’histoire différente de celle proposée par Panofsky. / During the 20th century, perspective illusionism caused significant theoretical issues to art historians. That is because an understanding of perspective leads to a conception of art history. If perspective is true to visual perception, then art can be objective and its history is related to the history of sciences. On the other hand, if perspective is not true to visual perception, then art, in its own historical development, cannot be understood as a quest for objectivity. In this case, two further issues arise: how to conceive the relationship between art and rationality, and how to define the purpose of art? The first problem requires a reflection on the concept of schematism, the second a reflection on the relationship between art and different worldviews. Erwin Panofsky’s essay, Perspective as a Symbolic Form, was the first text to provide a comprehensive answer to these questions. The concept of symbolic form, borrowed from Ernst Cassirer philosophy, allowed him to consider perspective mainly as a cultural form, thus overlooking the issue of objectivity. This position has led to numerous controversies, which have not been overcome by historiographical discussions. By comparing Panofsky’s work with those of Philippe Descola and Ernst Cassirer, this thesis first clarifies the theoretical prerequisites for the relationship between symbolic form, schematism and worldviews. It then provides an analysis of several historiographical controversies and underscores the thinking of Robert Klein. His approach tackles phenomenology and leads to a different conception of history than the one proposed by Panofsky to overcome the issues raised by perspective.