Chitinasen sind wichtigen Moleküle im Lebenszyklus parasitischer Fadenwürmer und bedeutende Medikamenten- und Impfstoffziele. Hier wurden drei Chitinasesequenzen (I, II und III) durch Charakterisierung von 9 Klonen aus einer Genbank von Acanthocheilonema viteae gefunden. Die Anzahl der drei sehr homologen Chitinasegene wurde durch Southern-Blot bestätigt. Die größten Unterschiede sind in den Exons zu finden, die die Serin-Threonin-reiche Domäne der Chitinasen codieren. Diese Domäne ist in Sequenz III ca. 10fach länger als in Sequenz I. Sequenz I und III haben Eigenschaften eines transkribierten Genes: ein Startcodon, ein offener Leserahmen, ein Stopcodon und ein Polyadenylierungssignal. Sequenz II fehlt das erste Exon mit dem Startcodon. Bei Durchmusterung einer cDNA-Bibliothek adulter A. viteae Würmer bzw. L3 Stadien, sowie durch Reverser Transkriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) wurden in den Mikrofilarien, L3 und L4 Transkripte für Gen I gefunden, jedoch nicht für Gen III. Das N-terminale Fragment der A. viteae-Chitinase wurde in ein Expressionsplasmid ligiert und in E. coli exprimiert. Ungefähr 80 % der exprimierten Chitinase lagen in Einschluss-Körpern vor. Dieser unlösliche Anteil konnte unter denaturierenden, der lösliche Anteil unter nativen Bedingungen aufgereinigt werden. Die aus den Einschluss-Körpern aufgereinigte Chitinase zeigte im Vergleich zur löslichen Chitinase eine 13fach verminderte Aktivität. Vom aktiven Zentrum der Chitinase wurden Peptide synthetisiert und parallel mit Chitinase aus den Einschluss-Körpern für Vakzinierungsexperimente im A. viteae / Meriones unguiculatus-Filarien-Modell genutzt. Die Reduzierung der Wurmlast um 29 % nach einer Immunisierung mit rekombinantem Protein zeigte eine tendenziell schützende Kapazität des Proteins. In zwei unabhängigen Experimenten konnte nach Immunisierung mit zwei synthetischen Peptiden (P1 und P2) eine bedeutende Reduktion der Wurmlast beobachtet werden. In der P1-Gruppe gab es eine gleichmäßige Reduktion der Mf-Last, die nur im zweiten Experiment signifikant war (39 %, p > 0,05 und 45 %, p < 0,05). In der P2-Gruppe konnte in einem von zwei Experimenten eine signifikante Reduktion der Mf-Last erzielt werden (75 %, p < 0,05). Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß Filarien-Chitinasen potenzielle Ziele für Impfstoffe sind. / Chitinases are enzymes that break down chitin to its monomers. They are important molecules in the life cycle of parasitic nematodes representing important drug and vaccine targets. Here, three chitinase sequences (I, II and III) were obtained by characterising nine clones from a genomic library of Acanthocheilonema viteae. Southern blots confirmed the existence of three chitinase genes in A. viteae. The organisation of all three genomic sequences is similar, with the greatest difference occurring in exons encoding the serine-threonine rich domain of chitinases: this domain is about ten times larger in sequence III compared to I, but is absent in sequence II. Sequence I and III had features of regularly transcribed genes: start ATG, open reading frame, stop codon and polyadenylation signal. Sequence II lacked the first exon with start ATG. Screening of cDNA libraries from adult female A. viteae worms and L3 (third-stage larvae), as well as reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) ! showed transcripts in uterine microfilariae, L3 and L4 (fourth-stage larvae) for gene I only. The N-terminal fragment of A. viteae chitinase was cloned into an expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. About 80% of the expressed chitinase were found in inclusion bodies and were purified under denaturing conditions. The soluble fraction was about 20% and could be purified under native conditions. Chitinase purified from inclusion bodies was 13-fold less active compared to soluble chitinase. Synthetic peptides (P1 and P2) were designed from the active site of A. viteae chitinase, and used in parallel with chitinase from inclusion bodies in vaccination experiments using the A. viteae / Meriones unguiculatus filariasis model. Vaccination with recombinant protein led to a 29 % significant reduction in adult worm burden in a single experiment. Vaccination with P1 and P2 led to an overall non significant reduction in adult worm burden in two independent experiments. In the P1 group, there was a consistent reduction (39%, p>0.05 and 45%, p

Les clochers des petites églises rurales de Bourgogne du Sud sont étudiés pour leur architecture et leur décor mural des XIe-XIIe siècles. Ces deux éléments peuvent être à la fois partenaires et étrangers l'un à l'autre. Cette double situation entraîne des jugements parfois erronés quand on les rapproche dans une même classification. De fait, la première impression donnée par leur décor mural rappelle les caractéristiques du « premier art roman ». Or, construire un mur avec des moellons simplement équarris et un abondant mortier correspond au bon usage des matériaux disponibles et ne classe pas automatiquement les clochers en «premier art roman». À partir d'un corpus de 112 clochers, les choix constructifs et décoratifs de leurs commanditaires et maîtres ­maçons font apparaître l'existence d'un «modèle-type» de clocher auquel un décor mural du «premier art roman» est parfois ajouté. Il y a donc un élément invariant : celui du matériau, simple, peu coûteux et un «phénomène de mode». La répétition de ce modèle joue un rôle unificateur dans un paysage qui apparaît alors comme participant de la chrétienté voulue par la Réforme grégorienne. / This thesis studies South Burgundy small rural churches steeple focusing on their 11th-12th centuries architecture and wall decoration. These two elements can be either connected or unrelated. This opens the door to erroneous judgments when both are approached into a single classification. In fact, the first impression mural a decoration often conveys is reminiscent of the "first Romanesque art". However, building a wall out of simply squared rubble stones and heavy mortar corresponds to the proper use of available materials and does not automatically classify the steeples in "first Romanesque art". The analysis of constructive and decorative choices made by master masons and sponsoring benefactors across the corpus of 112 steeples considered in this research reveals the existence of a typical "standard" bell tower constructive design to which a mural decoration is added. This highlights the existence of a clear constant: the choice of construction materials, simple expensive, low-tech, while also fashionable. The recurrence of this model has played a unifying role in the Christian landscape the resulting from and aspired to by the Gregorian reform.

張家輝. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院歷史學部, 1997. / 參考文獻: leaves 169-175. / Zhang Jiahui. / 論文提要 --- p.i / 圖表索引 --- p.iv / 引論 --- p.I / Chapter 第一章 --- 分析架構：當代詮釋學 --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- 詮釋多元化的呼喚 / Chapter 2. --- 「創造的詮釋學」理論 / Chapter 第二章 --- 中國儒學的「道統」觀念 --- p.21 / Chapter 1. --- 儒家道統說的涵義及其發展 / Chapter 2. --- 硏究道統觀證成的幾種模式 / Chapter 3. --- 朱熹的歷史地位 / Chapter 第三章 --- 「集大成」的朱熹 --- p.46 / Chapter 1. --- 整個文化大傳統即是道統 / Chapter 2. --- 朱熹對先秦及北宋諸儒的繼承 / Chapter 第四章 --- 錢穆的詮釋視界及其形成背景 --- p.72 / Chapter 1. --- 錢穆與無錫世界 / Chapter 2. --- 東西文化優劣比較與和合性 / Chapter 第五章 --- 「別子爲宗」的朱熹 --- p.87 / Chapter 1. --- 廣義的道統觀 / Chapter 2. --- 第一期：初訪朱子世界 / Chapter 3. --- 第二期：「道德形上學」之建立與朱子的不透 / Chapter 4. --- 第三期：牟氏朱子學的「轉出」 / Chapter 5. --- 第四期：貞定圓教模型 / Chapter 第六章 --- 牟宗三的詮釋視界及其形成背景 --- p.133 / Chapter 1. --- 熊十力與唐君毅對牟宗三的影響 / Chapter 2. --- 從心理角度透視牟宗三的「開出說」 / Chapter 3. --- 小結 / 總結 --- p.164 / 參考書目 --- p.169

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-03-07T12:15:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TransformacoesPanoramaArtistico.pdf: 3975659 bytes, checksum: 63f26345f5177230733aed6e38e816ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-03-07T12:15:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TransformacoesPanoramaArtistico.pdf: 3975659 bytes, checksum: 63f26345f5177230733aed6e38e816ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T12:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TransformacoesPanoramaArtistico.pdf: 3975659 bytes, checksum: 63f26345f5177230733aed6e38e816ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa aborda as transformações ocorridas no panorama artístico da cidade de Belém na década de 60, para tanto destaca as obras Xumucuís e a série Lúmens, repectivamente de Valdir Sarubbi e Branco de Melo no momento em que foram selecionadas para XI Bienal de São Paulo em 1971. O objetivo da pesquisa é, a partir dessa abordagem, categorizar e analisar os, processos e contradições artísticas ocorridas no pensamento dos sujeitos, na cidade e na região onde se localiza a metrópole amazônica. Utilizando a esteira teórica de BERMAN (1986), BENJAMIN (1991, 1995) e CANCLINI (2003), o estudo demonstra que tais obras tiveram participação importante no campo cultural das artes visuais, especificamente em Belém, e, por extensão, contribui para o entendimento do impacto da modernidade na produção artística na América Latina. / This research addresses the transformations occurring in the artistic panorama of the city of Belem in the 60's, to highlight both the works and the series Xumucuís Lumens, respectively of Valdir Melo Sarubbi and Branco de Melo when they were selected for XI Biennial in 1971. The objective of this research is, from this approach, categorize and analyze the processes and contradictions that occurred in the thinking of artistic subjects, in the city and the region where is located the Amazonian metropolis. Using the treadmill theoretical BERMAN (1986), BENJAMIN (1991, 1995) and CANCLINE (2003), the study demonstrates that these works had an important participation in the cultural field of visual arts, specifically in Belem, and, by extension, contribute to the understanding of the impact of modern artistic production in Latin America.

L'étude de la production d'étrangeté est essentielle pour la compréhension du scénario des collisions d'ions lourds ultra-relativistes. Elle est donc directement nécessaire à l'étude de la phase de partons déconfinés qui résulterait de ces collisions : le plasma de quarks et de gluons. STAR, l'une des quatre expériences du collisionneur RHIC, constitue un outil idéal pour l'observation des particules multi-étranges Xi et Oméga. Nous avons créé un code de reconstruction des Xi et Oméga utilisant les traces de la chambre à projection temporelle de STAR. Nous avons ensuite mis au point une méthode multivariables de sélection du signal par rapport au fond combinatoire, l'analyse discriminante linéaire, permettant d'optimiser l'efficacité de la sélection et le rapport signal sur bruit en prenant en compte les corrélations entre variables. Nous l'avons appliquée aux données Au-Au prises à 200 GeV dans le centre de masse afin d'améliorer la précision des résultats précédents. Le taux de production de Oméga et anti-Oméga a été obtenu pour trois classes de centralité, ainsi que leur flot radial et leur température de découplage cinétique. Le gain sur l'incertitude relative est de 15 à 30 % selon les observables. Notre analyse permet en outre de distinguer la fonction modélisant le mieux le spectre en masse transverse des Oméga. La vitesse moyenne du flot radial 0,50 ± 0,02 c et la température de découplage cinétique 132 ± 20 MeV ainsi mesurées semblent notamment indiquer que les baryons multi-étranges se découplent plus tôt du milieu hadronique que les particules plus légères que sont le pion, le kaon et le proton. Les barres d'erreur restent cependant trop grandes pour tirer des conclusions fortes.

El presente trabajo indaga acerca de los procesos de diferenciación social campesina temprana en la Zamora medieval. Dicho proceso adquiere características particulares de acuerdo al marco señorial en que se inserten las comunidades. La documentación zamorana ha permitido agrupar los casos empíricos en dos tipos ideales, aquellos que presentan desarrollo de caballería y los que maduran al interior de cotos de abadengo. En cuanto al primer tipo, comprobamos que la caballería que surge de las propias clases campesinas tiende a transformarse en un sector privilegiado en la comunidad. Tal proceso de diferenciación se presenta con importantes disparidades evolutivas en las distintas comunidades. Las comunidades de este tipo que ingresan a la órbita episcopal evidencian conflictos violentos relacionados con la imposición de nuevos derechos señoriales y nuevas pautas de reproducción señorial. En cambio, en las aldeas desarrolladas desde su inicio al interior de cotos monásticos la diferenciación por el ejercicio de la función militar se encuentra negada. La única posibilidad estructural de diferenciación se relaciona con el ejercicio de funciones en representación del señor. El surgimiento de tales sectores evoluciona, entonces, de manera coherente con la construcción del poder señorial a escala local. En las comunidades con presencia de caballería será necesario desmontar las jerarquías preexistentes, proceso que determina que únicamente bien entrado el siglo XIII puedan comenzar a esbozarse nuevas elites locales y condiciones de poblamiento afines a la reproducción del señorío eclesiástico.

This paper is an exploration of the theme of pilgrimage in the following three works: Gan&dotbelow;d&dotbelow;vyuha, Journey to the West and The Life of Marpa the Translator. / Through an examination of the narrative structure of the texts, I derive a pattern which is consistent throughout these three Mahayana works. This pattern is then compared to the Mahayana doctrine of Two Truths, which is shown to be expressed by the literary pilgrimage. Finally, by exploring the ways in which these texts 'work' on the reader---both by seeing the protagonist go through the stages of Buddhist practice and through the reader's interaction with the text---I show how reading these stories can act as a transformative Buddhist practice.

Starting around 1500 a period of state formation changed the European map. The scattered medieval principalities were replaced with more centralised and better organised states with permanent armies. Sweden was quite successful in competing with these states and experienced a period of expansion. The means for warfare were drawn, to a large extent, from the peasantry, which meant that a great number of Swedes were sent to the front line and were never to return. This thesis investigates the dissemination of information, war propaganda and mobilisation in Sweden, 1655–1680. This period is interesting since it includes both offensive wars (under the reign of Karl X Gustav), a period of peace (under the regency) and defensive warfare(under Karl XI). A basic assumption has been that information is an important power resource. In the study both the dissemination and the content of the propaganda are examined. The most important sources have been the minutes and correspondence of the kings, the regency and the council of the realm, along with the sources from the diet and the provincial meetings. In particular, the prayer days and thanksgiving days, in both manuscript and printed sources, have been studied. To investigate the actual dissemination of information, the sources in the regional archives of the counties of Uppsala and Kopparberg and the archives of several episcopates have been examined. There existed developed media for the dissemination of information, namely, “the system of information”. Information was disseminated from the pulpits, at the diet and provincial meetings, by county governors and bailiffs, and by printed texts. In this thesis it is shown that the rulers were anxious to explain and justify the wars to the people and that they deliberately used the dissemination of information as a power tool. To keep the people in a good mood was vital for the war effort. War propaganda was spread both in times of war and peace, and its main messages remained the same during Sweden’s Age of Greatness. The main message of the long-term propaganda was that the wars were a divine punishment: it was because of the sinful people that wars broke out. According to the propaganda, the world was populated with evil enemies that were striving to destroy Sweden. The best protection against the enemies (next to God) was a good regent. It was also stated that, in the event of war, it was the duty of the subjects to contribute. The direct propaganda was conducted in four different phases. The first phase was about explaining the outbreak of war, the second phase was about mobilisation, the third phase was about disseminating information in order to uphold the morals and the fourth and last phase was about explaining the peace. The messages of the long-term propaganda had their equivalents in the direct propaganda. These arguments, however, were not always sufficient. The state representatives also highlighted the great perils threatening the country and used a patriotic rhetoric. The war propaganda depoliticised the wars, and made it possible to mobilise great resources from the population in times of war. The frequently used picture of threatening wars contributed to the legitimacy not only of a permanent army and offensive warfare, but also of the power of the king and the social order at large.

This dissertation is aimed to set up a Confucian-style religious philosophy on the basis of Zhū Xī’s ideas. It seeks to articulate and highlight what has existed previously in some form in Zhū Xī’s Confucianism in a language which appears to be more precise for modern readers. Leibniz’s interpretations of Chinese philosophy and culture, as well as many resources in his own philosophy and Christian theology, serve to promote the realization of this aim. Zhū Xī’s religious philosophy in our reconstruction is a philosophy containing a theology of Heaven at its core, and this theology is certainly not a revealed one. These following issues are covered: 1) a theology of deities, 2) a metaphysics of the supreme being (Heaven), 3) an appropriate treatment of the ontology of lǐ2 and qì in relation to Heaven, and 4) a suitable interpretation of transcendence and immanence within human beings. The dissertation has three major parts. The first part is to argue that the worship of Heaven is special and superior to any reverence contained in the “polytheism” (which is finally philosophized by Zhū Xī as the reverence towards manifold pneuma) revealed in the Confucian sacrificial system. At the same time, it explores how the faith in various spirits or deities can be consistent with a belief in Heaven. The second part shows that it is fundamental to see Zhū Xī’s Heaven as a substance, so that one is able to attribute to it qualities and properties, even before there is any decision about whether or not to regard Heaven as a person. Among Heaven’s qualities, we choose its work (gōng) and virtuousness (dé) as its most prominent features to expound. In the light of Heaven’s virtuousness, a theodicy of Heaven is constructed. The third part is devoted to a discussion of the nature of human beings as well as of our fellows in the natural world, especially in relation to Heaven. Zhū Xī offers two perspectives for understanding humanness: one by studying the nature of xīn (“heart-mind”), and the other, the composite nature of hún-pò (or guǐ-shén, “souls”). We choose to plunge into the latter perspective, something comparable with Leibniz’s theories of soul. In the concluding chapter major features or facets of this reconstruction of Zhū Xī’s religious philosophy and its relevance to modern times are stated in a concise and relatively bold way.

Des recherches actuelles ont montré que l'efficacité des dirigeants concerne l'humanité. En raison des connaissances différentes de la nature humaine occidentale et orientale ; il y a une différence significative de tous les genres de dirigeants. Par rapport au sens l'humanité de Ptolémée de l'Ouest avec l'individu comme le centre, la nature humaine est de Galileo dans le contexte de la culture orientale qui souligne la relation étroitement liée entre l'homme et la société. Comme le soleil est au centre de la galaxie, le chef dans les relations sociales est dans le noyau. Sur cette base, nous avons proposé Sunshine Leadership dans le contexte de la culture chinoise. Nous avons fait une enquête en deux étapes de 635 membres de l'équipe de marketing direct de la Chine. Dans la première étape, on a parlé face à face par des entretiens, de responsabilité, d’expérence sur les dirigeants et de la distance de pouvoir. Les analyses de facteur d'exploration et de facteurs de confirmation montrent que Sunshine Leadership est un concept claire de Leadership, comprenant: un sentiment de bonheur, montrer l'exemple, des relations et apporter un changement radical à l'état de choses existant. Ensuite dans la deuxième phase, on explore comment Sunshine Leadership influencer sur la satisfaction et l'engagement de l'Organisation par les influences sur la relation d'échange des membres. Les résultats montrent que c'est une bonne variable pour la prévision de comportement du personnel. Cette étude s'étend de la recherche de la théorie de la direction et fournit une perspective interculturelle et le cadre pour comprendre comment les scénarios de l'Organisation impacter l'efficacité de la direction par l’interaction avec des caractéristiques individuelles. / Previous studies have shown that Leadership effectiveness is bound up with personality. Because of the significant differences between the East and the West in human nature, there are also great differences in the styles of leadership. Compare to a Ptolemian view of human nature, which is deeply rooted in Western cultural, The Chinese concept of personality more closely resembles a Galiean view of human nature, which recognizes that the individual is embedded in a social network. Just as the sun is the center of the galaxy, leadership is at the heart of the social network. In this way, we have proposed and constructed a sunshine leadership model from the point of view of Chinese Taoism and Confucian culture. A two-phase survey data were collected from 625 Chinese direct-selling employees. In the first survey, the focal employee was asked to provide information about sunshine leadership, Including felt obligations, expectations to leader, and power distance orientation. Consistent with predictions, a simulation study is conducted using the SPSS 15.0 EFA and CFA programs. The EFA results obtained four factors. The CFA results also fit the hypothesized four factor structure model for all methods. Both results showed that the sunshine leadership was an distinctive construct which consists of four dimensions: Guanxi, Happiness, Character and Hold-Crisis. In the second survey, we further examined the influence of sunshine leadership on employee job satisfaction and organizational Commitment mediated by Leader-member exchange(LMX). The results show that the sunshine leadership is a good predictor of employee's work behavior，which had positive effects on both job satisfaction and commitment. Our Research extends theory of leadership by providing a cross-cultural perspective and framework to understanding how organizational context may interact with individual dispositions to affect the effectiveness of leadership in China. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.