Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le 11 décembre 1481, le roi Louis XI rattachait le comté de Provence souverain au royaume de France. Cela ne s’accomplit pas sans que les grands sanctuaires provençaux reçoivent de sa part des offrandes importantes, tels la chapelle de la Sainte-Baume, le chef-reliquaire d’or de Sainte-Marthe de Tarascon, et, dans une certaine mesure, le tombeau du dernier comte Charles III de Provence dans la cathédrale Saint-Sauveur d’Aix. Mais sa munificence religieuse de quatre décennies en Provence, connut bien d’autres développements (fondations, rentes, privilèges). Cette étude originale est un essai de synchronisation d’une ambitieuse politique de munificence avec son contexte de marche à l’annexion. Pour une vision d’ensemble, la zone étudiée s’élargit aux petits États périphériques du comté de Provence, Avignon et le Comtat Venaissin, la principauté d’Orange, le comté de Nice, la seigneurie de Monaco et le Bas-Dauphiné. Dans ce dernier, à la cathédrale Notre-Dame d’Embrun, au contact du Gapençais provençal, Louis XI a vraisemblablement offert de somptueuses grandes orgues dont plusieurs éléments sont encore visibles. La présence physique du dauphin Louis, puis la forte présence politique du roi Louis XI dans cette « aire provençale », sont révélatrices du grand intérêt que suscite le Midi de la part du royaume de France, selon une tradition remontant aux Capétiens. Les modalités et la croissance de cette convoitise chez Louis XI, ses implications économique et sociale, ses manifestations plastiques, les véhicules de l’idéologie monarchique tels que l’esthétique flamboyante, mais aussi la rivalité inévitable avec l’influent comte René d’Anjou, tiennent ici lieu de problématiques. / On december 11th 1481, the king of France Louis XI achieved the incorporation of sovereign Provence into the kingdom of France. This did not happen without the greatest provençal sanctuaries receiving from him important offerings like the Sainte-Baume chapel, the Sainte-Marthe of Tarascon gold head reliquary, and the last earl Charles III of Provence tomb in the Saint-Sauveur cathedral of Aix. Actually, his four decades religious munificence in Provence spread out with various forms (foundations, annuities, privileges). This original study is an attempt to synchronize an ambitious policy of munificence with its context of an annexation in progress. For a general sight of the situation, the geographical area of the study is extended to the small provençal states surrounding the earldom of Provence, it is to say Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin, the principality of Orange, the earldom of Nice, the lordship of Monaco and the southern Dauphiné. There, in the Notre-Dame cathedral of Embrun, in close contact with the provençal earldom of Gap, Louis XI appears as the donator of the flamboyant organ, still visible in parts. The physical presence of the dauphin Louis, then the strong political presence of king Louis XI, in this “provençal area” reveal the great interest of French kingdom for the south, following an ancient tradition started by the capetian kings. The details and the growth of Louis XI’s covetousness, its economical and social implications, its artistic demonstrations, the medium of the monarchic ideology, as the flamboyant gothic esthetics, but the unavoidable rivalry with the influential earl René d’Anjou as well, are the main issues investigated here.

- The thesis is focused on relations between Sweden and Brandenburg in the years 1660 - 1701. Although Sweden is considered as an empire practically all over the 17th century, a new, important power rises in its neighbourhood, namely Brandenburg-Prussia, and this rise is finished by the Royal coronation of Fredrick I in 1701. Main part of the thesis is dedicated to the political and military relations, less to the cultural relations. Even other countries, following and protecting their interests in the Baltic region, are taken into account, especially Denmark and France. The aim of the thesis is to analyse relations between Sweden and Brandenburg and to try to find an answer on the question, if Sweden's focus on its internal problems and reforms contributed to the rise of Prussia or if there is no direct connection between these two tendencies. Key terms - Swedish Imperial Period, regency, Charles XI, Charles XII, Louis XIV, Elector Fredrick William, Elector Fredrick III, Scanian War, foreign policy, Baltic Sea hegemony

An experiment was conducted using forty-one Bonsmara steers (age ± 7 months) to determine the effect of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) on the growth performance and carcass characteristics. The trial was structured using a completely randomized design with two treatments, control and ZH group. The steers were fed ZH for 28 consecutive days at the end of the finishing period and ZH was withdrawn from the diet 2 days prior to slaughter of the animals. The steers were placed in individual pens and weighed fortnightly throughout the 4 months trial. Zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) was included in the diet at a rate of 8.3 mg/kg of DM. Feeding of ZH increased (P< 0.05) body weight (BW) gain and ADG (1.102 vs. 1.444) and tended to increase (P = 0.067) feed efficiency (F:G) during the last month of the finishing period. There were no significant differences (P> 0.05) in daily dry matter intakes (DMI). For the control group, high treatment weight gains were significantly associated with high initial weight (r = 0.424, P = 0.049) and also high pre-treatment body weight (r = 0.678, P= 0.001). Treatment weight gain increased as the initial and pre-treatment weight gain increased in the control group. For the steers that were fed ZH, there was no significant correlation between the treatment body weight gain with initial weight (r = 0.097, P = 0.694) and also pre- treatment live weight (r = 0.393, P = 0.096). Supplementation of ZH significantly increased (P < 0.0001) the dressing percentage (56.4% vs. 58.4%) and had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the carcass weight. The outcome of the study suggest that supplementation of ZH in the diet during the last month of the finishing period enhances growth performance and shows the repartitioning capacity of the feed additive as a beta- agonist. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture (Animal Science)

捷克共和國（簡稱捷克）自建國以來，與中華人民共和國（簡稱中國）維持著正式的外交關係。2004年，捷克加入歐盟後，兩國關係更快速進展，乃因中國視捷克為策略夥伴。 為了最佳檢視捷中關係，本論文採用新自由主義當作研究方法，從國際政經的角度來探討，而非從國際安全的角度。 本論文檢視了現任總統執政期間，捷克為深化與中國合作所採取的各種措施。捷克總統曾積極地推動捷中經濟往來以及吸引中國各種可能的投資。除了經濟合作之外，捷中兩國擁有正向的政治關係。捷克政府改變了對中國既有的態度，從“因違反人權而譴責中國以及對捷中進一步合作興趣缺缺”的負面態度大幅度轉變成致力於“維持捷中良好關係、避開敏感話題以及發展實質的合作”的正面態度。本論文藉檢視捷中已簽訂的協議以及捷克官員的言論來探討政治面的議題。此外，也利用其中一個章節來探討捷克與台灣間的非正式關係，以及此一關係如何影響捷中關係。 在歐洲的中部與西部地區當中，捷克並非是中國唯一有興趣往來的國家，本論文透過維謝格拉德集團（Visegrád group）等四國與中國關係的比較來探討中國是否給予捷克任何較為特殊的待遇。 / Since its establishment, the Czech Republic has had an official relationship with the People’s Republic of China. The mutual relationship has been evolving in recent years, however notably from the year 2004 when the Czech Republic join the European Union, which made her a strategic partner in China’s eyes. To provide the best examination of Czech-China relations, I use neoliberalism as a theoretical approach. I apply neoliberalism from an international political economy perspective rather than international security. During the current Presidency period we can examine steps that have been made by the Czech Republic to deepen cooperation with China. The Czech president has been actively involved, especially in economic engagement with China and in attracting possible investment. Besides economic cooperation, these two countries have had a positive political relationship. The Czech government has changed the unofficial approach from 'blaming China for violating human rights and lack of interest in further cooperation especially from the Czech side' into a focus on 'keeping good relations, avoiding sensitive topics, and aiming at developing solid cooperation'. This signals a dramatic change in focus for the Czech Republic. The political section of this research provides the examination of agreements and statements of government officials. One chapter of this section is devoted to unofficial relations between the Czech Republic and Taiwan and how it influences Czech-China relations. The Czech Republic is not the only country in the region of Central and Eastern Europe China is interested in. Comparing the Czech Republic to other Visegrád group (V4) countries leads us to a question as to whether China provides any special treatment to the Czech Republic, therefore an analysis of V4 countries-China relations is also shown in this research.

政治系統的維持、適應與發展，非有一套適合其運作的價值體系不可，而此一價值體 係如何內化為系統成員的「內在心理取向」、亦即形成政治態度的過程－－政治社會 化，乃為有關學者所深切重視的問題。國內學者對於政治社會化的研究，自袁頌西、 易君博撰文引介後，經胡佛、陳義彥、陳文俊等學者大力研究，時至今日，政治社會 化己成為政治科學最重要的研究領域之一；以各級學校在校生為研究對象而言，研究 所、大學、高（初）中及小學均有研究成果問世。筆者對此領域亦深感興趣，經吾師 義彥之啟迪、面允，乃以五專學生為研究對象，探討我國五專學生的政治定向與行為 模式。 本文依據教部七十六年「中華民國教育統計」所列十四萬八仟一百十二名學生中、分 層隨機抽取百分之一為樣本，運用本校電算中心PRIM７５０機所備有的SPSSX 程式， 進行各項統計分析。問卷編製係引用或改編前人設計為主，其次則以筆者多年涉入青 年活動的體驗，另增設問項若干，總計問卷題數一四七題。 本文僅就政治社會化的結果－政治態度及其與社會化媒體關聯做嘗試性的探討；其中 由於在困果次序難以論定的限制下，本文僅嘗認尋找與特定政治態度相關聯的媒體作 為政治態度的測度指標。 本文概分五章，除第一章緒論、第二章結論外，其餘各章要旨如下： 第二章：研究方法。主要在敘明本文的研究架構、假設、設計及施測情形。 第三章：政治態度的成份。首先假定政治態度的構成成分包括：認知、情感及行動傾 向三部分，並以因素分析方法所析出之因子印證，次以社會屬性進行差異性檢定。 第四章：政治態度的預測。本章分別以同輩團體、家庭、學校及大傳媒介等四種社會 化媒體對「知、情、意」等三個政治態度面向進行迴歸分析，以探討各媒體內含因子 對政治態度各面向的總預測力及關聯。

第一章： 理學之先驅：第一節 韓愈與佛學：一、韓愈與理學，二、韓愈與佛；第二 節 李翱與佛學；第三節 柳宗元與佛學。 第二章 朱子理學之淵源：第一節：周敦頤與佛學（西元１０１７∼１０７３）：一、太極圖 二、通書；第二節 張載與佛學（西元１０２１∼１０７８）：一、西銘，二、正蒙 ； 第三節 程顥與佛學（西元１０２３∼１０８５）：一、識仁篇，二、定性書，三性一元論； 第四節 程頤與佛學（西元１０３３∼１１０７）：一、理氣說，三、主敬、窮理說，四、主 敬、理氣說與佛學；第五節 楊時與佛學（西元１０５３∼１１３５）；第六節 羅 從彥豫章、李侗（延平）與佛學：一、羅從彥西元１０７２∼１１３５），二、李侗 （西元１０９３∼１１６３），三、劉勉之（白水）、胡憲（藉溪）、劉子 （屏山 ）。第三章 朱子理學與佛學之關係：一、朱子西元１１３０∼１２００）生平與學術，二、朱子 理學與佛學之淵源。壹、論心性理氣部份：第一節 太極說與佛學；第二節 理氣說與佛學；第三節 氣質說與佛學；第四節 心理、性 理說與佛學；第五節 性情說與佛學；二、論修養部份；第一節 涵養、省察說佛學 第二節 主靜、主敬說與佛學；第三節 天理、人欲說與佛學；第四節 知、行說與 佛學。 第四章 朱子闢佛之研討：壹、學理部份；第一節 從宇宙觀探討朱子之闢佛：一 、朱子之宇宙觀，二、從朱子之宇宙觀論其闢佛，三、佛氏之宇宙觀；第二節 從本 體論探討朱子之闢佛：一、朱子之本體論 ，二從朱子之本體論論其闢佛 ，三、佛氏 之本體論；第三節從教育學探討朱子之闢佛：一、從心性論看，二從教育之宗旨與階 次看，從教育之目的與步驟看，四、從教育之內容看，五、從修養論看，六從施教之 深淺次第看；第四節 從倫理學探討朱子之闢佛：一、佛氏有關孝道之倫理，二、佛 氏有關君臣之倫理，三、佛氏有關夫婦之倫理，四佛氏有關兄弟、朋友之倫理，五、 佛氏有關師弟之倫理。 貳、存養部份：第一節 辨釋氏以知覺運動言性之非，第二節 辨釋氏以心求心之非 ，第三節 辨釋氏有上達無下學之非，第四節 辨釋氏有敬以直內無義以方外之非， 第五節 辨釋氏有克己工夫而無復禮之非，第六節辨釋氏頓悟求速之非，第七節 辨 釋氏一覺之外不復事事非非，第八節 辨釋氏參話頭終日味無義語之非。 結論。

本論文之主旨即在系統析述民國二十（一九三一）年冬在瑞金所建立之「江西蘇維埃 」諸般狀況，由而採討其所產生之影響。 本論文全十章，分三部綜論其建立，作為及崩潰。 本論文第編含三章，分別析述其建立背景、建立經過、及建立後之組織型態。 第二編論蘇維埃政權之主要作為，四、五兩章即分析其土地鬥爭及軍事鬥爭之實質。 第六章探討中共政權如何克服財政困難，如稅制、幣券、公債、及征糧工作等諸般作 為。第七章論「肅反」工作，蓋中共承受了俄共肅反鬥爭特質，對於黨內黨外固然經 常以「肅清反革命」排斥異己，即政務之推行亦以「紅色恐怖」為依恃，此種肅反工 作實為中共政權之主要特質。 第八章析論該時期中共重要黨務活動及黨內派系鬥爭。在江西時期，中共黨內派系之 爭，以留俄派與毛澤東集團為兩大陣營，幾乎無「時」不鬥，無「事」不鬥，爭端尤 其集中於「富農路線」、與「游擊主義」，至於反「羅明路線」鬥爭乃是具有代表性 的著名事例。 第三編論蘇維埃政權之崩潰，其中第九章說明崩潰經過，第十章分析其崩潰原因。第 五次圍勦歷時一年，國軍採用新戰略，配合經濟封鎖，政治動員及農村復興諸般方略 ，以雷霆萬鈞之勢向贛南步步進逼，國民政府是以組織民眾、動員民力、改善民生作 為最高作戰策略，由於國軍在軍事上的勝利，同時誘發了蘇區民眾長時期潛在的反共 意識轉而化為行動，乃更加速了共黨政權的潰敗，其間雖歷「閩變」，仍未能挽回紅 色政權之厄運，至民國二十三年（一九三四）年十月，紅朝乃終告全面崩潰。

朱熹所建構的朱子學於後代之所以興盛的原因多門，官學、科舉的推動，雖將朱學普及化於民間士子，但亦僵化了朱學的發展，因而真正能將朱學的精髓發揚光大者，則非朱門弟子莫屬。若溯其源，則南宋朱門弟子對於朱學的傳衍，更是影響後代朱學發展的關鍵，無論從「道統」、「字義」等來看，或是元、明以降的《四書》學發展，黃榦和陳淳在其間皆扮演著關鍵性的角色，於朱學史中佔有不可或缺的一頁。基於此，本論文以朱門第一代弟子黃榦、陳淳為研究對象，首先從二人的為學歷程裡，鉤勒出一條繼承面向的脈絡。其次，透過二人的為學思想、體用關係、道統思維等方面，觀察二人在經典的詮釋與建構裡，如何接受、轉化及傳衍朱學。整體來說，本論文從原典文獻的角度出發，一方面客觀地釐清朱門後學的發展樣態，另一方面回應當前學術史的建構，重新看待在過去被忽略的歷史現場，補強朱門後學的研究成果。

The art of reading and its application to knowledge acquisition and innovation by elites have been largely neglected by historians of print culture and reading in late imperial China (1368-1911). Unlike most studies, which are concerned more with the implied reader and individual reading experience, the present study assumes that the actual reader and the social, cultural and epistemic dimensions of reading practices are the central issues of a history of reading in China. That is, while the art of reading was internalized by the individual, his learning and application of it had social, cultural and epistemic features. At a time when secular reading practices in Renaissance England were informed by Erasmian principles, Ming literati, regardless of their different philosophical stances, were being trained in an art of reading proposed by Zhu Xi (1130-1200), whose Neo-Confucian philosophy had been esteemed as orthodox since the fourteenth century. Transformations and challenges in interpreting and applying his art did not hinder its general reception among elite readers. Its common employment determined the practitioner’s epistemic frame and manner of knowledge innovation. My dissertation consists of five chapters bracketed with an introduction and conclusion. Chapter One discusses Zhu’s theory of reading and the implied pattern of acquiring and innovating knowledge, based on a careful reading of his writings and conversations. Chapter Two describes the transmission of Zhu’s theory from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries. During its transmission, Zhu’s art was reedited, rephrased, and even readapted by both government agencies and individual authors with different intentions and agendas. Chapter Three focuses on the reception of Zhu’s theory of reading by 1500 and argues that the moral end of reading eventually triumphed over the intellectual one in early Ming Confucian philosophy. Chapter Four explores the affinity of Ming philosophers of mind with Zhu’s theory in their reading concepts and practices from 1500 to the mid-seventeenth century. Despite their attempts to separate themselves intellectually from the Song tradition, Ming philosophers of mind followed Zhu’s rules for reading in their intellectual practices. Chapter Five outlines the reading habits and knowledge landscape based on a statistical survey of extant Ming imprints. Despite some deviations, the Ming reading habits and knowledge framework largely accorded with Zhu’s theory and its Ming adaptations. The continuity of reading habits from Zhu’s time to the seventeenth century, I conclude, inspires us to rethink the Ming apostasy from the Song tradition. The particularity of scholarly knowledge acquisition and innovation in Ming-Qing China by the eighteenth century was not invented by Ming-Qing scholars but anticipated by Zhu through his theory of reading. With respect to late imperial China, the history of reading, together with the history of knowledge, is yet to be fruitfully explored. With this dissertation, I hope to be able to make a contribution to the understanding of the East Asian orthodox habit of reading as represented by Zhu’s admirers. By placing my investigation in the context of the history of knowledge, I also hope to contribute to the understanding of the relationship of reading to the way that knowledge evolved in traditional China. Intellectual historians tended to consider the Ming Confucian tradition as having broken off from the Cheng-Zhu tradition, but at least in reading habits and practices Ming elite readers perpetuated Zhu’s theory of reading and the knowledge framework it implied.