Orientador: Ivan Aparecido Manoel / Banca: Geraldo Inácio Filho / Banca: José Carlos Garcia de Freitas / Resumo: A Igreja Católica se posicionou contra o liberalismo desde seu surgimento no século XVIII. Ao longo do século XIX travou uma luta sem tréguas contra a ideologia liberalista. Os papas do século XIX condenaram o liberalismo de forma aberta e direta. A condenação recaiu sobre as mais diversificadas áreas de influencia liberal, com destaque para o laicismo e a democracia. Já no inicio do século XX o ocidente se encontrava na eminência de uma crise e toda a euforia anterior passou a ser superficial e ilusória. O primeiro resultado da crise foi a eclosão da Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914 a 1918). Com o findar da guerra diversas nações européias estavam enfraquecidas e destruídas. Outras humilhadas, traídas, culpadas. Esse clima de instabilidade política, social e econômica possibilitou a ascensão de governos totalitários e autoritários, tanto de direita com de esquerda em alguns países europeus. Os governos totalitários de direta se mantiveram no poder até o findar da Segunda Guerra Mundial e os de esquerda até a década de noventa do século XX. Em ambos houve perseguição, de forma declarada ou não, a Igreja e ao clero. Diante desse contexto de discórdia e desentendimento, de desrespeito e injustiça, a Igreja agiu a sua maneira. A Instituição católica não deixou de lado seus valores, princípios e não abriu não de seus dogmas, no entanto foi obrigada, em decorrência das necessidades do período a reavaliar seus posicionamentos e aconselhamentos para a sociedade civil. Em conjunto com o abuso e a decorrente falência dos governos totalitários, a Igreja aceitou, por meio do papa Pio XII em 1944, a democracia como a mais justa forma de governo, mesmo sendo a democracia um regime fruto do liberalismo / Abstract: The Catholic Church has spoken out against liberalism since its inception in the eighteenth century. Throughout the nineteenth century waged a relentless fight against the liberal ideology. The popes of the nineteenth century liberalism condemned in an open and direct. The condemnation fell on the most diverse areas of liberal influence, especially secularism and democracy. Since the beginning of the twentieth century the West was on the verge of a crisis and all the previous euphoria has become superficial and illusory. The first result of the crisis was the outbreak of World War (1914 to 1918). With the close of the war several European nations were weakened and destroyed. Other humiliated, betrayed, guilty. This climate of political instability, social and economic enabled the rise of authoritarian and totalitarian governments, both right to left in some European countries. The totalitarian governments of direct remained in power until the close of the Second World War and left until the nineties of the twentieth century. In both there was persecution, so declared or not, the Church and the clergy. Given this context of discord and misunderstanding, disrespect and injustice, the Church acted his way. The Catholic institution did not put aside their values, principles, and not opened not his dogmas, but was forced, due to the needs of the period to reassess their positions and advice for the society. In conjunction with the abuse and the resulting collapse of totalitarian governments, the Church accepted by Pope Pius XII in 1944, democracy as the fairest form of government, even though the fruit of democracy a system of liberalism / Mestre

何謂現當代中國之民族主義? 此種民族主義如何想像出「中華民族」這個共同體? 中國民族主義之話語是否在習近平擔任中共中央總書記以來有所變化? 本論文試圖通過有關民族主義之理論, 中國研究文獻與中國民族主義話語之分析來探討以上幾個問題. 方法論上, 本論文提供兩種二分法: 其一為民族主義話語「公民–領土」與「族裔–文化」之不同內容, 其二為民族主義「尋求建立政體」與「維護既有政體」之不同方向. 本作者適用此兩種二分法來重新解釋幾代中國政治領導層之人物所講出來的民族主義話語之內容與方向. 因此, 此篇論文將打造理論, 敘述與「社會現實」之間的對話來闡明中國政治至關重要方面之一 : 即「中華民族」持續不斷的再定義. 了解到現當代中國民族主義之內容與方向在很大程度上有助於我們對中國人民共和國政治之認識, 更能夠讓我們進一步地理解在「大中華」所存在的政治與社會問題之一. 不僅如此, 本論文所體現之學習方式具有延伸性, 而因此能夠適用在其他個案上, 使民族主義學之文獻變得更為一致. / What kind of nationalism exists in contemporary China, and how does that nationalism imagine the Chinese nation? Has the rhetoric of nationalism in mainland China changed since the ascent of Xi Jinping to the position of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)? This thesis seeks to address these questions by analyzing theories of nations and nationalisms, secondary literature on Chinese nationalism, and a volume of primary sources representative of Chinese nationalist discourse with an emphasis on the Xi Jinping era. Methodologically, this study presents a dichotomy of nations as either ethno-cultural or civic-territorial in content and nationalisms as either polity-seeking (state-seeking and revisionist) or polity-based (nationalizing and status-quo reinforcing) in orientation. These distinctions are then applied to reinterpret the content and orientation of official nationalism across generations of Chinese political leadership. This study therefore generates a dialogue between theories, narratives, and “social realities” that illuminates a critical aspect of Chinese politics: the ongoing redefinition of “China” as a nation. Discovering the nature of Chinese nationalism in this context is crucial not only for an understanding of politics in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), but indeed for greater clarity on a key social and political issue throughout “Greater China.” Furthermore, the approach embodied herein can be applied to other cases to bring greater consistency to the literature of nationalism studies.

Geringe Wasserlöslichkeiten kleiner organischer Wirkstoffkandidaten, sogenannter Leitstrukturen, sind in der Medikamentenentwicklung häufig für das Scheitern vielversprechender Projekte verantwortlich. Um diese Kandidaten dennoch zur Marktreife bringen zu können, wurden verschiedene Strategien entwickelt. Neben der kostenintensiven Strukturoptimierung rücken Formulierungsadditive in den Fokus, die in der Lage sind, Wirkstoffe zu solubilisieren, transportieren und gezielt freizusetzen. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Hochdurchsatz-Screening-Methode präsentiert, die eine schnelle und arbeitsextensive Identifizierung maßgeschneiderter Binder für wasserunlösliche, niedermolekulare Wirkstoffe ermöglicht und mithilfe derer Löslichkeitsvermittler in Form von Peptid-Polymer-Konjugaten mit definierten Solubilisierungs- und Freisetzungseigenschaften realisiert werden können. Dazu werden Peptidbibliotheken in einem zweistufigen Prozess auf Wirkstoffbindung und auf Wirkstofffreisetzung durchsucht. Das Screening kann aufgrund einer innovativen on-chip Immobilisierung der Peptidbibliothek und der intrinsischen Fluoreszenz der niedermolekularen Wirkstoffe halbautomatisiert durchgeführt werden. Vielversprechende Peptidsequenzen können anschließend direkt on-chip mittels MALDI-ToF-MS/MS bzw. fragmentierungsfrei sequenziert und löslichkeitsvermittelnde Peptid-PEG-Konjugate hergestellt werden. In einem Testsystem wurden maßgeschneiderte Peptid-PEG-Konjugate mit unterschiedlichen Freisetzungseigenschaften für einen potentiellen Alzheimer-Wirkstoff realisiert und sowohl Solubilisierungseigenschaften, als auch die Freisetzungseigenschaften in einem vereinfachten Blutplasmamodell mittels Fluoreszenzanisotropie und Fluoreszenzkorrelationsspektroskopie bestätigt. In Zelltests mit einer Neuro-2a-Zelllinie konnten durch Zugabe der Wirkstoff-Transporter-Komplexe effektiv die Ausbildung der bei einer Alzheimer-Erkrankung auftretenden Tau-Protein-Aggregate bis zu 55 % reduziert werden. / Low water solubility of promising small organic drugs is one of the main reasons for failures during early drug development. Solubilizers promise to overcome these difficulties by solubilization, improved transport and final release of the potential drug candidates, which may result in an approval as a commercial drug. Here, a high-throughput screening method is presented, which is capable of identifying tailor-made peptide-polymer conjugates binding small molecule drugs, which can be used to act as solubilizers with precisely defined drug uptake and release properties. The screening is based on a two-dimensional process, which in a first step identifies strong binders and in a second, characterises their drug release. Due to its innovative on-chip immobilization of the peptide library and the intrinsic fluorescence of the small molecule drugs, the screening can be performed semi-automatically. Promising peptides can be sequenced directly by on-chip fragmentation-free or via MALDI-ToF-MS/MS and subsequently peptide-PEG conjugates can be synthesized. A screening against a high potential Alzheimer´s disease drug resulted in several tailor-made peptide-PEG conjugates with various drug uptake and release characteristics, which were confirmed in additional experiments. Here, loading capacities were determined and release properties analysed with a simplified blood plasma model utilizing fluorescence anisotropy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Cell tests with a Neuro-2a cell line confirmed the effectiveness of the drug-transporter aggregates by reducing the tau-protein concentration by 55 % and inhibiting their aggregation, which is one of the key issues in Alzheimer´s disease.

This article opens up an important but overlooked chapter in the political and diplomatic history of Florence, as well as that of fifteenth-century Franco-Italian relations more broadly. In late 1461, the city of Florence elected ambassadors to go to France to congratulate King Louis XI on his accession to the throne. Intended as a purely ceremonial mission, the Florentine diplomat Piero de' Pazzi ignored his commission and pursued policies that explicitly promoted French interests in Italy. By doing so, Piero sought to improve the standing of his own family, both domestically and abroad, at the expense of the Medici regime in Florence and the anti-French Italian League that the Medici supported. This article offers for the first time a full investigation of a surprisingly early example of tensions between the Medici and the Pazzi, tensions that famously erupted in the Pazzi Conspiracy of 1478.

No description available.

Denna undersökning kommer analysera Kinas handelspolitiska strategier med finanskrisen och handelskriget som tidpunkt samt även påpeka hur dess strategier förändrades underrespektive tillfälle. Undersökningen redogör för vilka likheter och skillnader det finns i handelspolitiken mellan perioderna med syfte att förklara förändringen i handelspolitiska preferenser. Den handelspolitiska förändringen som Kina genomgick mellan perioderna är viktig att undersöka då Kina fortsatt växer sig starka på den globala marknaden. Metoden i studien utgörs av en teorikonsumerande fallstudie där rational actor model används för att undersöka och förklara den rationella aktörens beslutsfattande i respektive situation. Spelteori används som en komplimenterande teori för att förklara Kinas vägval under handelskriget. Slutsatsen i undersökningen är att Kinas främsta mål och rationella val i krissituationer är att främja sin egen ekonomiska tillväxt oavsett vilka långsiktiga konsekvenserna detta kan innebära. Mot den bakgrunden återfinns även den främsta skillnaden mellan kriserna som var hanteringen av protektionism. Kina förebyggde mycket protektionism under finanskrisen men utövade det själva under handelskriget. Förändringen av agerandet mellan kriserna berodde likaväl på USA som på Kina och kan förklaras som det mest rationella valet för Kina för att främja sitt främsta mål med handelspolitiken, ekonomisk tillväxt. Förändringen förklaras som en tillfällig avvikelse från deras handelspolitik givet att det var det mest rationella beslutet givet omständigheterna och rådande situation.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In die veertigerjare het Robert Gordis aanhalings in die boek Prediker uitgewys. Diethelm Michel en Norman Whybray het die aanhalingshipotese ondersteun, terwyl Michael Fox nie ten gunste daarvan was nie. Whybray het kriteria saarngestel op grond waarvan hy aanhalings uit ouer wysheidsmateriaal kon onderskei. Fox kon op grond van sy eie kriteria geen aanhalings identifiseer nie. Om vas te st el of die Prediker we! uit ouer wysheidsmateriaal aanhaal, word eerstens gekyk na hoe die wysheid in Israel ontstaan het en wat die boek Prediker se verhouding tot ander wysheidsgeskrifte is. Hie ma word die histories-kritiese bestudering van die boek onder die loep geneem alvorens die navorsingsgeskiedenis van aanhalings nagegaan word. Prediker 9-11 word ondersoek om te bepaal of die Prediker we! uit vroeere wysheidsmateriaal aanhaal. Ten slotte word die vraag gevra of Bybelvertalings aanhalings moet uitlig ten einde die teks beter verstaanbaar te maak. / In the forties, Robert Gordis pointed out that quotations do occur in the book Ecclesiastes. Diethelm Michel and Norman Whybray endorsed this hypothesis of quotations, while Michael Fox has taken a stance against it. Whybray compiled criteria to distinguish older wisdom sayings in the book Ecclesiastes. Fox applied his own criteria and could not find any quotations. To determine if the author (Qohelet) does quote from older wisdom material, we take a look how the wisdom developed in Israel and what the book's relation was to other wisdom books. Then the contribution of the historical-critical methods to the understanding of the book is surveyed before die research history of quotations is discussed. Ecclesiastes 9-11 is examined to determine if Qohelet really quotes from older wisdom material. Finally, we ask the question whether quotations should be highlighted in Bible translations in order to improve understanding of the text. / Biblical and Ancient studies / M.A.(Biblical Studies)

Qualitativ unterschiedliche genomische und nichtgenomische Mechanismen vermitteln die starken anti-inflammatorischen und immunmdulatorischen Eigenschaften der Glucocorticoide (GC). Der genomisch vermittelte Mechanismus ist bereits gut untersucht und dokumentiert, während der nichtgenomisch vermittelte Mechanismen noch einen Gegenstand vielseitiger Untersuchungen darstellt. Wir haben uns daher die Frage gestellt, ob Beclometason und Clobetasol besonders geeignet für die topische Applikation sind, weil sie sich in ihrem Wirkungsspektrum von systemisch zu applizierenden GC wie Dexamethason unterscheiden. Wir verglichen dazu die Effekte auf den Sauerstoffverbrauch mittels der Clark-Elektrode (nichtspezifisch nichtgenomischer Mechanismus), auf die IL-6-Synthese mittels ELISA (genomischer Mechanismus) und auf die Apoptose mittels Durchflusszytometrie (nichtgenomischer und genomischer Mechanismus) in ruhenden und stimulierten humanen PBMC. Dabei zeigten Beclometason und Clobetasol in sehr niedrigen Konzentrationen (10-10, 10-8 M) einen stärkeren Effekt auf den Sauerstoffverbrauch, waren aber in hohen Konzentrationen (10-5, 10-4 M) weniger potent im Vergleich zu Dexamethason. Auch hinsichtlich ihrer genomischen Potenz waren die topischen GC in einer Konzentration von 10-10 M und 10-8 M effektiver als Dexamethason, in höheren Konzentrationen unterschieden sie sich aber nicht. Alle drei GC induzierten Apoptose konzentrationsabhängig und unterschieden sich nicht in Konzentrationen zwischen 10-8 M und 10-5 M. In einer Konzentration von 10-4 M war die Induktion von Apoptose durch die topischen GC in PBMC und Jurkat-T-Zellen aber signifikant stärker im Vergleich zu Dexamethason. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich topische und systemische GC in ihrer genomischen und nichtgenomischen Potenz signifikant unterscheiden. Es ist daher davon auszugehen, dass nichtgenomische Effekte eine deutlichere klinische Relevanz besitzen als bisher angenommen. / Several different genomic and non-genomic mechanisms mediate the important anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of glucocorticoids (GCs). The genomic effects are the most important while the clinical relevance of non-genomic actions is still a matter of debate. We therefore investigated whether beclomethasone and clobetasol are particularly suitable for topical application because they differ in their spectrum of activity from systemically administered GCs such as dexamethasone. We compared effects on oxygen consumption as measured with a Clark electrode (nonspecific non-genomic glucocorticoid effects), on interleukin-6 synthesis by means of ELISA (genomic effects) and on apoptosis using flow cytometry (non-genomic and genomic effects) in quiescent and mitogen-stimulated PBMCs. Beclomethasone and clobetasol had stronger effects on the oxygen consumption of quiescent and stimulated cells at lower concentrations (10-10, 10-8 M) but were less potent at higher concentrations (10-5, 10-4 M) in comparison with dexamethasone. Also in terms of genomic potency, topical GCs were more effective than dexamethasone at 10-10 M and 10-8 M but gave similar results at higher concentrations. The ability of all three GCs to induce apoptosis was found to be concentration-dependent and similar at concentrations between 10-8 and 10-5 M but, compared with 10-4 M dexamethasone, 10-4 M beclomethasone or clobetasol was significantly more effective at inducing apoptosis in both PBMCs and Jurkat T cells. These results show that systemic and topical GCs differ significantly in their ability to induce genomic and non-genomic effects. This suggests that non-genomic effects are more therapeutically relevant in certain clinical conditions than currently assumed.

Im Verlauf der Untersuchungen von Agrostemma githago L. var. githago, eines bekannten giftigen Vertreters der Caryophyllaceae, verwendeten wir neben Agrostemmasaponin das Saponinum album aus Gypsophila paniculata L., ebenfalls mit Gypsogenin (3b-Hydroxy-Olean-12-en-23-al-28-Säure) als Aglykon. Eine Kombination dieser Saponinderivate (3 µg/ml) mit einer Formylfunktion an Position C4 des Aglykons in Kombination mit RIPs und anderen natürlichen Toxinen zeigte eine kooperative Toxizität an ECV 304-Zellen. Ribosomen-inaktivierende Proteine (RIPs; EC Nr. 3.2.2.22) sind eine heterogene Familie von strukturell und evolutionsbedingt ähnlichen Proteinen mit einer katalytischen Domäne, die einen spezifischen Adeninrest enzymatisch von einer definierten Position der rRNA prokaryotischer und eukaryotischer Ribosomen zu entfernen vermag. Die kombinierte Verabreichung von subtoxischen Konzentrationen eines RIP-Typ 1 und des Saponins zeigte in dieser Studie einen spezifischen und zum ersten Mal größeren zytotoxischen Effekt auf Tumorzellen im Vergleich mit natürlichem Diphtheriatoxin. Es wird ein analoger, synergistischer Wirkungsmechanismus zwischen der durch Gypsophilasaponin induzierten Toxizität von Agrostin aus Agrostemma githago L. und von Saporin aus Saponaria officinalis L. bzw. dem rekombinant hergestellten his-Saporin diskutiert. Offensichtlich nutzen diese aus den Samen der Caryophyllaceae isolierten Proteine einen ähnlichen Weg, um die Zellmembran zu passieren, was auf den Abwehrmechanismus dieser Pflanzen gegen pathogene Organismen schließen lässt. / In the course of our investigation of Agrostemma githago L. var. githago, a well-known toxic member of the Caryophyllaceae family, we tested Saponinum album from Gypsophila paniculata L., both saponins with gypsogenin (3b-hydroxy-olean-12-en-23-al-28-oic acid) as aglycone. A combination of these particular saponin derivatives with a formyl function in triterpene position 4 (3 µg/ml) together with RIPs and other natural toxins revealed a co-operative toxicity against ECV 304-cells. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs; EC No. 3.2.2.22) are a heterogeneous family of structurally and evolutionary related plant proteins. They share a common functional domain capable of catalytically removing a specific adenine residue from a highly conserved, surface-exposed stem-loop structure in the large rRNA of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. The combined administration of individually non-toxic concentrations of a RIP type 1 and a saponin presented in this study leads to a potent and for the first time greater specifically cytotoxic effect on tumor cells in comparison with natural diphtheria toxin. An analogy could be drawn between the observed induction of RIP-toxicity of Agrostin and of Saporin/ genetically engineered his-Saporin from Saponaria officinalis L. in combination with Gypsophilasaponin. Obviously these proteins, both obtained from the seeds of Caryophyllaceae species, use a similar mechanism to penetrate through the cell membrane in vitro suggesting a similar defence mechanism of these plants against pathogenic organisms.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In die veertigerjare het Robert Gordis aanhalings in die boek Prediker uitgewys. Diethelm Michel en Norman Whybray het die aanhalingshipotese ondersteun, terwyl Michael Fox nie ten gunste daarvan was nie. Whybray het kriteria saarngestel op grond waarvan hy aanhalings uit ouer wysheidsmateriaal kon onderskei. Fox kon op grond van sy eie kriteria geen aanhalings identifiseer nie. Om vas te st el of die Prediker we! uit ouer wysheidsmateriaal aanhaal, word eerstens gekyk na hoe die wysheid in Israel ontstaan het en wat die boek Prediker se verhouding tot ander wysheidsgeskrifte is. Hie ma word die histories-kritiese bestudering van die boek onder die loep geneem alvorens die navorsingsgeskiedenis van aanhalings nagegaan word. Prediker 9-11 word ondersoek om te bepaal of die Prediker we! uit vroeere wysheidsmateriaal aanhaal. Ten slotte word die vraag gevra of Bybelvertalings aanhalings moet uitlig ten einde die teks beter verstaanbaar te maak. / In the forties, Robert Gordis pointed out that quotations do occur in the book Ecclesiastes. Diethelm Michel and Norman Whybray endorsed this hypothesis of quotations, while Michael Fox has taken a stance against it. Whybray compiled criteria to distinguish older wisdom sayings in the book Ecclesiastes. Fox applied his own criteria and could not find any quotations. To determine if the author (Qohelet) does quote from older wisdom material, we take a look how the wisdom developed in Israel and what the book's relation was to other wisdom books. Then the contribution of the historical-critical methods to the understanding of the book is surveyed before die research history of quotations is discussed. Ecclesiastes 9-11 is examined to determine if Qohelet really quotes from older wisdom material. Finally, we ask the question whether quotations should be highlighted in Bible translations in order to improve understanding of the text. / Biblical and Ancient studies / M.A.(Biblical Studies)