The purpose of this study is to determine what alternative forms of assessments are being practiced in a public school with an international programme and to explore the teachers` attitudes towards the use of alternative assessment procedures. Various assessment models and strategies have been investigated and discussed, as pre¬senting a part of the educational practice in the primary classrooms that engage the International Baccalaureate/ Primary Years Programme at the elementary school level (age range 6-11) in the years 0-5. While defining my research problem, I have started from hypothesis that practicing of alternative assessment has an important positive role in the international schools supporting, promoting and improving student learning. International schools are facing both challenging and complexity of assessment pro¬cess while striving to apply both national and international programs` recom¬menda¬tions concerning the testing. Alternative forms of assessments are being used in conjunction with other forms of assessment, such as standardised tests, in order to assess both student perfor¬mance and the intentions of the International Baccalaureate/ Primary Years Pro¬gramme. This paper investigates what alternative assessment practices (portfolio, perfor¬mance assessment, Exhibition, self-assessment) are being applied and used in the same school where the standardised tests are also being applied and used (text book tests, teacher-made tests, local and national test). The hypothesis was supported and the study findings suggest that various types of assessments are needed to be utilized in order to fairly evaluate students` needs as well as that alternative assessment has an important positive role meeting individual student’s needs supporting a process of learning.

Vi har under året fått larmrapporter om att Sveriges matematikundervisning är undermålig. Enligt Skolverkets statistik får vi också detta bekräftat. Undersökningen avser att ta reda på hur lärare uttrycker sig kring undervisning, elevens självbild och kunskapsbedömning när det gäller att minimera antalet elever som lämnar grundskolan utan betyg i matematik. I denna kvalitativa studie har vi valt att intervjua sex matematiklärare i grundskolans senare år. Med dessa intervjuer vill vi synliggöra tänkbara orsaker till att svenska elever tappar mark när det gäller matematikkunskaper. Vi har valt att fokusera på hur undervisning och kunskapsbedömning ser ut på skolor med högt respektive lågt antal elever som ej uppnått målen för matematik i grundskolan. Vi har dessutom valt att lägga fokus på hur elevens självbild påverkar förmågan att tillägna sig matematikkunskaper. I vårt resultat visar det sig att våra sex respondenter inte skiljer sig anmärkningsvärt i hur de undervisar och kunskapsbedömer sina elever utifrån högt eller lågt antal elever som ej uppnått målen för grundskolan i matematik. Vad vi däremot kan se är att matematiklärarna är kritiska till hur undervisningen fungerar i de tidigare åldrarna. Respondenterna ger också en tydlig bild av att vår samhällsstruktur har förändrats vilket ger dem elever med skiftande social och kulturell bakgrund. Vi har behandlat dessa iakttagelser i vår diskussionsdel där vi med stöd från olika litteratur och styrdokument ger tänkbara orsaker om hur vi kan åtgärda resultatet utifrån frågor som var ansvaret ligger men också påvisa olika faktorers samspel i den komplexa verklighet vår skola befinner sig. / We have during the year received alarming reports concerning the inferior state of the Swedish mathematics teaching. According to the statistics from the Department of Education we also get this confirmed. The survey intends to find out how teachers express themselves about teaching, the pupil's self-image, and judging of knowledge when it comes to minimizing the number of pupil's who leave elementary school without any grades in mathematics. In this qualitative study we have chosen to interview six teachers of mathematics from the later years of the elementary school. With these interviews we would like to make visible possible causes why Swedish pupils are falling behind when it comes to knowledge in mathematics. We have chosen to focus on how teaching and judging of knowledge look like at schools with a high respectively low number of pupils who haven't reached the goals set up for mathematics in elementary school. We have also chosen to focus on how the self-image of the pupil affects the ability to acquire knowledge in mathematics. Our results show that our six respondents do not in a considerable way differ in the way they teach and judge the knowledge from a point of view where a high or low number of pupils that have not reached the goals set for the elementary school is concerned. What we can see on the other hand is that the teachers of mathematics are critical about the way the teaching works in the earlier years. The respondents also provide a clear picture that the structure of our society has changed which gives them pupils of shifting social and cultural background. We have treated these observations in our discussion section where we with support from different literature and steering documents present thinkable causes about how we can take measures from questions concerning where the responsibility lies but also show the interplay between different factors in the complex reality where our school is.

This is a qualitative study aiming to find out how and why teachers work with art, music and movement in the English subject in the early years. In this study we have conducted a background study of previous research and as a starting point and as a point for reference we have relied on education policy documents like The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the Swedish curriculum for the English school subject. Our research has consisted of interviews with six teachers and ten observation occasions in a total of three different primary schools. Our result show that there seems to be a consensus in both theory and praxis when it comes to integrating art, music and movement in learning and teaching of English in the early school years. The use of methods including art, music and movement in early language learning seems to promote the language development for all students but especially for young learners that require extra support for their language development.

This work is a social and cultural history of the participation of enslaved and free Blacks in the Seven Years’ War in British America. It is, as well, an intellectual history of the impact of Blacks’ wartime actions upon conceptions of race, slavery, and imperial identity in the British Atlantic world. In addition to offering a fresh analysis of the significance of Britain’s arming of Blacks in the eighteenth century, it represents the first sustained inquiry into Blacks’ experience of this global conflict. It contends that, though their rhetoric might indicate otherwise, neither race nor enslaved status in practice prevented Britons from arming Blacks. In fact, Blacks played the most essential role in martial endeavors precisely where slavery was most fundamental to society. The exigencies of worldwide war transformed a local reliance upon black soldiers for the defense of particular colonies into an imperial dependence upon them for the security of Britain’s Atlantic empire. The events of the Seven Years’ War convinced many Britons that black soldiers were effective and even indispensable in the empire’s tropical colonies, but they also confirmed that not all Blacks could be trusted with arms. This work examines “Tacky’s revolt,” during which more than a thousand slaves exploited the wartime diffusion of Jamaica’s defensive forces to rebel, as a battle of the Seven Years’ War. The experience of insecurity and insurrection during the conflict caused some Britons to question the imperial value of the institution of slavery and to propose that Blacks be transformed from a source of vulnerability as slaves to the key to the empire’s strength in the southern Atlantic as free subjects. While martial service offered some Blacks a means to gain income, skills, a sense of satisfaction, autonomy, community, and even (though rarely) freedom, the majority of Blacks did not personally benefit from their contributions to the British war effort. Despite the pragmatic martial antislavery rhetoric that flourished postwar, in the end the British armed Blacks to perpetuate slavery, not to eradicate it, and an ever more regimented reliance upon black soldiers became a lasting legacy of the Seven Years’ War. / text

Many Canadian children from minority status groups experience long-term academic complexities, influencing their sense of school belonging and engagement (Willms, 2003; Willms & Flanagan, 2007). Research demonstrates children with intersecting differences of race, ethnicity, language, and disability, and those in their middle years (10-13 years old), undergo heightened academic challenges (Blanchett, Klingner, & Harry, 2009; Cobbold, 2005). Within Toronto, one of the most diverse Canadian cities, this study explores the narratives of 6 middle years children with intersecting differences of race, ethnicity, language, and disabilities. The narratives highlight participants’ understandings of differences, learning, and inclusion. Specifically, what are marginalized children’s personal schooling experiences, and how may these insights support inclusive learning, teaching, and sense of belonging? Underpinned by conceptual lenses of (a) critical theory, from which stems critical pedagogy and critical multicultural education, and (b) the “new sociology of childhood” (Greene & Hogan, 2005), which includes social constructivist and participatory frames, this study employed qualitative narrative and critical discourse analysis research methods throughout 7 research sessions over a 4 month period. Accessing children’s multiple views, data collection included a “mosaic” (Clark & Moss, 2001) multi-method approach, such as semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions, writing activities, imaginative story games, photography, and drawings. The children’s narratives are re-presented as portrait narrative summaries within this paper. Surfacing findings include two predominant themes: (a) Participants’ conceptualizations of differences, race, ethnicity, language, culture, disability, and autism. Participants’ views relate to theories of denying differences, colour blindness, White discourse, and Othering; and (b) Interconnecting factors of inclusive and exclusive elements contributing to participants’ overall sense of school belonging. Additionally this theme highlights matters of meritocracy, individualization, and the “good” student. Underscoring both themes are notions of normalcy, and deficit and deficient-based discourses. Inviting student voice into educational conversations and research processes, this study demonstrates the importance of listening to voices of children with intersecting differences, as they may adeptly advance areas of inclusion and diversity.

Many Canadian children from minority status groups experience long-term academic complexities, influencing their sense of school belonging and engagement (Willms, 2003; Willms & Flanagan, 2007). Research demonstrates children with intersecting differences of race, ethnicity, language, and disability, and those in their middle years (10-13 years old), undergo heightened academic challenges (Blanchett, Klingner, & Harry, 2009; Cobbold, 2005). Within Toronto, one of the most diverse Canadian cities, this study explores the narratives of 6 middle years children with intersecting differences of race, ethnicity, language, and disabilities. The narratives highlight participants’ understandings of differences, learning, and inclusion. Specifically, what are marginalized children’s personal schooling experiences, and how may these insights support inclusive learning, teaching, and sense of belonging? Underpinned by conceptual lenses of (a) critical theory, from which stems critical pedagogy and critical multicultural education, and (b) the “new sociology of childhood” (Greene & Hogan, 2005), which includes social constructivist and participatory frames, this study employed qualitative narrative and critical discourse analysis research methods throughout 7 research sessions over a 4 month period. Accessing children’s multiple views, data collection included a “mosaic” (Clark & Moss, 2001) multi-method approach, such as semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions, writing activities, imaginative story games, photography, and drawings. The children’s narratives are re-presented as portrait narrative summaries within this paper. Surfacing findings include two predominant themes: (a) Participants’ conceptualizations of differences, race, ethnicity, language, culture, disability, and autism. Participants’ views relate to theories of denying differences, colour blindness, White discourse, and Othering; and (b) Interconnecting factors of inclusive and exclusive elements contributing to participants’ overall sense of school belonging. Additionally this theme highlights matters of meritocracy, individualization, and the “good” student. Underscoring both themes are notions of normalcy, and deficit and deficient-based discourses. Inviting student voice into educational conversations and research processes, this study demonstrates the importance of listening to voices of children with intersecting differences, as they may adeptly advance areas of inclusion and diversity.

Après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, on peut observer une inflexion de l’usage de la couleur dans le cinéma hollywoodien. Trop artificielle, la couleur a été reléguée à ses débuts à des genres « irréalistes » (comédie musicale, western). Mais après la guerre, la couleur est utilisée dans des films montrant le quotidien de l’Amérique, et devient une nouvelle façon d’appréhender certaines questions contemporaines. La couleur n’est plus un ornement ou un perfectionnement superflu, elle est porteuse de sens, au même titre que les autres éléments de la mise en scène. Les couleurs vives et l’exacerbation de l’artifice sont désormais utilisées par certains cinéastes dans un autre but que le seul plaisir de l’image colorée : parfois avec ironie, voire un pessimisme sous-jacent. L’enjeu esthétique de la couleur au cinéma doit en effet être situé dans le contexte historique de l’après guerre. La dévalorisation de la couleur dans l’histoire de l’art est ancienne, celle-ci ayant souvent été associée depuis l’Antiquité au maquillage féminin et à l’illusion. Le cinéma hollywoodien des années cinquante modifie justement l’image de la femme : on passe de la femme mythifiée à des femmes de chair et de sang, plus sexualisées, et aussi à l’évocation des rapports sociaux du quotidien. À travers l’actrice, et la façon dont celle-ci manipule la couleur ou bien existe à travers elle, la couleur se libère des préjugés, et trouve son indépendance, à travers une libération de l’expressivité, et un refus du seul mimétisme. / After WWII, the treatment of color in Hollywood cinema takes a new turn. Because it was too artificial, color was at first relegated to "unrealistic" films (musicals, westerns, etc). But in the post-war period, a change took place, and color was used in films that showed the common life of America, and became a new way of understanding contemporary issues. Color is not anymore a superfluous ornament, nor a mere device to increase realism: it is meaningful, as meaningful as any other element of the « mise en scène ». The bright colors and the exacerbation of the artifice are used from that time by some of the film-makers in a different purpose from that of pure entertainment : sometimes with irony, and even an underlying pessimism. What is aesthetically at stake in color films must be considered in the post-war context. The depreciation of color in the history of arts is an ancient trend, and since Antiquity, color in art has often been associated to feminine makeup and illusion. Hollywood films of the fifties changed the archetypical image of women: there was a shift from the mythical woman to women of flesh and blood, overtly sexualized, which allowed a more thorough evocation of the everyday life social relations. Through the actress and her acting - the way she manipulates color, or find a way to exist through it –, color releases itself from prejudices, participate to a release of expressiveness, and serve a rejection of basic mimesis.

No description available.

L’accès financier limité aux soins de santé a suscité l’instauration de politiques sanitaires de subvention des soins en Afrique. Au Burkina Faso, une ONG, en complémentarité avec la politique sanitaire nationale subventionne à 100% depuis septembre 2008 les soins et les médicaments pour les enfants de moins de cinq ans dans le district sanitaire de Dori. L’intervention regroupe formation du personnel soignant, supervisions et suppression de paiement des soins et des médicaments. L’objectif de l’étude est d’analyser l’effet de cette intervention sur l’adéquation des prescriptions médicales. Neuf centres de santé ont été pris en compte. Au total 14956 ordonnances d’enfants de moins de cinq ans ciblés par l’intervention ont été sélectionnées par échantillonnage systématique à partir des registres de consultation un an avant et un an après l’instauration de l’intervention. Quatorze prescripteurs ont été interviewés. Les prescriptions ont été analysées par comparaison au référentiel de l’OMS ainsi qu’au référentiel national. Le discours des prescripteurs a été analysé en vue de comprendre leur perception de leur changement de pratiques depuis de début de la subvention. L’intervention a eu pour effet de diminuer l’utilisation des injections (Rapport de cote (RC) =0,28; p<0,005) dans le cas des infections respiratoires aiguës (IRA). Elle a entraîné une diminution de l’utilisation inappropriée des antibiotiques dans les cas de paludisme seul (RC=0,48; p<0,0005). Le nombre moyen de médicaments par ordonnance a également diminué de 14% dans les cas d’IRA (p<0,0005). Les prescripteurs ont affirmé pour la plupart que leurs pratiques se sont soit maintenues soit améliorées. L’intervention a entrainé une amélioration de l’adéquation des prescriptions médicales dans certains cas. / The limited financial access to health care has encouraged the creation of health policies for subsidizing care in Africa. In Burkina Faso, an NGO, in line with the national health policy has been subsidizing care and medicines for children under five years in the health district of Dori since September 2008. The program includes training of health workers, supervision and removal of fees for health care and medication. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of this free care program on the adequacy of drugs prescriptions. Nine health centers were taken into account. A total of 14,956 prescriptions of the target group of children under five years were collected from consultation records a year before and after the introduction of free care program. In addition, fourteen prescribers were interviewed. The prescriptions were analyzed in comparison to the WHO and the national reference. The prescribers’ responses were analyzed to understand their perception of their change in practice since the introduction of the free care program. The study showed that the free care program had an effect by decreasing the use of injections (Odds Ratio (OR) =0.28, p < 0.005) in acute respiratory infections (ARI) cases. It also led to decrease in inappropriate use of antibiotics in the case of malaria (OR=0.48, p<0.0005). The average number of drugs per prescription was also found to have decreased by 14% (p<0.0005) in ARI cases. Several prescribers asserted that their practices are maintained or improved. The program leads to an improvement in the adequacy of drugs prescriptions.

Plusieurs recherches ont démontré que la qualité des interactions mère-enfant influence le développement de la fonction exécutive (FE) chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire. Ces recherches se sont attardées à la dimension « froide » de la FE qui regroupe les habiletés de prise de décisions générales en situation de résolution de problèmes. Cette recherche s’intéresse à l’autre dimension de la FE, les cognitions « chaudes », qui entrent en jeu lorsque la prise de décisions en situation de résolution de problèmes implique une charge émotionnelle. Cette dimension joue un rôle dans la prise de décisions affectives (PDA). Les études empiriques qui portent sur la PDA ont principalement regardé les liens avec le sexe et l’âge des enfants ainsi que les relations avec les facteurs neurologiques. Aucune étude à notre connaissance n’a examiné les liens avec la qualité des interactions mère-enfant. L’exploration empirique de la contribution des facteurs environnementaux proximaux de l’enfant, tel que le soutien affectif maternel, reste à faire. Dans un premier temps, cette recherche examine l’effet du soutien affectif maternel sur la PDA globale. Dans un deuxième temps, l’effet du sexe et l’effet d’interaction entre la qualité du soutien affectif maternel et les profils d’apprentissage des enfants de 48 mois sont examinés. Enfin, cette étude examine cent quatre-vingt-onze enfants (109 filles et 82 garçons) et leur mère qui ont participé à une journée d'évaluation en laboratoire dans le cadre de l’Étude Longitudinale sur le Développement des Enfants du Québec - groupe Pilote (ELDEQ-P, Santé Québec, 1997). Ils ont réalisé différentes activités permettant de les évaluer en dyade ou individuellement. La PDA a été évaluée à l’aide du Children’s Gambling Task (CGT) (Kerr & Zelazo, 2001). Le soutien affectif maternel a été évalué à partir d’une tâche de récits narratifs co-construits entre la mère et l’enfant (MacArthur Story-Stem Battery (MSSB), Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buchsbaum, Emde & the MacArthur Narrative Group, 1990) et la grille d’évaluation du Climat affectif a été utilisée pour évaluer la qualité du soutien affectif maternel (Boutin, Parent, et Lapalme-L’Heureux, 1998). Nos résultats indiquent que la qualité du soutien affectif maternel n’a pas d’effet principal sur la PDA globale mais interagit avec les profils d’apprentissage des enfants en contexte de PDA. Cette interaction est toutefois significative uniquement chez les garçons. Les garçons qui reçoivent un soutien affectif maternel dans la moyenne ou élevé obtiennent un meilleur profil d’apprentissage en situation de PDA comparativement à ceux qui ont un soutien affectif maternel sous la moyenne. En outre, les résultats révèlent que les 26 enfants (12 garçons, 14 filles) qui ont abandonné en cours de tâche obtiennent des scores plus faibles sur la qualité du soutien affectif maternel. Ce résultat suggère que les enfants obtenant un faible soutien affectif maternel sont plus enclins à abandonner une tâche d’apprentissage en situation de PDA. En somme, les résultats de la présente étude suggèrent que la qualité des interactions mère-enfant est importante sur le développement d’habiletés cognitives en contexte émotionnel chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire. / Research suggests that the quality of mother-child interactions play a role in the development of executive functioning (EF) during the preschool years. Most studies have examined cool EF, which represent general decision-making abilities during problem solving activities. The present study is concerned with hot EF, which is typically elicited by problem solving situations that require emotional regulation. Hot EF plays a role in affective decision-making (ADM). Prior research on ADM has examined its relation to sex, age, and neurological factors. Studies have not examined whether mother-child interactions play a role in the development of ADM ability. Thus, the importance of proximal environmental factors such as maternal responsiveness remains to be examined. The present study first examines the main effect of the quality of maternal responsiveness on the ADM ability. Second, the effect of sex and the interaction between the quality of maternal responsiveness and learning profiles of 48-month-old children were examined. Finally, this study also examines whether there were differences between the maternal responsiveness of children who abandoned the ADM test and those who completed the task. A subsample of 191 children (109 girls and 82 boys) and their mothers participated in a lab visit as part of the Pilot-Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (P-QLSCD, Quebec Health, 1997). Children completed several activities both individually and with their mothers. ADM was evaluated using the Children’s Gambling Task (CGT, Kerr & Zelazo, 2001). Maternal responsiveness was assessed using the MacArthur Story-Stem Battery (MSSB , Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buchsbaum, Emde & the MacArthur Narrative Group, 1990) and the Affective climate coding scheme (Boutin, Parent, et Lapalme-L’Heureux, 1998). Results revealed no significant principal effect between the quality of maternal responsiveness and ADM ability but a significant interaction between the quality of maternal responsiveness and child learning profiles. However, this interaction was only significant for boys. Boys who received medium to high levels of responsiveness showed better learning profiles during hot EF tasks than those who received low levels of responsiveness. In addition, children who abandoned the experiment (N=26) received lower scores on maternal responsiveness than those who completed the task. The present results suggest that high quality mother-child interactions are important for the development of cognitive processing in emotional contexts.