Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-05-23T19:19:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 61090100002.pdf: 359665 bytes, checksum: 87fb6b40a526393956abe85cb90545fb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel(gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-05-23T19:31:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61090100002.pdf: 359665 bytes, checksum: 87fb6b40a526393956abe85cb90545fb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel(gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-05-23T19:33:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61090100002.pdf: 359665 bytes, checksum: 87fb6b40a526393956abe85cb90545fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-24T11:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61090100002.pdf: 359665 bytes, checksum: 87fb6b40a526393956abe85cb90545fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-09 / Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o impacto do risco de liquidez nos retornos excedentes esperados das debêntures no mercado secundário brasileiro. Foram realizadas análises de regressão em painel desbalanceado com dados semestrais de 101 debêntures ao longo de oito semestres (primeiro semestre de 2006 ao segundo semestre de 2009), totalizando 382 observações. Sete proxies (Spread de Compra e Venda, %Zero Returns, Idade, Volume de Emissão, Valor Nominal de Emissão, Quantidade Emitida e %Tempo) foram utilizadas para testar o impacto do risco de liquidez nos yield spreads das debêntures. O yield spread foi controlado por até dez outras variáveis determinantes que não a liquidez (Fator Juros, Fator Crédito, Taxa Livre de Risco, Rating, Duration, quatro variáveis contábeis e Volatilidade de equity). A hipótese nula de que não há prêmio de liquidez para o mercado secundário de debêntures no Brasil foi rejeitada apenas para três das sete proxies (Spread de Compra e Venda, Valor Nominal de Emissão e Quantidade Emitida). Os prêmios encontrados são bastante baixos (1,9 basis point para cada 100 basis point de incremento no Spread de Compra e Venda, 0,5 basis point para um aumento de 1% no valor do Valor Nominal de Emissão e 0,17 basis point para cada menos 1000 debêntures emitidas), o que vai ao encontro dos resultados encontrados por Gonçalves e Sheng (2010). De qualquer forma houve perda da eficiência das proxies de liquidez após correção das autocorrelaçôes e potenciais endogeneidades, seja através da inclusão de efeitos fixos, da análise em primeiras diferenças ou da utilização de um sistema de três equações.

The current intellectual climate regarding economics seems to be at an agreement regarding the theory of uncovered interest parity and its unreliability within real life application. The purpose of this thesis is to test how the theory holds over periods with varying economic stability, both using a short- and long-horizon test in order to establish the usefulness of uncovered interest parity as a predictor for exchange rate movements. The short-horizon test will utilize the interbank offering rate, and the long-horizon test the yield to maturity of government 10-year benchmark bonds as the interest rate. The sample period is 2000 to 2018, covering the financial crisis of 2007. We will focus on three different time periods: pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis. We will use ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and an extreme sampling. From the regressions we conclude that most of the time periods move against the uncovered interest parity, where only the crisis period is in line with the theory. The extreme sampling supports this result, as larger interest differentials provide the rational expectations with more predictive power of the future spot exchange rate.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 pauloegoncalves.pdf.jpg: 19894 bytes, checksum: aac32a2c332bd28f3dd61f44e54281ec (MD5) pauloegoncalves.pdf: 378018 bytes, checksum: f1e23caa525f3c98db167d58ca96383c (MD5) pauloegoncalves.pdf.txt: 127200 bytes, checksum: 11a85125f53d6afbd6ccef2c1605fc68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-11T00:00:00Z / O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar e precificar o prêmio de liquidez exigido pelos investidores nas negociações de debêntures do mercado secundário brasileiro, com base no yield to maturity diário desses papéis. Os testes econométricos foram realizados com base no modelo apresentado por Houweling, Mentink e Vorst (2005) e aplicado ao mercado de eurobonds nos períodos de 1999 a 2001. Foi implementado um modelo de 5 variáveis para controlar, através de betas e características, os outros tipos de risco determinantes do spread das debêntures que não a liquidez. O conhecido modelo de títulos de renda fixa de dois fatores Fama-French (1993) foi utilizado para controlar os riscos de crédito e de taxas de juros, foram incorporados efeitos marginais, através das características individuais (rating e duration) das debêntures e uma adaptação para as particularidades do mercado brasileiro foi realizada, com a inclusão de um fator baseado na taxa PréxDI da duration dos portfólios. Para esse estudo, foram consideradas 4 proxies de liquidez largamente utilizadas na literatura: Volume de Emissão, Idade da Emissão, Número de Transações no dia e Spread de Compra e Venda, sendo o modelo estimado uma vez para cada proxy analisada. Para realizar os testes de regressão e precificar o prêmio de liquidez no mercado secundário de debêntures do Brasil, todas as variáveis do modelo foram calculadas para cada uma das amostras de dados. Posteriormente, para cada proxy de liquidez foram construídos diariamente portfólios mutuamente excludentes, com as debêntures segregadas em portfólios de acordo com a proxy de liquidez em questão, conforme a metodologia proposta por Brennan e Subrahmanyam (1996). A base de dados, que somou 16.083 amostras, se fundamentou nas cotações de mercado fornecidas diariamente pelo Sistema Nacional de Debêntures no período de Maio de 2004 a Novembro de 2006. A hipótese nula de que não existe prêmio de liquidez embutido nos spreads das debêntures negociadas no mercado secundário brasileiro é rejeitada para todas as proxies analisadas. De acordo com a proxy de liquidez utilizada, o prêmio de liquidez no mercado secundário de debêntures varia de 8 a 30 basis points. / The econometric tests were performed based on a model presented by Houweling, Mentink and Vorst (2005) applied to the Eurobonds market for the years 1999 to 2001. A five-variable model was implemented, using betas and characteristics to control for other sources of risks, determinants of the corporate bonds spread, apart from liquidity. The well-known two-factor bond-market Fama-French (1993) model was used to control for credit risk and interest rate risk, the marginal effects were incorporated through individual corporate bonds characteristics (rating and duration) and a factor based on the Swap PréxDI of the portfolios’ duration was included to adapt the model to the peculiarities of the Brazilian bond market. The work contemplated 4 liquidity proxies, which are largely used in the literature: (i) Issued Amount; (ii) Age; (iii) Daily Number of Transactions; (iv) Bid-Ask Spread and the model was estimated once for each of the proxies. In order to proceed with the regression estimates and to price the liquidity premium in the Brazilian secondary bond market, all of the variables were calculated for each one of the samples. Then, for each of the considered proxies, mutually exclusive portfolios were constructed daily, being the corporate bonds aggregated in portfolios sorted according to the liquidity proxy, based on the methodology proposed by Brennan and Subrahmannyam (1996). The data base, which reached 16.083 samples, is based on the daily quotes provided by Sistema Nacional de Debêntures from May, 2004 to November, 2006. The null hypothesis that the liquidity premium is not priced in the Brazilian secondary bond market is rejected for all the liquidity proxies employed. Depending on the liquidity proxy considered, the liquidity premium in the Brazilian corporate bond market ranges from 8 to 30 basis points.

本研究探討國內債券市場如何決定債券殖利率之風險貼水及交易成本貼水，其中風險貼水可分為時間及信用風險貼水兩部份，屬於前者之重要變數有存續期間(Duration)與凸性(Convexity)，屬於後者則有信用評等(Credit Ranking)與銀行擔保效果，而交易成本分析是在控制風險貼水因素後，看稅賦效果是否會影響投資者之必要報酬率。此外，本研究亦對殖利率曲線作分析，討論長短期資金市場是否存在明顯互動關係。首先對存續期間及凸性之特性作研究，檢測在既有到期期間變數下，加入存續期間及凸性對於債券殖利率邊際解釋能力的影響，冀描述國內投資者之訂價行為。其次就債券信用評等與銀行擔保效果作分析，公司債可能有不同信用等級，面對不等級公司債券，投資人或會要求不同程度之違約風險貼水，本文以實證對此作探討。又公司債因擔保與否，區分為擔保公司債及無擔保公司債，因此本研究關心的第二組變數是發行人為政府抑民間機構暨公司債之信用評等與銀行擔保效果。本研究亦對債券交易成本作探討，就證券交易稅而言，政府公債免徵交易稅而公司債券買賣須課徵千分之一的交易稅，因此我們想要知道存在公債與公司債之間，因稅賦差異造成交易成本不同，是否會影響到投資者的意願，故第三項變數為以證交稅為主之交易成本。最後對市場資金供需情形作分析，同時探討長短期資金市場是否存在互動關係，故第四項變數為全面資金供需情況。本研究藉檢測總體經濟資金供需變數對債券殖利率之影響，同時也可檢驗國內長短期資金市場之區隔程度。由於國內債市尚淺，仍舊有很大的發展空間，因此在可預期的未來，國內債券市場勢必會受到應有的重視。但由於早期國內債市之不發達及不受重視，使得有關債券資料的保存，特別是公司債券部份十分缺乏，連帶相關文獻亦寥寥可數，故本文以國內債券市場資料做實證研究、分析，冀望能有邊際之貢獻。

Denna uppsats utgörs av en jämförande studie vars mål var att utröna huruvida åtta stycken utvalda investmentbolag på Stockholmsbörsen hade varit ett konkurrenskraftigt alternativ som sparform eller inte med avseende på risk och avkastning. Detta jämfört med SIX Return Index och den riskfria räntan under en tidsperiod på tio år, 2001-01-01 till 2010-12-31. Syftet med undersökningen var att den i slutändan skulle mynna ut i generella slutsatser kring investmentbolag som sparform utifrån de data som hämtats in från de berörda investmentbolagens hemsidor. Författarna kunde efter avslutad undersökning dra slutsatsen att investmentbolagen historiskt sett hade klarat sig mycket bra och kunnat uppvisa resultat som varken marknaden eller den riskfria räntan var i närheten av. Även om vissa av investmentbolagen hade presterat sämre än jämförelsemåtten så var dock den samlade bilden att de som grupp hade varit ett mycket fördelaktigt investeringsalternativ. Detta med en genomsnittlig totalavkastning som överträffade index med drygt åtta procent. / This essay examines how well eight chosen Swedish investment companies in the Stockholm stock market hold up as an investment alternative in relation to the risk and return of the investment. They will be compared with the SIX Return Index and the yield to maturity within a time period of ten years, 01.01.2001 – 31.12.2010. The purpose of this examination is to come to a general conclusion about investment companies as an investment alternative regarding their risk-adjusted return with the help of quantitative information gathered mainly from their company’s homepage. After the comparison the authors were able to come to the conclusion that investment companies historically had managed to show way better results than both the markets index and the yield to maturity. Despite a few investment companies achieving weaker results than the market index, investment companies as a group would have been a very beneficial investment alternative with an average rate of return that beats the market index by 8 percent.

As the world faces unprecedented environmental challenges, there is an urgent need for largescale investments in green infrastructure and technologies. If we are going to achieve carbon neutrality, significant investments are necessary, and therefore must the entire financial system unite and endorse sustainable investment activities in a market-oriented manner.   A green bond is a relatively new type of bond. It was first introduced in 2007 by the European Investment Bank (EIB). This was followed up by a collaboration between Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB) and the World Bank, a group of Swedish investors, pension funds, and SRI-focused investors. They issued their first green bond in 2008 intending to attract more investors. However, this attempt to increase the interest did not work, green bonds were almost nonexistent until 2013. One explanation for the slow development of the green bond market was the financial crisis in 2008. Further, the reason for the low interest in green bonds during this period was that traditional investors deemed these risky and non-profitable.  Using a deductive approach, this thesis investigates how green bonds perform compared to conventional bonds and stocks from the issuing company. The authors sampled green and conventional bonds from 33 companies that matured from 2018 to 2023. The sample data set contains bonds from Asia, Europe, South America, North America, and Australia. The data was tested using multiple hypotheses.  This thesis sets out to answer the research question: How do green bonds perform compared to conventional bonds and stocks?   The results indicated there is a significant difference between the three asset types. First, the stocks yield higher returns and higher standard deviations than green and conventional bonds. Second, the authors found no evidence for a difference in return thus a significant difference in standard deviation. The results also suggest there is a difference in modified duration, convexity, maturity, and yield to maturity. These findings indicate that green bonds performed better than conventional bonds, especially regarding risk and volatility. Therefore, could green bonds be useful when diversifying a portfolio.  The findings suggested that a portfolio composition that combines the three assets could be in line with both shareholder theory and stakeholder theory. The portfolio theory also provides interesting insights into the potential portfolio optimizations since there are differences between green and conventional bonds. Since no difference in the return was found for green and conventional bonds the authors find no reason to support the idea of herding behavior in the trading of green bonds.  However, the difference in standard deviation is interesting from a behavioral perspective, a lower standard deviation indicates that the green bond experiences lower volatility compared to conventional bonds.

美日歐等先進國家在傳統貨幣政策提振經濟的效果逐漸失靈後，開始大膽啓用量化寛鬆(Quantitative Easing, QE)等非傳統貨幣政策(unconventional monetary policy)。本研究以此為背景，透過大量數據蒐集、整理與分析，比較國際金融市場在量化寛鬆貨幣政策前後的變化。 2007年美國次貸風暴引發全球金融危機後，FED於2008年開始實施密集、快速的QE政策，全面利用央行資產負債表與獨特而絕對在貨幣價格及數量的無限權力。本研究試圖從債券市場、股票市場、外匯市場、信貸與投資市場、各部門負債與去槓桿化程度與全球通貨膨脹現況等不同面向切入，嘗試以較長時間的統計資料比較並說明QE的有效性與侷限性。 在美日歐相繼實行規模程度不一的QE政策後，研究發現美國市場的各個層面已有顯著的改進，特別是在就業市場部分，其中失業率已逼近自然失業率的充分就業狀況，代表美國將逼近升息的時間點，並且不是只有單次調高基準利率(Fed Fund Rate，FFR)，而是一個升息循環的開始，預期FFR將在未來數年內逐漸調高到正常經濟的水平。 與此同時，開發中國家則在資金外流回到美元體系的大環境下，呈現匯率貶值、股市表現不佳與主權債利差變大的金融現象，反應出國際金融市場風險正移轉至新興市場；尤其令人不安的是新興市場持續累積相對龐大的負債，以及國際商品大跌，嚴重衝擊以出口這些商品為主的新興經濟體與生產製造商。在各國央行貨幣政策趨於分岐，特別是美國啟動升息周期將成為美元持續走強的驅動力，龐大國際資金的流動亦會顯著帶來市場風險的移轉。 本研究蒐集各種不同領域的報告及資料，進行分析，主要結果整理如下： 一、量化寬鬆政策(Quantitative Easing)將在一開始造成實施國的貨幣明顯貶值。 二、量化寬鬆政策將造成實施國的股票市場持續走揚。 三、量化寬鬆政策將造成實施國的主權債券殖利率明顯下跌，特別是短天期的部分(short-end)。若實施國進一步採行負利率政策，短天期主權債券收益率亦會由正轉負。 四、量化寬鬆政策帶動全球通貨膨脹脫離偏低水準的效果不明顯，無論已開發或開發中國家都仍深陷通貨緊縮的壓力。 五、在美日歐相繼實施量化寬鬆政策後，全球各商品(市場)的波動趨於一致，呈現越來越高的關聯性。 六、全球金融市場流動性有逐漸降低的趨勢(受到各國管理金融業法規趨嚴影響)，對照市場波動性時大時小，流動性風險影響國際資金的資產配置與流動成為一個重要議題。

本研究計畫探討以RN神經網路模型預測國內債券價格的效度。目前一般用於財務預測的神經網路論著主要為BPN模型，惟BPN模型有其限制，所以本研究計畫將（1）分析比較統計計量模型，BPN神經網路，RN神經網路系統對國內公債價格之預測績效。（2）分析不同時期的預測能力，找出景氣和預測變數的關係，同時將比較各個時期統計計量模型和神經網路模型是否同時有效， 抑或有些有效， 有些無效，以探討各工具是否具有互補性或替代性。並探討預測績效是否受到背後經濟環境的影響。 我們研究對象為國內公債，其每日交易資料取樣時間自民國八十一年開始。影響債券價格的因素可拆解成實質利率，預期通貨膨脹率和風險貼水三層面，本研究總體變數之選取，亦循此三項範疇以求周延。 本研究之研究成果對理論及實務應用將有下列三項預期貢獻：（1）比較不同其常的債券在不同景氣狀況下，各不同預測模型的預測效度差異，探討各時期各工具之預測能力，可提供投資實務界對預測工具之選擇，應用與搭配。（2）對債券報酬率預測研究，分析總體變數，利率風險等變數對債券報酬率的影響，可進一步暸解影響債券價格的相關因素及程度。（3）以往神經網路應用在財務預測領域上， 皆以BPN 神經網路為主，此處引進RN神經網路，比較兩者的表現，可提供學術理論界之驗證。 / This research project empirically investigates the accuracy of Reasoning Neural Networks (RN) in forecasting Taiwan's bond prices. We explore (1) the relative predictive abilities of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), which serve as a representative econometric model, Back Propagation Neural Networks (BPN), which is adopted by most current studies in the application of neural networks in finance, and RN, and (2) th3 potential variations in the three models' predictive power in different phases of economic cycle. Specifically, we aim to study if the three models substitute or complementone another. In addition, we explore the extent to which the relativepredictive abilities of the three models varies with underlying macroecomonic factors. The explanatory variables adopted in this study include all potential drives to (real) risk-free rate, expected inflation rate, and riskspremiums. In this study, we examine the government bond terms to maturity,coupon rate, and prices of government bonds during 1992-1995. This project would contribute to both academic and application researchin the following three aspects : (1) Few, if any , prior study explores whether and how various neuralnetworks and/or eco- nomic models perform under different macro-economicvariables. Our empirical results may indicate an appropriate model ( ormodels ) to improve forecasting of bond prices. (2) This study shows how RN, BPN, and VECM models perform in forecastinggovernment bonds yields to maturity. (3) The BPN model prevails in financial forecasting. Nevertheless, BPNis subject to a few short comings and may thus be a sub-optimal model. This study analyzes if RN is more cost-effective in forecasting bond prices than BPN.

The work deals with the theoretical basis and the practical approach for determining the risk-free rate of return. The aim of the work is to form recommendations which should analysts follow in determining the risk-free rate of return in the Czech Republic. The first part focuses on theoretical basis of risk-free rate of return and market interest rates. Further, the criteria of risk-free investments are defined in this chapter. The second and third part focuses on determination of the risk-free rate of return using yield to maturity of government bond and yield curve which was derived with using the Nelson-Siegel model. The table of forward rates at the end of each month from January 1999 to April 2010 is attached.