The aim of my thesis has been to investigate and elucidate a new trend in the region Blekinge Kronoberg where new recruitments of pedagogues has been employed in several libraries. I wanted to know what kind of job tasks the pedagogues work with in the libraries and if there were any similarities between them. I also wanted to know how pedagogues who are used to work in preschool and school environments experience their new workplace. My third aim investigates how the pedagogues and their previous professional role relate to the professional role of the librarian. For my research I have interviewed four employed library pedagogues who works in the region Blekinge och Kronoberg. Their work tasks differed a lot even though they had similar missions. They all worked with children of different ages, with language and language development and most of their assignments involved social meetings there they reached out to users in environments outside the libraries.  All the pedagogues felt positive about their new workplace. Even though most of them started recently they felt well taken care of and both comfortable and excited about their mission. The theoretical part of the study showed a lot of discrepancy in what constitute the profession and role of the librarian. Despite this, the respondent pedagogue’s answers shows that they can adapt to the role and that they feel at ease with the transition.

<p>The dissertation <i>What to do and how to be</i> reflects upon the professional skills needed by unit managers and nursing staff within the institutions of eldercare. Throughout the study, three conceptions are essential: formal education and training, professional skills, and individual competence. In order to understand the professional skills within its proper context, an activity perspective has been applied.</p><p>The study is based on empirical materials, historical and present national and municipal documents, interviews with and observations of unit managers as well as questionnaires filled in by nursing staff members.</p><p>A main result is the stress the respondents put on the importance of individual competence among unit managers and nursing staff members. “How to be” is more important than formal training and professional skills. To work with – and develop – individual competence therefore becomes momentous both to job activities and to education. The result shows a discrepancy between the way professional skills are discussed and the actual work performance. A lot of tasks carried out by unit managers and nursing stuff are never mentioned in connection with professional skills. The unit manager’s task is to lead both unit operations and staff work. Such responsibilities demand basic knowledge in social sciences, an overall understanding of the work activities from political management, job conditions and duties of the nursing staff.</p><p>The professional skills given priority are those present in organisations and leadership. Problematic are economic and budget tasks which may sometimes cause unit managers to give up their economic responsibility, favouring client – directed over economy – directed care.</p><p>The main task of the nursing staff is the care of elderly. It calls for social, caring, medical and housekeeping skills. For this one needs an upper secondary level education supplying the students with solid knowledge within social science as well as basic medicine and an overall understanding of the situation and needs of the elderly. Throughout the study, knowledge of the demented and of other mental disorders is emphasized as well as treatment of elderly persons suffering from those disorders. Units still have a long way to go before reaching the goal that every nursing staff member be given a formal education. Some municipalities already offer employees shorter nursing staff training. As to the rest, the educational development is neglected.</p>

Detta arbete består av en undersökning om några professionella musikers (violinister) syn på förberedelser inför en provspelning. Detta inkluderar tankar och strategier de använt för att förbereda sig på bästa sätt för att möta de utmaningar musiker ställs inför vid en provspelning, samt vilka råd de anser viktiga att förmedla till andra om innehållet i dessa förberedelser. Undersökningen gjordes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra musiker ur Göteborgs Symfoniker.Följande viktiga resultat framkom i undersökningen. Ingen av informanterna hade fått någon utbildning i hur de kunde förbereda sig för en provspelning men samtliga hade värdefulla erfarenheter och råd om hur goda förberedelser bör göras. Musikernas råd och strategier kan hänföras till en eller flera av följande fyra kategorier; färdigheten på instrumentet, färdigheten att framträda, träning inför den specifika situationen samt mental inställning. De olika kategorierna betonades på olika sätt av samtliga informanter och de gav ett flertal råd inom varje kategori. / This essay contains an investigation on some professional musicians' (violinists) views on how to prepare for an audition. It includes thoughts and strategies they've used to best prepare themselves to embrace the challenges musicians face at an audition, and what advice they consider important to communicate to others in their preparations. My research was conducted through qualitative interviews with four musicians from the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra.These were the more important results of the investigation. None of the musicians had been taught how to prepare for an audition, but they all had valuable experience and advice on how to prepare as well as possible. The musicians' advice and strategies can be put into one or more of the following four categories: instrumental skills, performance skills, preparation for the specific situation and mental attitude. Each category was emphasized through a variety of ways by the informants, and they also provided advice applicable within each category.

”Människan är den enda varelse som i någon intressant och utvecklad mening undervisar sin avkomma” (Säljö, 2015, s. 11). Ur existentiell synvinkel är frågan varför lätt att besvara. Människans överlevnad i samtiden och barnens livschanser och överlevnad i framtiden, ökar genom undervisning. I Sverige har simförmåga och simkunnighet fått ett stort kulturellt värde i såväl primär socialisation (undervisning av familj, släkt och vänner) som sekundär socialisation (läroplansstyrd undervisning i skola). Under de senaste åren har många människor anlänt till Sverige, för att undkomma krig och förföljelse i hemländerna. I skolan visar det sig att många nyanlända barn och ungdomar inte kan simma. I kunskapskraven för åk 6 och åk 9 i ämnet idrott och hälsa står det tydligt “Eleven kan även simma 200 meter varav 50 meter i ryggläge” (Skolverket, 2011, s. 51-54). Detta måste eleven kunna för att minst få betyget E i ämnet idrott och hälsa. En viktig fråga är då vilka erfarenheter av vattenvana och simning som dessa barn och ungdomar bär med sig från sina tidigare hemländer. Forskningsingången i denna studie är att utveckla yrkeskompetensen genom att få förståelse för och kunskap om nyanländas förförståelse av momentet simning och vilka anpassningar som behöver göras för att eleverna ska klara momentets kunskapskrav.I en mixad studiedesign genomfördes inledningsvis en kartläggning av uppfattningar och erfarenheter i simning via en explorativ enkät och därefter uppföljande kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med nyligen migrerade ungdomar i åldern 12-16 år. Avslutningsvis  genomfördes kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med sakkunniga vuxna som arbetar i svenska skolor och delar de nyanländas kulturella bakgrund. Kvalitativa data analyserades sedan med kategorisk innehållsanalys. Statistisk data från enkäten triangulerades mot barnen/ungdomarnas och de vuxna informanternas berättelser. Resultaten visar bristande erfarenhet av vattenvana både inom primär- och sekundär socialisation; en uttalad effekt av socioekonomisk status; tradition kombinerat med religiösa drag kan också vara hämmande faktorer för simkunnighet, särskilt utifrån kön. Resultaten är viktiga för lärare som utbildar nyanlända elever i idrott och hälsa för att anpassa lärandesituationer. / "Man is the only creature that in some interesting and developed sense educate their offspring." (Säljö, 2015, p. 11). From an existential point of view, the question why is easy to answer. Human beings´ survival in the present and their offspring's life chances and survival in the future increases by education. In Sweden, the ability to swim and knowledge about swimming have been given a great cultural value both in primary socialization (education by the family, relatives and friends) as well as in secondary socialization (curriculum-driven education in school).In more recent years, many people have migrated to Sweden, to escape war and persecution in their home countries. In school, it becomes evident that many children and adolescents who have recently migrated to Sweden cannot swim. In the learning outcomes for grade 6 and grade 9 in physical education, it states clearly that: "Students can also swim 200 meters with 50 meters in the supine position" (Skolverket, 2011, pp. 51-54). The student must be able to fulfil this requirement in order to at least achieve the grade E in physical education. An important issue is then to understand the kinds of experiences with swimming and more in general their confidence with water that these children and adolescents carry from their countries of origin. The aim of this study is to develop teachers professional skills by gaining knowledge and understanding of young migrants prior understanding of swimming and what adjustments need to be made for students to meet proficiency requirements to fulfil the learning outcomes concerning swimming in the Swedish school system for year 6 and year 9.Undertaken was a mixed design study were initially a explorative survey of perceptions and experiences in swimming and later follow-up qualitative research interviews with newly migrated adolescents, aged 12-16 years. Finally, qualitative research interviews were conducted with expert adults working in Swedish schools and sharing the migrants´ cultural background. Qualitative data was analysed using a categorical content analysis. The statistical data from the survey was triangulated against the adolescent informants´ and the adult informants´ stories. The results show lack of aquatic experience both in primary and secondary socialization; a pronounced effect of socio-economic status; tradition combined with religious traits can also be inhibiting factors for swimming ability, especially by gender. Results are important for teachers educating migrants in physical education and adapting learning situations.

<p>Barns behov, ekonomi och politik är det som utgör innehållet i den allmänna debatten i media kring de pedagogiska verksamheternas hantering av resurser. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka pedagogers uppfattningar om resurser och dess fördelning i förskola och skola. Undersökningen har genomförts med tre kvalitativa fokusgruppsintervjuer med sammanlagt tolv deltagare från fem olika pedagogiska verksamheter i Östergötland. Intervjuerna har sammanställts, analyserats och jämförts med en teoretisk översikt där litteratur samt nationell och internationell forskning inom området behandlats. Undersökningen visar att det är pedagogen själv, tillsammans med arbetslaget, som är den största resursen, samt att det finns resurser i verksamheterna som är outnyttjade på grund av pedagogernas bristande tid, kompetens och engagemang. Vår slutsats är, att det är viktigt att ta tillvara pedagogens kompetens samt uppmärksamma alla elevers behov och i verksamheten utgå från dessa individuella förutsättningar. Dessa faktorer genererar i ett individuellt lärande, vilket är pedagogens viktigaste uppgift.</p>

The dissertation What to do and how to be reflects upon the professional skills needed by unit managers and nursing staff within the institutions of eldercare. Throughout the study, three conceptions are essential: formal education and training, professional skills, and individual competence. In order to understand the professional skills within its proper context, an activity perspective has been applied. The study is based on empirical materials, historical and present national and municipal documents, interviews with and observations of unit managers as well as questionnaires filled in by nursing staff members. A main result is the stress the respondents put on the importance of individual competence among unit managers and nursing staff members. “How to be” is more important than formal training and professional skills. To work with – and develop – individual competence therefore becomes momentous both to job activities and to education. The result shows a discrepancy between the way professional skills are discussed and the actual work performance. A lot of tasks carried out by unit managers and nursing stuff are never mentioned in connection with professional skills. The unit manager’s task is to lead both unit operations and staff work. Such responsibilities demand basic knowledge in social sciences, an overall understanding of the work activities from political management, job conditions and duties of the nursing staff. The professional skills given priority are those present in organisations and leadership. Problematic are economic and budget tasks which may sometimes cause unit managers to give up their economic responsibility, favouring client – directed over economy – directed care. The main task of the nursing staff is the care of elderly. It calls for social, caring, medical and housekeeping skills. For this one needs an upper secondary level education supplying the students with solid knowledge within social science as well as basic medicine and an overall understanding of the situation and needs of the elderly. Throughout the study, knowledge of the demented and of other mental disorders is emphasized as well as treatment of elderly persons suffering from those disorders. Units still have a long way to go before reaching the goal that every nursing staff member be given a formal education. Some municipalities already offer employees shorter nursing staff training. As to the rest, the educational development is neglected.

Barns behov, ekonomi och politik är det som utgör innehållet i den allmänna debatten i media kring de pedagogiska verksamheternas hantering av resurser. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka pedagogers uppfattningar om resurser och dess fördelning i förskola och skola. Undersökningen har genomförts med tre kvalitativa fokusgruppsintervjuer med sammanlagt tolv deltagare från fem olika pedagogiska verksamheter i Östergötland. Intervjuerna har sammanställts, analyserats och jämförts med en teoretisk översikt där litteratur samt nationell och internationell forskning inom området behandlats. Undersökningen visar att det är pedagogen själv, tillsammans med arbetslaget, som är den största resursen, samt att det finns resurser i verksamheterna som är outnyttjade på grund av pedagogernas bristande tid, kompetens och engagemang. Vår slutsats är, att det är viktigt att ta tillvara pedagogens kompetens samt uppmärksamma alla elevers behov och i verksamheten utgå från dessa individuella förutsättningar. Dessa faktorer genererar i ett individuellt lärande, vilket är pedagogens viktigaste uppgift.

Yrkeslärare har som uppgift att arbeta med att förmedla sin kunskap om branschen så att elever ges möjlighet att utföra hantverket. De har också en pedagogisk roll för att kunna lära ut och undervisa i hantverket. Programmålen betonar aspekter som handlar om förmåga att kunna utföra yrket. Hur hanterar yrkeslärarna sina dubbla yrkesroller, upplever de att de har dubbla yrkesroller? Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka kompetenser yrkeslärare i Hotell – och restaurangprogrammet upplever betydelsefulla för att bli en professionell yrkeslärare. Detta är en intervjustudie där jag valt att intervjua tre yrkeslärare inom Hotell – och restaurangprogrammet. Resultatet pekar på att vara yrkeslärare innebär att ha kompetens inom två yrkesområden, dels branschkompetens, dels den pedagogiska yrkeskompetensen. De tre första aspekterna som lärarna betonar har koppling till branschen, och handlar om vikten av grundkunskaper och yrkeslivserfarenhet, att vara stresstålig problemlösare samt nyfikenhet och intresse för egen utveckling inom yrket. De två övriga är mer relaterade till den pedagogiska uppgiften och handlar om att vara flexibel och väl förberedd samt betydelsen av god elev- och föräldrakontakt. Samtidigt kan konstateras att dessa kompetenser också överlappar varandra, enligt analysen av deras utsagor. De upplever inte att de har dubbla roller, de upplever att det är en roll att vara yrkeslärare med dubbla och breda kompetensområden. / Instructors who have to deal with sharing her knowledge of the industry so that students are enabled to perform the craft. They also have an educational role to teach and instruct in the craft. Program goals emphasize aspects is the ability to carry out the profession. How to deal with professional teachers of their dual roles, they feel that they have dual roles? Purpose of this study is to examine what skills trainers in the hotel - and restaurant program is experiencing significant to become a professional instructors. This is an interview where I chose to interview three instructors in the hotel - and restaurant program. The results indicate that as instructors is to have expertise in two professions, and industry expertise, and teaching vocational skills. The first three aspects of teacher stress has been linked to the industry, and about the importance of basic skills and work experience, to be stress problem solver as well as curiosity and interest in own professional development. The other two are more related to the educational challenge and about being flexible and well-prepared and the importance of good student and parental contact. At the same time be noted that these competencies also overlap, according to the analysis of their evidence. They do not feel that they have dual roles, they feel that there is a role to be instructors of dual and wide areas of expertise.

Bakgrund: Arbetet på en intensivvårdsavdelning ställer stora krav på de nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskornas kompetens. Den första tiden i yrket innebär att i socialiseringsprocessen förvärva de kunskaper och färdigheter som krävs i yrket. Nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskors kompetens anses inte motsvara vårdens kompetenskrav. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva nyutbildade intensivvårdsjuksköterskors uppfattningar om sin yrkeskompetens. Metod: Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod och intervjuer valdes som datainsamlingsmetod. Tio deltagare medverkade i studien. Intervjuerna analyserades efter en modifierad variant av Graneheim och Lundmans kvalitativa innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudkategorier. I den första huvudkategorin framkom att de nyutbildade intensivvårdsjuksköterskorna kontinuerligt utvecklade sin yrkeskompetens. Utvecklingen främjades av positiva attityder till yrket, användning av tidigare erfarenheter och kollegialt stöd. I den andra huvudkategorin framkom att de nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna uppfattade att de hade bristande kliniska erfarenheter, det var svårt att införliva sig med den nya yrkesrollen och det var svårt att prioritera. Slutsats: Nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskor är inte helt förberedda för det kommande yrket. De har goda teoretiska kunskaper men saknar färdigheter i de praktiska momenten. Resultatet bekräftas av tidigare studier och Benners beskrivning av vad som karakteriserar sjuksköterskan som novis. / Background: The work in a critical care unit is posing great demands on the newly graduated critical care nurses competence. During the first episode in the profession a process of socialization occurs, where the newly graduated acquire the knowledge and skills needed in the profession. The newly graduated critical care nurses competence is not considered to meet the caregiver’s demands. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the newly graduated critical care nurses perceptions of their competence. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative approach. Interviews were used as datacollection method. Ten participants were included in the study. Interviews were analyzed after a modified variant of Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis. Results: The results revealed two main categories. The first major category revealed that the newly graduated critical care nurses continuously developed their skills. The development was promoted by positive attitudes to the work, use of past experiences and collaboration. The major second category revealed that the newly graduated critical care nurses perceived a lack of clinical experiences, difficulties to incorporate themselves with the new professional role and difficulties with priority. Conclusion: The newly graduated critical care nurses are not entirely prepared for the future profession. They have good theoretical knowledge but lack in practical skills. The result is confirmed by previous studies and Benner’s description of what characterizes the nurse as a novice.

We want to search knowledge in how teachers with a focus on after-school recreation centre estimate how their own competence is used in after- school recreation center and school and what expectations/apprehensions they have on their profession in the future. In our study we have asked teachers with a focus on after-school recreation center how they estimate that their competence has been used in after-school recreation center during the last three years. The method we have used to illustrate this is the Delphi method Nordänger (2009), where we interviewed eight respondents by e-mail. From the responses, we have found that teachers with a focus on after-school recreation center experience that their skills should get more attention in the school. They want to combine care and pedagogy that supports students' physical, intellectual, social and emotional development. The most distinctly sign for the teachers with a focus on after-school recreation centre is that they distance themselves from the formal learning that is typical for the compulsory school Klerfelt (1999). The focus on after-school recreation center education is to create different informal learning environments through play, experiments, creative activity so that after-school recreation center education can complement the school.