This quasi-experimental study explored African American student's sense of belonging (SOBE), academic self-efficacy (ASE), parents' educational attainment (PEA), and academic success (GPA) at historically Black colleges and universities and predominantly white institutions. The purpose of the present study measured how the factors influenced the rate of persistence to see how colleges and universities could assist to retain African American students in the pursuit of full matriculation through an independent samples t-test, multiple regression analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural equation modeling with the results from methods such as item parceling, factor scoring, and sum scoring being compared. Results indicated that the second-order SEM, item parceling, and factor score regression approaches were found to have consistent results in terms of significant predictors. Parental educational attainment was found to not have an effect on academic achievement or collegiate persistence, but sense of belonging and academic self-efficacy were found to be significant predictors of GPA and CP with ASE being the strongest indicator for collegiate persistence and academic achievement. Implications for future research suggest additional schools be included and higher education institutions should seek further assessment to ensure their African American students feel included in an effort to increase overall persistence amongst African American students.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:54:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joaquim Jose Neto.pdf: 1032268 bytes, checksum: b23e3b664d8fe9e347b936ea8ebdf48d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-07-13 / This study proposes to investigate the reality of the Young members of the Tapuia Indian tribe who live in Carretão, at a time whey are going through a process of reconstruction of their indigenous identity. The study specifically examines the feeling of belonging to the ethnic group, Tapuia Indians of Carretão, on the part of these young people, thereby seeking to understand what it means to be young, to be a Tapuia Indian, the relationship with those who are older, with the traditions, with the family and the formative agencies, the relationship with the territory or the land where they live, the educational process and how they see their present and their future. The study seeks to know the young Tapuia Indians of Carretão, who they are and how they live, how they perceive their existence as heirs of an indigenous identity and a piece of land, and how they became interested in their heritage. It investigates the consistency or lack thereof of their conviction of belonging to an ethnic group which is in an accelerated process of losing cultural values, keeping in mind the fact that they participate, as do all young people of their time, in school education, recreation, religion, existential conflicts, to sum it up, in the social and cultural universe of youth who live in a rural area with probable pretensions to conquer space in a world that is becoming over more urbanized. The study considers the young person as a subject of his social world, immersed in the history of his country and his ethnic group, who bears the marks of this history an as subject who is capable to reflect on his acts and to position himself as far as his life is concerned. The phenomenological method has been used to enable penetration of the world of concepts of the subjects and ask who are these young people. The instrument used in this study is the specialized interview. To discover their sense of belonging, an attempt was made to investigate the process of education that the youth of Carretão go through, trying to give due dimensions to their participation in school education, the process of the loss of cultural values and the influence they absorb from organizations of civilian society (the Diocese of Rubiataba, the National Indian Foundation Funai, the Missionary Council for the Indigenous Cimi, the Institute for Pre-history an Anthropology of Goiás IGPA and the Catholic University of Goiás), who with the proposal to help the group in a process of revival influence the way these young people understand their past, their present and their future. The young Tapuia Indians of Carretão are in a process of identifying themselves as descendants of Amerindians. They are conscious of the fat that are Amerindians, the result of a long process of miscegenation and, they are building their identity on the conviction that they are not pure Amerindians and also that they are not white descendants of the colonizers. They consider themselves Tapuia, a World that identifies the indigenous descendants of Carretão since the beginning of 20th century. / O propósito deste estudo é a investigação da realidade dos jovens tapuios do Carretão, no momento em que estão vivendo o processo de reconstrução de sua identidade indígena. A pesquisa centra-se no exame do sentimento de pertencimento dos jovens ao grupo étnico tapuios do Carretão, tendo como referência as perspectivas dos próprios jovens, buscando, para isso, a compreensão do ser jovem, do ser tapuio, do relacionamento com os mais velhos, com as tradições, com a família e as agências formadoras, do relacionamento com o território ou a terra em que vivem, do processo educativo e do modo como vêem o seu presente e futuro. A pesquisa procura saber dos jovens tapuios do Carretão, quem são e como vivem, como percebem sua existência na condição de herdeiros de uma identidade indígena e de uma terra e como esta condição foi neles despertada. Investiga a consistência ou não de sua convicção de pertencimento a um grupo étnico em acelerado processo de aculturação, tendo em vista que eles participam, como todos os jovens de seu tempo, da educação escolar, do lazer, da religião, dos conflitos existenciais, enfim, do universo sócio-cultural da juventude que vive em um espaço rural com prováveis pretensões de conquistar espaços no mundo cada vez mais urbanizado. A pesquisa considera o jovem como sujeito social, imerso na história nacional e de seu grupo, portador de uma historicidade, como sujeito capaz de refletir sobre suas ações e se posicionar diante da vida. Utiliza-se o método fenomenológico, por possibilitar adentrar no universo conceitual dos sujeitos e perguntar quem são esses jovens. O instrumento de pesquisa é a entrevista aprofundada. Para desvendar o sentimento de pertencimento procura-se investigar o processo educativo vivido pelos jovens do Carretão, buscando dimensionar a participação da educação escolar no processo de aculturação e a influência exercida por organizações da sociedade civil (Diocese de Rubiataba, Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai), Conselho Indigenista Missionário (Cimi), Instituto Goiano de Pré- História e Antropologia (IGPA), da Universidade Católica de Goiás (UCG) que no propósito de assistir o grupo em processo de ressurgimento, influenciam a maneira de os jovens lerem o passado e compreenderem o presente e o futuro. Os jovens tapuios do Carretão estão em processo de identificação como descendentes indígenas. São conscientes de sua indianidade, o resultado de longo processo de miscigenação e, constroem sua identidade na convicção de que não são índios puros, segundo o imaginário da sociedade nacional, e também não são brancos descendentes dos colonizadores. Consideram-se tapuios, denominação que identifica os descendentes indígenas do Carretão, desde o início do século XX.

Workplace design practitioners and organizational managers are increasingly noticing all the various aspects in which the workplace affects organizations and their employees. The studies on the relationships between the workplace, organizations and their employees are more focused on psychology or facility management than the socio-spatial perspective. Workplace design, configuration and spatial features impact how well and how much a company can benefit from its human capital. Although the concept of the relation of workplace to an organization is not new, it is relatively unexamined. This thesis introduces a new set of spatial variables to workplace studies, following the concept of personal control. The discussed spatial variables effectively describe the features of workplace floor plan and the characteristics of a workstation. Furthermore, this dissertation develops a method that creates the link between workplace spatial setting and a sense of belonging, organizational outcomes – organizational commitment, work motivation, job satisfaction and work performance. Based on the detailed statistical analyses of a field survey that included 336 participants from 16 organizations, a model of spatial features influence sense of belonging and organizational outcomes was identified within this study. The research findings provide evidence for creating a workplace with a sense of belonging and better organizational outcomes through spatial design. This dissertation is comprised of six chapters. Chapter 1, an introduction, provides a general study background, discusses the problems to be solved in the study, and proposes an approach to deal with the target problems. Chapter 2 firstly reviews the current workplace studies related to spatial features. Secondly, it discusses the influence of workstation design on the human muscle system. Thirdly, it discusses the most relevant psychological issues at a workplace as stated by previous researches. Finally, the chapter reveals how a workplace affects the work of an organization. Chapter 3 specifies how workplace influences an employee’s sense of belonging and environmental control, and introduces the conceptual model. It also introduces the independent and dependent variables, generates research hypotheses. Chapter 4 describes the field survey design, procedures and the participants. It also covers the initial data analysis of the field survey: how the survey instrument, the questionnaire, was developed, commenting on all the aspects it includes – spatial experiences, work motivation, commitment, sense of belonging, job satisfaction and work performance. Chapter 5 is data analysis. This chapter discusses the research findings on workplace design features in relation to employees’ sense of belonging, satisfaction with ambient physical environment, and organizational outcomes – commitment, work motivation, job satisfaction and individual work performance. The final chapter summarizes the findings, comments on design implications of the research results, and draws conclusions. The dissertation ends in admitting the limitations of this research and discussing practical implications for future investigation.

Avhandlingens syfte är att fördjupa kunskapen om skolsituationen för barn och ungdomar i samhällsvård samt att fördjupa kunskapen om de processer varigenom de unga finner vägar genom skolan och samhällsvården mot ett självständigt liv som unga vuxna. Studien har genomförts i fem svenska storstadskommuner. Materialet består huvudsakligen av upprepade intervjuer med unga som själva har erfarenhet av att vara placerade i samhällsvård. Som en bakgrund genomfördes en kartläggande aktstudie gällande alla de ungdomar från dessa kommuner, som under 2003 hade placerats i samhällsvård. Intervjudeltagarna valdes ut från denna kartläggning. I analysen av intervjuerna användes en narrativ livsberättelseansats. Fokus i analysen har riktats både mot att förstå de ungas erfarenheter av att leva i skola och samhällsvård och mot att förstå hur de unga, genom sina berättelser, tolkar dessa erfarenheter och på så sätt skapar en meningsfull berättelse om sig själva och sina liv. Resultatet visar att livet i samhällsvård för de unga är präglat av utsatthet på flera nivåer. Socialtjänstakterna pekar mot ett samband mellan svårigheter i hemmet och svårigheter i skolan för de ungdomar som placerades i samhällsvård. Livsberättelserna synliggör hur skolan, familjen och samhällsvården utgör en komplex helhet i de ungas vardag och hur utsatthet inom någon av dessa praktiker därmed tenderar att spridas vidare i en process av överförd utsatthet. I sin kamp för att undkomma denna utsatthet navigerar de unga mot arenor där de kan finna hemmatillhörighet, det vill säga en upplevelse av att förstå och ”höra hemma” i en socialt delad vardagsverklighet. Ett viktigt redskap i de ungas strävan efter hemmatillhörighet är deras förståelsearbete, det vill säga det kontinuerliga tolkningsarbete varigenom de – inom ramen för socialt delade hemmatillhörigheter – knyter ihop sina erfarenheter till en sammanhängande förståelse av sig själva och sina liv. / The aim of this thesis is to gain further knowledge about the school situation for children and youths in out-of-home care; about the processes by which these children and youths find their way through family life, school and care settings; and about their transitions from out-of-home care to an independent life as young adults. The study was conducted in five municipalities in Sweden. The main empirical data was generated through repeated interviews with young people who had the experience of staying in out-of-home care. As a background social services case files concerning all youths from the five municipalities, who during 2003 were placed in out-of-home care, were analysed. The interviewees were selected from this overview. In the analysis of the interviews a narrative life story perspective was used. Focus was directed both towards the understanding of the young people’s school and in-care experiences and at the understanding of how they, through their narratives, interpret these experiences and create a coherent story of meaning about themselves and their lives. The result indicates that life for young people placed in out-of-home care is characterized by vulnerability and exposure on several levels. The case files indicate that there is a connection between the degree of difficulties at home and in school for youths placed in out-of-home care. The life stories show that school, home and care settings, for the youths seem to represent a complex pattern of everyday practices in which their vulnerability tend to spread in a process of transferred exposure. In their struggle to avoid this exposure they strive to find spaces that provide them with a sense of belonging. An important tool in this struggle is their comprehension work, that is to say the continuous interpretive work by which they connect their experiences into a meaningful understanding of whom they are and which life they ought to live.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoOS_DISSERT.pdf: 1564103 bytes, checksum: 0ccf970b2351a9a2d69b29a837ff7c66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Today's society is in a real collapse of an environmental nature. The populations are lost due to a dream of development without thinking of the consequences that said development can bring to human populations. Thus, it is necessary that strategies be developed for the purpose of protecting the flora and fauna that is at risk from suffering the pressure to achieve this development. Thus important issues involving the need to conserve nature and the creation of protected areas as these strategies are increasingly being developed in research, whether in the biological and / or social. In this sense, the aim of this research through environmental perception social actors for the formation of significant elements for understanding the relationship between man and nature, and from there to provide actions for sensitization. As well as changing attitudes towards environmental issues, to thereby provide analysis based on Environmental Education in order to provide the production of environmental knowledge as a tool that provides value shift. This area of research was to study the Environmental Protection Area Jenipabu - APA Jenipabu, located in northeastern Brazil. Where, from the environmental perception of students from schools within and around this Nature Conservation Unit notes were made regarding the value and meaning given by students, and how this, the feeling of belonging to these groups. This dissertation is composed of two chapters, the first is titled Environmental perception and feeling of belonging in the area of environmental protection in coastal RN - Brazil, where it makes a diagnosis of how these groups understands and realizes the Unity of Nature Conservation. The second, which is titled Construction of environmental knowledge and conservation of invertebrates in the Environmental Protection Area in the northeast coast of Brazil, specifically developed in the school from within the APA Jenipabu, in order to promote a sense of belonging for those students who become multipliers, in order to realize the importance and necessity of having this unit for Nature Conservation. Looking to the degree of importance of environmental education as a tool to raise awareness on conservation of invertebrates and is all the fauna and flora exists, whether in a conservation of nature or not / A sociedade atual encontra-se em um verdadeiro colapso de cunho ambiental. As popula??es v?o se perdendo devido a um sonho de desenvolvimento sem pensar nas consequ?ncias que esse dito desenvolvimento pode trazer para as popula??es humanas. Para tanto, se faz necess?rio que estrat?gias sejam desenvolvidas com o prop?sito de proteger a fauna e a flora que fica em risco com a press?o que sofre para a concretiza??o deste desenvolvimento. Desta forma temas importantes envolvendo a necessidade de se conservar a natureza e a cria??o de Unidades de Conserva??o como destas estrat?gias est?o cada vez mais sendo desenvolvidas em pesquisas, sejam na ?rea biol?gica e/ou social. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa atrav?s da percep??o ambiental atores sociais para a forma??o de elementos significativos para o entendimento da rela??o homem-natureza, e a partir da? prover a??es voltadas para a sensibiliza??o. Bem como, a mudan?a de atitudes frente ?s quest?es ambientais, para desta forma, prover reflex?es baseadas na Educa??o Ambiental com o intuito de prover a produ??o do conhecimento ambiental como instrumento que proporciona mudan?a de valores. Esta pesquisa teve como ?rea de estudo a ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental Jenipabu APA Jenipabu, localizada no nordeste do Brasil. Onde, a partir da percep??o ambiental, dos alunos de escolas no interior e no entorno desta Unidade de Conserva??o da Natureza foram feitos apontamentos quanto ao valor e significado dado pelos discentes, e como esta, o sentimento de pertencimento destes grupos. Esta disserta??o esta composta por dois cap?tulos, o primeiro tem como t?tulo Percep??o ambiental e sentimento de pertencimento em ?rea de prote??o ambiental litor?nea no RN Brasil, em que faz um diagn?stico de como estes grupos entende e percebe a Unidade de Conserva??o da Natureza. O segundo, que tem como t?tulo Constru??o do conhecimento ambiental e conserva??o de invertebrados em ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental litor?nea no nordeste do Brasil, desenvolvido especificamente na escola do interior da APA Jenipabu, com o intuito de promover o sentimento de pertencimento desses alunos para que se tornem agentes multiplicadores, como forma de perceber a import?ncia e necessidade de se ter esta Unidade de Conserva??o da Natureza. Vislumbrando o grau de import?ncia da Educa??o Ambiental como instrumento de sensibiliza??o para a conserva??o, seja dos invertebrados e de toda a fauna e flora existente, seja em uma Unidade de Conserva??o da Natureza ou n?o

This study explores the engagement with music among second-generation migrants in Sweden in connection to their cultural identity and sense of belonging. First, a theoretical frame is developed that illustrates how music practices can contribute to the creation of ‘sense of place’ and ‘sense of belonging’ and how they are linked to ‘collective memory’ and ‘cultural identity’. Consequently, it is also explained how all this can be understood from a ‘generational perspective’. A qualitative approach has been chosen for this study and semi-structured interviews with 9 emerging adults living in Sweden, were conducted. The main results show that there is a high engagement with music among second-generation migrants in Sweden, many of them possessing a broad repertoire of favorite songs and genres. Mainly, it is through listening to the music coming from the home countries of their parents that they can express and navigate their cultural identities. Such kind of music carries meanings and mediates collective experiences and memories which can be passed on from one generation to the next one. These practices are important for second-generation migrants in terms of their sense of belonging to certain groups with which they can identify and feel connected to. In this sense, such kind of music helps them make sense of themselves in the world and in connection to others.

Fondée sur une étude ethnographique de la pratique du soccer amateur au sein d’une population immigrante associée politiquement à des minorités visibles, discernables par rapport au groupe majoritaire que forment les Québécois francophones, cette thèse cherche à élucider le rapport pratique et fonctionnel entre corps, connaissance et société à la lumière de la théorie de la pratique élaborée par Bourdieu. Dans cette voie, elle cherche à concevoir la pratique sportive comme vecteur d’intégration sociale susceptible de former l’habitus propice à l’intégration, à la sociabilité et à la participation sociale requises pour développer le sentiment d’appartenance à la société d’accueil dans les rangs de ces sportifs. Dans la veine de la théorisation enracinée, et en s’appuyant sur l’observation systématique du style de jeu et des représentations sociales autour de l’intégration élaborés par un groupe d’adeptes du soccer dans une étude combinant observation, vidéo, notes de terrain et interviews, recueillies dans une ligue amateur de Montréal, la thèse a pour objectif de débusquer la logique sociale que sous-tend la pratique sportive en décelant le sens pratique à l’œuvre dans cette dimension de l’espace social. Sur la lancée, l’étude de la pratique du soccer et de la matérialité du corps de l’immigrant en tant que « fait social total » nous amène à concevoir l’intégration du nouveau venu à la société d’accueil comme la combinaison de l’« extériorité » et de l’« intériorité » responsable des dispositions propres à donner corps à l’intégration. On est fondé à penser que la pratique du sport permet à ses adeptes de nouer avec leurs vis-à-vis des relations sociales qui, leur conférant des positions distinctes et distinctives, permettent de comprendre et d’expliquer l’intégration par les enjeux que cela soulève. Sous ce chef, l’ethnicisation en acte dans ce contexte s’opère sous la médiation du corps conçu comme « vecteur de connaissances », « forme de présentation de soi » (Sayad, 1999, p. 301), et « emblème de l’ethnicité » (Defrance, 2009, p. 26). Le corps, aux yeux des joueurs et des supporteurs, devient objet de représentations fondées sur la performance sportive, le jugement de l’habileté physique et l’attitude personnelle comme indicateurs de la compétence du joueur et, plus généralement, les éléments symboliques nés de l’interaction sociale sur le terrain de jeu comme à l’extérieur. En dernière analyse, le soccer, par sa pratique, fait office de médiation, voire de levier, susceptible d’aplanir les entraves à l’intégration à la société d’accueil sous les traits de l’acculturation. La thèse au programme vient donc enrichir l’explication sociologique du processus d’intégration en contexte multiethnique à la lumière du concept d’habitus afin de concevoir théoriquement la dialectique entre acculturation et incorporation sous les traits d’un jeu de relations objectives en vertu duquel le participant s’y engage de son propre chef, sans être tout à fait conscient que par la pratique il est soumis au jugement social, à l’inculcation de dispositions culturellement légitimes, etc. Il s’en dégage l’hypothèse que le joueur de soccer manifeste la « connaissance par corps » que requiert son intégration à la société dans laquelle il a décidé d’évoluer de son plein gré (Bourdieu, 2003). La pratique sportive se révèle donc une « stratégie identitaire synthétique » susceptible de mettre au diapason son identité et les « conditions objectives d’existence » du milieu auquel il est en passe de s’intégrer (Manço, 1999). / Based on an ethnographic study of soccer amateur practice in an immigrant population politically associated with visible minorities, discernible from the majority group formed by francophone Quebecers, this thesis seeks to elucidate the practical and functional relationship between body, knowledge and society in the light of the theory of practice formulated by Bourdieu. In this way, it seeks to tackle sports practice as a social integration vector likely to shape the habitus appropriate for integration, sociability and social participation required to develop a sense of belonging to the host society in the ranks of these athletes. In the vein of the grounded theory, and based on a systematic observation of the style of play and the social representations about integration created by a group of soccer enthusiasts in a study combining observation, video, field notes, and interviews, collected in an amateur soccer league in Montreal, the thesis aims to uncover the social logic that underlies the sport by identifying the practical sense at work in this dimension of the social space. On this basis, the study of the soccer practice and the materiality of the immigrant’s body as a “total social fact” leads us to understand the newcomer’s integration to the host society as a combination of the “exteriority” and the “inwardness” responsible of the adequate dispositions suitable for fleshing out the integration. We have good reasons to believe that sport allows its followers to engage with their partners in social relationships, giving them distinct and distinguishable positions, and leads us to understand and explain the integration process by the issues that it raises. In this regard, the ethnicization in action under the conditions given operates under the mediation of the body conceived as “knowledge vector”, “form of self-presentation” (Sayad, 1999, p. 301), and “the emblem of ethnicity” (Defrance, 2009, p. 26). The body, in the eyes of the players and fans, becomes an object of representations based on performance, judgment of physical ability and personal attitude as indicators of the player’s skills and, more generally, the symbolic elements born from social interaction at the playground and outside of it. Ultimately, soccer, by its practice acts as a mediation, even a lever that may overcome barriers to integration into the host society in the shape of acculturation. Our thesis comes out as a contribution to enhance the sociological explanation of the integration process in a multicultural context in the light of the habitus concept to perceive theoretically the dialectic between acculturation and incorporation in the guise of a game of objective relationships whereby the participant undertakes the game on his own, without being fully aware that the practice is subject to social judgment, inculcation of culturally legitimate dispositions, etc. From this emanates the hypothesis that the soccer player shows the “knowledge by body” (to know by heart) that requires his integration to the society in which he decided to evolve and perform voluntarily (Bourdieu, 2003). Thus, sport proves to be a “synthetic identity strategy” that may enable the individual’s identity to be attuned to the “existence’s objective conditions” of the environment to which he is going to integrate (Manço, 1999).

Au cours des dernières décennies, l'évolution du système éducatif québécois a été caractérisée par des logiques du marché. En accordant aux parents la liberté de choisir l’école pour leurs enfants et à l’établissement la possibilité de sélectionner ses élèves, les pouvoirs politiques ont ouvert la porte à la compétition intra et inter établissements (Kamanzi, 2018, 2019). Cette dynamique du marché accentue, entre autres, des inégalités scolaires et sociales où les élèves sont séparés selon leurs capacités et, de façon implicite, leur origine sociale (Desjardins, Lessard et Blais, 2011; Marcotte-Fournier, 2015; Marcotte-Fournier et al., 2016; Larose, 2016, Hurteau et Duclos, 2017). À partir des données de l’enquête Pisa 2015, nous étudions les effets des pratiques de marché sur la cohésion scolaire. Celle-ci est analysée à travers les sentiments d’appartenance, de confiance et de coopération chez les élèves du secondaire. Les analyses montrent que la stratification scolaire et la présence de compétition sont liées à la cohésion scolaire. D'une part, les élèves des écoles privées sont ceux qui maintiennent une forte cohésion dans leur environnement scolaire. D'autre part, plus il y a de concurrence au sein de l’établissement, plus le sentiment d'appartenance est élevé. À partir de ces constats, l’étude suggère quelques pistes d’interprétation pour mieux comprendre la nature de la compétition, mais aussi envisager les moyens d'établir une cohabitation saine entre la cohésion et les logiques du marché scolaire dans le contexte du système scolaire québécois. / Over the past few decades, market forces have characterized the evolution of Quebec’s education system. By giving parents the freedom to choose the school that their children attend and schools the opportunity to select their students, political leaders have opened the door to intra- and inter-school competition (Kamanzi, 2018, 2019). This results, among other things, in educational and social inequalities where students are separated according to their abilities and, implicitly, their social background (Desjardins, Lessard and Blais, 2011; Marcotte-Fournier, 2015; Marcotte-Fournier et al., 2016; Larose, 2016, Hurteau and Duclos, 2017). Using data from the Pisa 2015 survey, we study the effects of market practices on school cohesion. We analyze this phenomenon through the feelings of belonging, trust and cooperation among secondary school students. Our analyses show that school stratification and the presence of competition are linked to school cohesion. On the one hand, students in private schools are those who maintain a strong cohesion in their school environment. On the other hand, the more competition there is within the institution, the higher the sense of belonging. Based on these findings, the study suggests some possible interpretations to better understand the nature of competition, but also to consider ways to establish a healthy cohabitation between cohesion and the logic of school markets in the context of Quebec’s school system.

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