Depuis le projet d’origine, l’Union européenne a étendu ses frontières, intégré de nouveaux territoires, de nouvelles traditions politiques et pris une nouvelle forme géographique. Ses frontières « non définies » se sont déplacées, le territoire cédant la place à un espace ouvert. Mais cette évolution n’a pas modifié la nature des interrogations sur son identité, sur l’existence d’une société européenne, sur l’identification des « peuples » européens à leur nouvelle communauté politique et sur l’émergence d’un espace public européen.La problématique de l'identité européenne est que malgré tous les moyens déployés par les institutions supranationales (processus d’harmonisation, d’homogénéisation et de convergence), celle-ci demeure un concept abstrait dont l’expression et l’enracinement dans le tissu social sont encore superficiels. L’Union européenne est une communauté de citoyens, les droits sont codifiés par les traités successifs, mais elle reste une communauté dont l’identité est encore incertaine.Bien que l’identité européenne concerne toute une série de questions qui doivent être saisies concurremment - élargissement, questions des frontières, hybridité politico- institutionnelle, nous l'analyserons notamment à travers le prisme de la citoyenneté européenne et de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne. La question suivante sera ainsi posée : la citoyenneté européenne et la Charte européenne contribuent-elles à faire émerger, voire à consolider, une identité européenne? / Since the original project, the European Union has extended its borders, integrated new territories, new political traditions and has taken a new geographic form. Its borders "undefined" moved, the area giving way to an open space. But this evolution did not alter the nature of questions relating to its identity, the existence of a European society, the identification of "peoples" to their new European political Community and the emergence of a european public space.The issue of the European identity is that despite all measures deployed by supranational institutions (harmonization process, homogenization and convergence), it remains an abstract concept whose expression and rooting in the social sphere are still superficial. The European Union is indeed a community of citizens, the rights are codified by successive treaties, but it remains a community whose identity is still uncertain.Although the European identity concerns a range of questions that must be considered concurrently - enlargement, border issues, political-institutional hybridity, we will analyze it mainly through the prism of European citizenship and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The following question will therefore be asked : European citizenship and the Charter of Fundamental Rights will they contribute to emerge or even consolidate a European identity?

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Text in Afrikaans / In this thesis the term post-colonialism in the Afrikaans drama is investigated, focussing on the post-sixties. The term post-colonialism is difficult to define. Not only are theories of post-colonialism in a state of continuous flux and shifting emphasis, but as a result of different colonial dominations, separate identities have been constructed in South-Africa; so that defining the terms colonial, post colonial and post-colonial proves to be even more problematic. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the Afrikaans drama fits into these discourses. The basic point of departure is the fact that post-colonialism played a considerable role in the development of the Afrikaans drama, at the same time providing a more varied scope. The research covers several aspects of post-colonialism in Afrikaans drama; each dealt with in a separate chapter. A multitude of perspectives are featured within the broader discourse in order to obtain multiple norms and standards in a phase of self-criticism. The focus falls mainly on themes and not on performance aspects. New perspectives on issues such as canon texts, silence, hero-worship, the portrayal of woman, patriarchy, and neo-colonialism are presented (chapter 1). In chapter 2 focus falls on the period before 1960, and notably the question of nationalism (associated with apartheid) and the portrayal of the Afrikaner. The literary canon, forms of violence and the position of the super-Afrikaner are viewed in a new light during the re-writing of post-colonial history and the resulting paradigm shifts after 1960. Renewed emphasis is placed on discourse concerning land (chapter 3). Contrasting concepts regarding race, class, language, gender and religion are reconsidered in order to contribute towards the heterogeneous nature of post-colonialism (chapter 4). The function of theatre is to re-evaluate in the context of a post-1994 democratic system. Texts now focus especially on empowerment, re-discovery and re-ordering of history, reconciliation, inter-cultural contact and a post-apartheid syndrome (chapter 5). Anti-hegemonic resistance in Afrikaans literature since the sixties has confronted writers with the challenge of depicting or creating a larger post-colonial reality through their texts. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

Workplace design practitioners and organizational managers are increasingly noticing all the various aspects in which the workplace affects organizations and their employees. The studies on the relationships between the workplace, organizations and their employees are more focused on psychology or facility management than the socio-spatial perspective. Workplace design, configuration and spatial features impact how well and how much a company can benefit from its human capital. Although the concept of the relation of workplace to an organization is not new, it is relatively unexamined. This thesis introduces a new set of spatial variables to workplace studies, following the concept of personal control. The discussed spatial variables effectively describe the features of workplace floor plan and the characteristics of a workstation. Furthermore, this dissertation develops a method that creates the link between workplace spatial setting and a sense of belonging, organizational outcomes – organizational commitment, work motivation, job satisfaction and work performance. Based on the detailed statistical analyses of a field survey that included 336 participants from 16 organizations, a model of spatial features influence sense of belonging and organizational outcomes was identified within this study. The research findings provide evidence for creating a workplace with a sense of belonging and better organizational outcomes through spatial design. This dissertation is comprised of six chapters. Chapter 1, an introduction, provides a general study background, discusses the problems to be solved in the study, and proposes an approach to deal with the target problems. Chapter 2 firstly reviews the current workplace studies related to spatial features. Secondly, it discusses the influence of workstation design on the human muscle system. Thirdly, it discusses the most relevant psychological issues at a workplace as stated by previous researches. Finally, the chapter reveals how a workplace affects the work of an organization. Chapter 3 specifies how workplace influences an employee’s sense of belonging and environmental control, and introduces the conceptual model. It also introduces the independent and dependent variables, generates research hypotheses. Chapter 4 describes the field survey design, procedures and the participants. It also covers the initial data analysis of the field survey: how the survey instrument, the questionnaire, was developed, commenting on all the aspects it includes – spatial experiences, work motivation, commitment, sense of belonging, job satisfaction and work performance. Chapter 5 is data analysis. This chapter discusses the research findings on workplace design features in relation to employees’ sense of belonging, satisfaction with ambient physical environment, and organizational outcomes – commitment, work motivation, job satisfaction and individual work performance. The final chapter summarizes the findings, comments on design implications of the research results, and draws conclusions. The dissertation ends in admitting the limitations of this research and discussing practical implications for future investigation.

Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi III, Organisation 15 hp, 2FE78E, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet i Kalmar. VT 2023. Titel: HR-paradoxen: Att arbeta med mänskliga resurser som inte är på plats. Författare: Kajsa Roos och Petra Ruzsa-Pal Lärosäte: Linnéuniversitetet Ämne: Organisation Handledare: Iva Josefsson Examinator: Mikael Lundgren  Problemformuleringar: Hur uppfattar HR-medarbetare att deras yrke förändrats, vad gäller arbete med organisationskultur och gemenskap, i och med det ökande distans- och hybridarbetet?  Hur kan HR-medarbetare arbeta för att skapa och upprätthålla gemenskap och en gynnsam organisationskultur vid distans- och hybridarbete? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att ge en bild av hur HR-yrket förändrats i och med det ökande distans- och hybridarbetet samt att redogöra för hur HR-ansvariga kan arbeta med att skapa och upprätthålla gemenskap och en positiv organisationskultur i en tid präglad av distans- och hybridarbete.  Metod: Studien följer en induktiv ansats som bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi där studiens empiri samlats in genom nio intervjuer förlagda på åtta olika organisationer med hjälp av semistrukturerade frågor. Empirin har senare analyserats, tolkats och kategoriserats.  Slutsats: Utifrån studien går det att se att HR-medarbetare behöver tänka och agera på ett annat sätt än tidigare, gällande både aktiviteter, rekrytering och relationsbyggande. Den främsta skillnaden är att de fysiska träffarna och relationerna hamnat i bakgrunden, därför behöver HR-medarbetare arbeta för att skapa nya arenor där dessa möten kan uppstå. Studien visar vidare att det är fördelaktigt att lägga ner mer tid och planering på aktiviteter som ämnar ersätta fysiska aktiviteter. Att vidare involvera personalen i viktiga beslut skapar ett bättre klimat och kultur, som präglas av tillit, fria val och god kommunikation. / Bachelor thesis Business Administration III, Organization 15 credits, 2FE78E, School of Economics at Linnaeus University of Kalmar. Spring 2023. Title: The HR-Paradox: Working with human resources that are not present in the workplace Authors: Kajsa Roos and Petra Ruzsa-Pal Institution: Linnaeus University Subject: Organization Advisor: Iva Josefsson Examiner: Mikael Lundgren   Research questions: How do HR-employees perceive that their profession has changed, in terms of working with organizational culture and a sense of community, in relation to the increased occurrence of remote- and hybrid work? How can HR-employees work to create and maintain a favorable organizational culture and a sense of community in remote- and hybrid work? Purpose: The aim of this study is to present a picture of how the HR-profession has changed due to the increasing distance- and hybrid work and to explain how strategic HR-employees can work to create and maintain a sense of community and togetherness as well as a positive organizational culture in a time embossed by distance- and hybrid work. Method: This study follows an inductive approach based on a qualitative research strategy, where the study's empirical data has been collected though nine interviews held at eight different organizations, using semi-structured interview questions. The empirical material has later been analyzed and categorized.  Conclusion: Based on this study, we can see that HR-employees need to think and act in a different way than before, regarding both activities, recruitment and relationship building. The main difference has been that the physical meetings and relationships have fallen into the background, therefore HR-employees need to create new arenas where such meetings can occur. The study further shows that it is beneficial to spend more time and planning on activities that replace physical activities. Furthermore, involving the staff in important decisions creates a better climate and culture and should be characterized by trust and good communication.

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<p dir="ltr">At present, formal and non-formal agricultural spaces, including agricultural education, do not provide opportunities for individuals from historically and contemporarily marginalized communities to develop a strong sense of belonging. An increase in sense of belonging may increase retention for all individuals interacting with agricultural programs and more effectively disseminate tools and resources to a wider audience, which can help solve agricultural issues such as the hunger crisis. The Garden Sun Institute (GSI) is a non-formal agricultural education program that is changing this narrative, with many staff and students of marginalized populations expressing a deep sense of belonging not only with others at GSI but also feeling a sense of belonging in the field of agriculture. The purpose of this case study was to explore whether there is a sense of belonging at this location and to determine what factors may contribute to it. The questions guiding this study are: 1) How do youth describe a sense of belonging at GSI? 2) How does GSI engage with youth, family, and staff? and 3) How do those engaging with GSI describe a sense of belonging within agriculture broadly? Results from this study showed that utilizing elements of the Critical Pedagogy of Agriculture along with practices such as trauma-informed pedagogy, student-led and student-centered learning, and gentle parenting have led to this program developing a culture of belonging. Future research recommendations include determining accountability strategies and investigating the impacts of the incorporation of strategies into formal education programs.</p>

La population dans la plupart des sociétés occidentales, y compris, le Canada se diversifie. Cette diversité qu’on pourrait qualifier de super-diversité peut constituer une force pour la cohésion sociale, la construction de la société inclusive et un élément central de l’identité nationale. Cependant, cela suscite également des défis et des préoccupations auprès des pouvoirs politiques, de la communauté scientifique, des médias et de l’opinion publique, quant à la manière dont les immigrants vont s’intégrer dans la société, mais aussi comment les natifs s’adaptent à la présence des immigrants et que tous établissent des relations interculturelles mutuelles. La présente thèse a pour objectif principal d’examiner l’intégration des immigrants dans leur société d’accueil, notamment au Canada. Concrètement, elle vise à (1) examiner les thèmes abordés dans la littérature scientifique sur l’intégration entre 1960 et 2022, leurs interactions et évolutions dans le temps ainsi que leurs répartitions selon les pays et institutions de recherches; (2) examiner les thèmes et les sentiments associés à l’intégration dans la couverture médiatique au Québec et en Ontario entre 1988 et 2022, leurs évolutions dans le temps, et leurs relations avec les facteurs contextuels locaux; (3) analyser les effets de l’origine nationale et du genre sur l’intégration socioculturelle des immigrants au Québec; (4) examiner les liens entre l’intégration sociale et la discrimination perçue et leurs influences sur le sentiment d’appartenance des immigrants au Québec. Les résultats de nos analyses, présentés sous forme de quatre articles scientifiques, s’appuient sur plusieurs données de texte, de données administratives et d’enquêtes quantitatives. Notre premier article vise à synthétiser les résultats des publications scientifiques sur l’intégration afin d’examiner les thèmes étudiés, leurs évolutions et leurs distributions selon les pays. Nous utilisons les données de texte issues des résumés d’articles scientifiques publiés entre 1960 et 2022 dans Web of Science, Scopus et Dimensions. À l’aide de la modélisation thématique structurelle, nous avons identifié 30 principaux thèmes de recherche. Les résultats mettent en évidence plusieurs thèmes couvrant les aspects socio-économique, culturel et politique de l’intégration, la discrimination, la santé, le genre, les politiques d’immigration et d’intégration, les questions démographiques ainsi que d’ordre théorique et méthodologique. Les thèmes sur la théorie de l’intégration et la participation politique ont montré une tendance temporelle à la baisse au fil du temps alors que les thèmes liés au racisme et à la discrimination, à l’identité ethnique, et à l’intégration économique, ont montré une tendance à la hausse. Les analyses bibliométriques révèlent des changements dans les thèmes entre les États-Unis, le Royaume-Uni, le Canada et la Chine ainsi qu’entre les institutions de recherche influentes au fil du temps. Le second article analyse le discours médiatique sur l’immigration et l’intégration des immigrants au Québec et en Ontario de 1988 à 2022. Nous utilisons un ensemble de données de texte d’articles provenant des journaux anglophones de l’Ontario et des journaux francophones du Québec. En utilisant également la modélisation structurelle des thèmes, nous avons identifié 20 thèmes importants dans chaque province. Ensuite, nous avons appliqué l’analyse du sentiment pour calculer les scores de sentiment liés à ces thèmes. En utilisant des modèles longitudinaux, nous avons examiné les effets de la proportion d’immigrants, du taux de chômage et de l’affiliation politique du parti au pouvoir sur les thèmes et les sentiments associés aux thèmes. Les résultats indiquent que le discours sur l’immigration dans chaque province est fortement lié à des thèmes sur l’économie, la diversité et la culture, l’indépendance au Québec, la sécurité, la gouvernance et la politique, les services sociaux, la discrimination et l’aide humanitaire. Alors que les thèmes sur les questions linguistiques et l’indépendance ont connu une augmentation dans le temps au Québec, les thèmes sur la diversité culturelle, l’économie et la discrimination sont restés stables dans les deux provinces entre 1988 et 2022. Parallèlement, les sentiments associés aux thèmes suggèrent une image plus pessimiste de l’immigration et de l’intégration au Québec qu’en Ontario au fil des années. Un résultat intéressant est l’influence des facteurs contextuels locaux tels que l’évolution de la proportion des immigrants, le taux de chômage et l’affiliation politique du parti au pouvoir sur l’évolution des thèmes et des sentiments associés dans chaque province. L’article 3 vise à analyser les écarts de participation culturelle et sportive entre les hommes et les femmes et entre les Canadiens de naissance et les immigrants, tout en explorant comment ces disparités entre hommes et femmes varient selon l’origine nationale des immigrants. À partir d’une enquête réalisée en 2020 sur les trajectoires individuelles et dynamiques de participation des immigrants, des minorités ethnoculturelles, et le reste de la population québécoise, nous trouvons que les immigrants venus d’Afrique sont moins susceptibles de participer aux activités culturelles et sportives que les Canadiens de naissance. Les résultats selon le genre montrent que les femmes participent plus aux activités culturelles et moins aux activités sportives que les hommes. L’effet combiné du genre et de l’origine nationale suggère que les femmes venues d’Afrique, d’Asie/Moyen-Orient et d’Amérique latine/Caraïbes sont désavantagées par rapport aux hommes dans les deux types de participation étudiés. Le quatrième article vise à examiner les effets directs et indirects (via la discrimination perçue) de l’intégration sociale en termes de participation à des activités associatives et sportives sur le sentiment d’appartenance des immigrants au Québec. Nous appliquons 1) les modèles de régression linéaire multiple, 2) une analyse du score de propension et 3) les modèles d’équations structurelles aux mêmes données utilisées dans l’article 3. Les résultats révèlent que la participation à des associations et à des sports améliore de manière significative le sentiment d’appartenance des immigrés, même après correction du biais de sélection. Dans le modèle d’équations structurelles, les résultats montrent que la relation entre la participation associative et sportive, la discrimination perçue et le sentiment d’appartenance est complexe. Plus le niveau de participation à des associations est élevé chez les immigrants, plus ils sont susceptibles de signaler des cas de discrimination. Des résultats similaires sont trouvés, bien que moins prononcés, pour la participation à des sports. Cependant, dans les deux cas, cet effet n’annule pas entièrement l’impact direct et positif de la participation à des associations et à des activités sportives sur le sentiment d’appartenance des immigrants au Québec. Enfin, les résultats montrent un effet plus important pour les immigrants d’Europe/États-Unis et d’Asie/Moyen-Orient que pour ceux d’Afrique ou d’Amérique latine/Caraïbes. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse peuvent guider les chercheurs, les agences de financement, les décideurs politiques et les gestionnaires de projets en immigration et intégration dans l’allocation appropriée des ressources pour les futures recherches. Ces résultats interpellent également les pouvoirs publics à mettre en place des programmes qui reconnaissent davantage la diversité des rapports sociaux et promeuvent les relations interculturelles dans le quotidien et dans l’entourage local des immigrants avec les Canadiens de naissance. / The population of most Western societies, including Canada, is becoming increasingly diverse. This diversity, which could be described as super-diversity, can be a force for social cohesion, the construction of an inclusive society, and a central element of national identity. However, it also raises challenges and concerns for political authorities, the scientific community, the media, and public opinion, as to how immigrants will integrate into society, but also how native-born people will adapt to the presence of immigrants, and how all will establish mutual intercultural relations. This thesis examines immigrant integration into the host society, particularly in Canada. Specifically, it seeks to (1) examine the topics addressed in the scientific literature on integration between 1960 and 2022, their interactions and evolution over time, and their distribution by countries and research institutions; (2) examine the topics and associated sentiments on integration in media coverage in Quebec and Ontario between 1988 and 2022, their evolution over time, and their relationship with the local contextual factors; (3) analyze the effects of national origin and gender on socio-cultural integration among immigrants in Quebec; (4) examine the relationship between social integration and perceived discrimination and their influence on immigrants’ sense of belonging in Quebec. The results of our analyses, presented as four scientific articles, used several textual and quantitative survey data. Our first article aims to synthesize the results of scientific publications on integration to examine the key topics, their evolution, and distribution by country and research institutions. We use text data from abstracts of scientific articles published between 1960 and 2022 in Web of Science, Scopus, and Dimensions. Using structural topic modeling, we have identified 30 main research topics. The results highlight several topics covering the socio-economic, cultural, and political aspects of integration, discrimination, health, gender, immigration and integration policies, demographic, and theoretical and methodological issues. Topics on integration theory and political participation showed a downward trend over time, while topics related to racism and discrimination, ethnic identity, and economic integration showed an upward trend over time. Bibliometric analyses reveal shifts in topics between the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and China, and between influential research institutions over time. The article 2 analyzes media discourse on immigration and immigrant integration in Quebec and Ontario from 1988 to 2022. We use a dataset of article texts from Anglophone newspapers in Ontario and Francophone newspapers in Quebec. Using structural topic modeling, we identified 20 main topics in each province. We then applied sentiment analysis to calculate sentiment scores related to these topics. Using longitudinal models, we examined the effects of the proportion of immigrants, the unemployment rate and political parties on the topics and the sentiments associated with the topics. The results indicate that media in each province discuss about topics on the economy, diversity and culture, Quebec’s independence, security, governance and politics, social services, racism and discrimination, and humanitarian aid. While the topic of Quebec’s independence and linguistic issues increased over time, the topics of cultural diversity, the economy and discrimination remained stable in both provinces between 1988 and 2022. At the same time, sentiments associated with the topics suggest a more pessimistic picture of immigration and integration in Quebec than in Ontario over time. An interesting finding is the power of local contextual factors such as changes in the proportion of immigrants, the unemployment rate, and the political affiliation of the ruling party on the evolution of topics and associated sentiments. Article 3 aims to analyze the gaps in cultural and sports participation between men and women and between native-born Canadians and immigrants while exploring how these disparities between women and men vary by national origin. Based on a survey conducted in 2020 on the trajectories and participation dynamics of immigrants, ethnocultural minorities, and the rest of the Quebec population, we find that immigrants from Africa are less likely to participate in cultural and sports activities than native-born Canadians. On the other hand, there is no difference in participation in these activities between native-born Canadians and immigrants from Europe/the United States, Asia/Middle East, and Latin America/Caribbean. Results by gender show that women participate more in cultural activities and less in sporting activities than men. The combined effect of gender and national origin suggests that women from Africa, Asia/Middle East, and Latin America/Caribbean are less likely to participate in sports activities than men. The fourth article aims to assess the direct and indirect effects (via perceived discrimination) of social integration in terms of participation in associative and sports activities on immigrants’ sense of belonging in Quebec. We apply 1) multiple linear regression models, 2) propensity score analysis, and 3) structural equation models to the same data used in article 3. The results show that participation in associations and sports significantly improves immigrants’ sense of belonging, even after correcting for selection bias. In the structural equation model, the results show a complex relationship between associative and sports participation, perceived discrimination, and a sense of belonging. The higher the level of participation in associations among immigrants, the more likely they are to report discrimination. We found similar results, though less pronounced, for participation in sports. However, in both cases, this effect does not entirely cancel the direct and positive impact of participation in associations and sports activities on immigrants’ sense of belonging to Quebec. Finally, the results show a more substantial effect for immigrants from Europe/United States and Asia/Middle East than those from Africa or Latin America/Caribbean. The results presented in this thesis can guide researchers, funding agencies, policymakers, and immigration and integration project managers in appropriately allocating resources for future research. These results also challenge public authorities to implement programs that better recognize the diversity of social relationships and promote intercultural relations in the everyday and local environments of immigrants and native-born Canadians.