Competing risks occur often in survival analysis. In present work, we study different ap- proaches to modeling competing risks data and use examples to illustrate the most impor- tant results. In the competing risks setting it is often of interest to calculate the cumulative incidence of a specific event. We first study non-parametric estimation and then present three approaches to regression modeling. We use simple numerical example to demonstrate the use of non-parametric methods and perform analysis of real data from Stanford Heart Transplant Program to illustrate and compare the chosen regression models.

Code written in the DigitalMicrograph® scripting language enables a new experimental design for acquiring the magnetic dichroism in EELS. Called the q-E STEM setup, it provides simultaneous acquisition of the dichroic pairs of spectra (eliminating major error sources) while preserving the real-space resolution of STEM. This gives the setup great potential for real-space maps of magnetic momenta which can be instrumental in furthering the understanding of e.g. interfacial magnetic effects. The report includes a thorough presentation of the created acquisition routine, a detailed outline of future work and a fast introduction to the DMscript language.

PhD thesis - Faculty of Science / The main aim of this thesis has been to study the way in which Fe(III) and Co(II) incorporation into Si-MCM-41 synthesis gels affects the properties of the unmodified material. Another aim was to investigate the influence of these hetero-atoms on the dispersion and particle size distribution as well as the catalytic activity of supported Au nanoparticles in the CO oxidation reaction. Si-MCM-41 has been successfully synthesized in this work using mixtures containing CTAB as a structure-directing agent (SDA) and water-glass as a SiO2 source. Replacement of water-glass with pre-calcined Si-MCM-41 for SiO2 source in the secondary synthesis step has produced Si-MCM-41 with improved structural properties (XRD, HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy), including restructured and more crystalline pore walls (Raman spectroscopy). The conventional shortcomings of Si-MCM-41 as a support for catalyticallyactive (transition) metal components such as low hydrothermal stability, low PZC, lack of cation exchange capacity and no reducibility have been partially addressed by modification with Fe(III) and Co(II). The premodification was achieved both during framework synthesis and after synthesis by the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method. As opposed to the one-pot synthesis of metal-containing derivatives, the IWI method gave materials with high metal loadings and maximal retention of the properties of pristine Si-MCM-41. On the other hand, metal incorporation during synthesis to a loading of ~8.8 wt% using aqueous solutions of metal precursors showed some collapse of the mesostructure. Consequently methods were sought to incorporate this amount of metal (and up to double, i.e., 16 wt%) with maximal retention of the MCM-41 characteristics. These methods included (i) using Si-MCM-41 as a SiO2 source, (ii) dissolving the metal precursors in an acid solution before inclusion into the synthesis gel, and (iii) using freshly precipitated alkali slurries of the metal precursors. The first method produced a highly ordered 16wt% Fe-MCM-41 material with excellent reducibility (TPR showed three well-resolved peaks) and pore-wall structure (Raman spectroscopy). Like the aqueous route, the acid-mediated metal incorporation route did not produce ordered materials at metal contents of ~16 wt%. The base precipitate route produced highly ordered composite materials up to 16 wt% metal content, with characteristics similar to those of Si-MCM-41 (XRD, BET and HRTEM), although some metal phases were observed as a separate phase on the SiO2 surface. Thus, metal-containing MCM-41 materials could be obtained with conservation of MCM-41 mesoporosity. Raman spectroscopic studies have shown that the effect of transition metal incorporation in MCM-41-type materials is to strengthen the pore walls (shift of Si-O-Si peaks to higher frequencies), while TPR studies revealed that the essentially neutral framework of Si-MCM-41 could be rendered reducible by transition metal incorporation. Gold-containing mesoporous nanocomposites were prepared by both direct synthesis and post-synthetically. Catalysts prepared by direct hydrothermal synthesis were always accompanied by formation of large Au particles because of the need to calcine the materials at 500 oC in order to remove the occluded surfactant template. The presence of transition metal components in Me-MCM-41 (Me = Fe and Co) has been found to play a significant role in the particle size distribution and also the dispersion of Au nanoparticles when these materials were used as supports. In general, a base metal-containing support was found to produce smaller Au nanoparticles than the corresponding siliceous support. It has been proposed that the transition metal components serve as anchoring or nucleation sites for the Au nanoparticles, which are likely to sinter during calcination. The anchoring sites thus retard the surface mobility of Au at calcination temperatures above their TTammann. The use of the Au/Me-MCM-41 materials as catalysts in the CO oxidation reaction has led to the following observations: (i) catalyst on metal-containing supports showed better activity than those on Si-MCM-41, probably due to the induced reducibility in metal-MCM-41, (ii) catalysts prepared by direct synthesis showed inferior activity owing to large Au particles, (iii) increasing Au content improves the catalytic performance, (iv) increasing the Fe content of the support at constant Au improves the catalytic performance, and (v) changing the base metal component of the support from Fe to Co led to a significant improvement in catalytic activity. The similarity of the apparent activation energies (Ea) for the 5 wt% Au-containing 5 wt% Fe- and 5 wt% Co-MCM-41 suggested that the difference in catalytic activity is associated with the number of active sites possessed by each catalyst system. The observed order of catalytic activity of these 5 wt% Au-containing systems in terms of the support type is: Co-MCM-41 > Fe-MCM-41 > Si-MCM-41. This was further supported by the average Au particle size, which, in terms of the support, followed the order Co-MCM-41 < Fe-MCM-41 < Si-MCM-41. Thus, metal-support interactions between Au and MCM-41 have been enhanced by introducing Fe(III) and Co(II), which also induced framework charge, ion exchange capacity (IEC) and reducibility in the neutral siliceous support.

[pt] Este trabalho propõe uma análise conceitual de três noções sobre as quais se apóia grande parte da psicologia de Carl Gustav Jung, a saber: arquétipo, inconsciente coletivo e si- mesmo (Selbst). Esta análise objetiva buscar uma melhor compreensão da estrutura desta teoria, bem como permitir uma aproximação dos possíveis motivos das reservas do meio acadêmico no que diz respeito à aceitação da teoria de Jung. / [fr] Ce travail propose une analyse conceptuelle de trois notions sur lesquelles se fonde une grande part de la psychologie de Carl Gustav Jung, - savoir: archétype, inconscient collectif et soi (Selbst). Cette analyse a pour but d assurer une meilleure compréhension de la structure de cette théorie, ainsi que de permettre une approche des raisons qui semblent determiner l accueil mitigé que la psychologie de Jung reçoit encore au niveau de l enseignement à l université.

Este estudo tem como objetivo sistematizar e analisar o conceito de falso si-mesmo na teoria do amadurecimento pessoal de D. W. Winnicott e mostrar que esse conceito contribui para a compreensão da saúde e do adoecimento psíquico nas diversas etapas do desenvolvimento. O falso si-mesmo patológico foi compreendido como uma organização defensiva que se origina de um padrão de falhas na facilitação ambiental relativo ao início do contato com a realidade compartilhada tarefa fundamental que se impõe ao bebê no começo da vida e raiz da capacidade de se relacionar saudavelmente com o mundo externo ao longo da existência. Foi avaliado que o falso si-mesmo caminha na direção da patologia, pois implica uma cisão da personalidade e vários níveis de perda da espontaneidade e do sentido pessoal do viver, base da saúde psíquica em Winnicott. O lactente, imaturo e extremamente dependente dos cuidados maternos, precisa que a mãe lhe apresente o mundo de acordo com a necessidade dele, complementando o seu gesto espontâneo. A mãe falha ao apresentar o mundo ao bebê fora de seu ritmo, de maneira alheia a seu gesto, impondo um padrão próprio dela, que desconsidera a pessoa do bebê. Isto configura uma invasão, uma descontinuidade do existir, perda da espontaneidade e da capacidade de criar o mundo a partir do si-mesmo pessoal e verdadeiro. Considerou-se que o bebê, a fim de preservar o si-mesmo verdadeiro e protegê-lo para não ser definitivamente violado ou aniquilado, opera a cisão entre o verdadeiro si-mesmo fonte da espontaneidade e o falso si-mesmo, que se adapta e se relaciona com as exigências do mundo externo tal qual se apresentam. O bebê se submete ao padrão materno e torna-se reativo. O falso si mesmo pode ser descrito como um padrão de reatividade em oposição à espontaneidade, e a articulação dessas duas maneiras de se relacionar com a realidade externa envolvem graus diversos de saúde ou de doença psíquica. Procedeu-se a uma análise dos graus de cisão entre o verdadeiro e o falso si-mesmo e concluiu-se que, nessa perspectiva, a saúde psíquica não pode ser avaliada considerando-se a adequação de uma pessoa à realidade externa; e que é a combinatória de fatores como a precocidade da irrupção da externalidade antes da prontidão do bebê, o tipo de falha materna que se estabelece como padrão e a o grau de perda de contato com o impulso pessoal, que comporá os diversos distúrbios relativos ao falso si-mesmo / The objective of this study is to systematize and analyze the concept of false self in D. W. Winnicotts theory of personal maturation and show that this concept contributes for the comprehension of health and psychic illness on the diverse steps of development. The pathological false self was presented as a defensive organization that is originated by a pattern of flaws in the facilitating environment during the beginning of the contact with the shared reality a fundamental task that imposes itself on the baby at the start of life and is the root of the capacity to relate healthily with the external world throughout existence. It was evaluated that the false self walks toward the pathology, as it implicates a personality scission and the loss of various levels of spontaneity and the personal sense of living, the base of the mental health for Winnicott. The newborn, immature and extremely dependent of maternal care, needs the mother to introduce him to the world accordingly to his need, complementing his spontaneous gesture. The mother fails when introducing the world to the baby not following his rhythm, not considering his gesture, imposing her own pattern that does not consider the newborns person. That configures an invasion, a discontinuity of existing, the loss of spontaneity and the loss of the capacity to create the world based on the personal and true self. It was considered that the baby, in order to preserve the true self and protect it from being definitely violated or extinguished, operates the scission between the true self the spontaneity source and the false self, that adapts itself and relates to the requirements of the external world as they are presented. The baby submits to the maternal pattern and becomes reactive. The false self can be described as a reactivity pattern as opposed to spontaneity, and the articulation of these two manners of relating with the external reality involve diverse degrees of psychic health or illness. From an analysis of the degrees of scission between the true and the false self, it is concluded that, in this perspective, the mental health cannot be evaluated considering a persons adequacy to the external reality; and that it is the combinatorial of factors, as the earliness of the externalitys outbreak prior to the babys readiness, the type of maternal flaw that establishes itself as pattern and the degree of contact with the personal impulse loss, that will compose the diverse disorders related to the false self

A dissertação investiga a escritura formativa, simultaneamente, como processo de criação e como processo formativo. Para tanto, se lastreia num enfoque autobiográfico com base no ensaio (Larossa, 2006) amplamente matizado pela obra poética da pesquisadora, num diálogo intenso com pensadores, escritores e escritoras que têm a palavra como universo de investigação e criação artística, entre eles a perspectiva fenomenológica de Gaston Bachelard, a hermenêutico-simbólica de Ferreira-Santos (1998, 2004 e outros), Ferreira-Santos e Almeida (2001 e 2012), Loureiro (2008), Willms (2013) e Rubira (2006 e 2015), bem como a dos poetas da terra Guimarães Rosa e Manoel de Barros, e das poetisas das águas Neide Arcanjo e Clarice Lispector. A investigação poética durante o próprio processo (in process) explicita as dificuldades, os obstáculos, impasses, bem como a rica produção escrita e poética derivada desse processo, mais como registro do que como produto. Tal estilo investigativo, incomum aos modelos tradicionais de pesquisa acadêmica, ainda lastreados por uma lógica aristotélica e um pensamento cartesiano, linear e previdente, apresenta-se, no desdobramento e na investigação imagética, nas metáforas da palavra com o barro, a ostra, a canoa, o rio e o mar, cotejando a travessia como grande metáfora formativa. Com originalidade de estilo, esta investigação da escrita de si tenta contribuir com os processos de formação inicial de professores, tanto na especificidade do campo da literatura como da educação em geral que façam uso da escrita de forma ensaística e autoral como criação artística e de si e das artes no cotejamento da alteridade. / The dissertation investigates the formative writing simultaneously as creative and as formative process. Therefore, the background of this research is an autobiographical approach from essay (Larossa, 2006) largely tinted by the researchers poetic work in an intense dialogue with thinkers, writers and woman writers who has the word as research and artistic creation universe, including the phenomenological perspective of Gaston Bachelard, hermeneutic-symbolic of Ferreira-Santos (1998, 2004 and others), Ferreira-Santos and Almeida (2001 and 2012), Loureiro (2008), Willms (2013) and Rubira (2006 and 2015) and poets of the earth Guimarães Rosa and Manoel de Barros and poets of water Neide Arcanjo and Clarice Lispector. The poetic research during the process itself (in process) explains the difficulties, obstacles, hesitations and rich writing and poetic derived from production process, more like record than as a product. Such unusual investigative style to traditional models of academic research also backed by an Aristotelian logic and Cartesian thought, linear and thoughtful; presents itself in the unfolding investigation and imagery in word metaphors with clay, the shell, the canoe, the river and the sea, comparing the crossing as a major formative metaphor. With stylish originality, this research writing himself, tries to contribute to the initial training process of teachers in both the specificity of the field of literature and education in general to make use of writing of essays and authorial how artistic creation and himself and the arts like form to understand the alterity.

Este trabalho surgiu a partir da experiência como psicóloga do Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Mais especificamente ao longo dos anos trabalhando no Grupo de Prótese e Órteses, com pessoas que sofreram amputação de um ou mais membros. A perda de uma parte do corpo implica alterações significativas na vida de um indivíduo, sendo que as amputações decorrentes de acidentes em geral têm a característica de serem súbitas e imprevisíveis, ocasionando mudanças bruscas para as quais não existe preparo possível. A principal questão que norteou este trabalho diz respeito às conseqüências psíquicas que uma perda física pode ocasionar. Procurou-se compreender de que forma, diante de uma ruptura no corpo, há uma interferência na organização psíquica e na maneira pela qual o indivíduo percebe o mundo e se percebe nele; isso, durante o período de reabilitação. Buscou-se refletir sobre um momento de perda da integridade corporal e seus reflexos na unidade psicossomática, a partir de casos clínicos, tendo como referência a psicanálise winnicottiana. Dessa forma, levou-se em conta o percurso do desenvolvimento emocional segundo a teoria do amadurecimento pessoal de D.W.Winnicott para se refletir acerca da possível relação existente entre o estágio alcançado nas tarefas próprias do desenvolvimento normal pelo indivíduo e as conseqüências em termos da continuidade ou não do processo de amadurecimento após a amputação. Para esta investigação utilizou-se o método clínico e o referencial psicanalítico, sendo que para a análise da questão proposta neste trabalho foram apresentados quatro casos clínicos. A perda de uma parte do corpo ocasionou mudanças em todos os indivíduos que fizeram parte deste estudo. Mudou o corpo, a forma de se locomover, o trabalho, o sustento pessoal e familiar, o contato social. Porém a maneira por meio da qual cada um percebeu, significou e vivenciou essa perda e essas mudanças não foi equivalente nem determinada pela qualidade da perda. Assim, concluímos que as conseqüências psíquicas de uma perda física serão aquelas relativas às condições que cada indivíduo tem de elaborar imaginativamente essa perda e transformá-la em vivência, experiência, história pessoal e interpessoal. A articulação da teoria com a análise e discussão do material clínico permitiu perceber que não é possível caracterizar uma clínica dos amputados. Isso porque o que temos são tantas clínicas quanto nos for possível conhecer os indivíduos amputados em seu processo de amadurecimento pessoal anteriormente à amputação. Ou seja, uma amputação não direciona incondicionalmente o modo de um indivíduo estar no mundo, mas implica alterações significativas em sua existência, o que remete à necessidade de reformulações em sua identidade para incluir essa nova dimensão de experiência. A dificuldade em realizar a elaboração imaginativa dessa perda, pode tornar a amputação um acontecimento não integrado na vida de uma pessoa, com conseqüências prejudiciais à sua saúde e ao seu desenvolvimento. / This work arose from the experience as a psychologist in the Institute of Orthopedist and Traumatology of the Hospital das Clinicas of the faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo. More specifically along the years working on the Group of Prothesis and Orthesis, with people that suffered amputation of one or more members. The loss of a part of the body involves significant changes in the life of a person. The amputations originated from accidents in general have a characteristic of being sudden and unpredictable causing abrupt alterations in which no preparation is made possible. The main subject which directed this work concerns the psychic consequences that a physical loss causes. We intend to understand in what way, from a rupture of the body, there is the interference of the psychic organization and in what way the person notices the world and perceives himself in it; this, during the period of rehabilitation. We wanted to reflect about the moment of the loss of the integrity of the body and its reflexes on the psychosomatic unit, from clinical cases, with the theoretical reference of maturing of D. W. Winnicott. In this way, we took into account the course of the emotional development according to the theory of personal maturing to reflect about the possible relation existing between the stages reached on the proper tasks of the normal development of the person and the consequences in terms of continuity or not of the process of maturing after the amputation. For this investigation we used the clinical method and the psychoanalysis reference. For the analysis of the subject proposed in this work we presented four clinical cases. The loss of a part of the body caused changes in all of the persons which were part of this study. Changed the body, the way to move, the job, the personal and family maintenance, the social contact. In the other hand the way through which each one perceives, signifies and lives this loss and these changes was not equivalent nor determined by the quality of the loss. This way, we conclude that the psychic consequences of a physical loss are those related to the conditions that each person has to elaborate imaginatively the loss and transform it in a way of life, experience, personal and interpersonal story. The articulation of the theory with the analysis and discussion of the clinical material permitted to notice that it is not possible to characterize a clinic of the amputated. This because what we have are as many clinics as we are able to know the amputated persons in their process of personal maturing previous to the amputation. Or else, an amputation does not direct unconditionally the way that a person exists in the world, but implies in significant alteration of his existence, what refers to a need of reformulations in his identity to include this new dimension of experience. The difficulty in accomplishing the imaginative elaboration of this loss, can transform the amputation in a non integrated occurence in the life of a person, with bad consequences to his health and to his development.

In dieser Arbeit wurde die atomare Struktur von Si(100)- und Ge(100)-Oberflächen untersucht, die mit metallorganischer chemischer Gasphasenabscheidung (MOCVD) für anschließende Heteroepitaxie von III-V-Halbleitern präpariert wurden. An der III-V/IV Grenzfläche werden atomare Doppelstufen auf der Substratoberfläche benötigt, um Antiphasenunordnung in den III-V-Schichten zu vermeiden. Die MOCVD-Prozessgasumgebung beeinflusst die Domänen- und Stufenbildung der Si- und Ge(100)-Oberfläche sehr stark. Deswegen wurden in situ Reflexions-Anisotropie-Spektroskopie (RAS) und Ultrahochvakuum-(UHV)-basierte oberflächensensitive Messmethoden verwendet, um die verschiedenen Oberflächen zu charakterisieren. In situ RAS ermöglicht die Identifizierung der Oberflächenstruktur und somit Kontrolle über die Oberflächenpräparation, insbesondere der Domänenbildung auf Si- und Ge(100). Beide Oberflächen wechselwirken stark mit dem H2-Prozessgas, was zu Monohydrid-Bedeckung während der Präparation führt und sogar zu Si-Abtrag während Präparation unter hohem H2-Druck. Die Erzeugung von Leerstellen auf den Terrassen bewirkt eine kinetisch bedingte Oberflächenstruktur, basierend auf Diffusion von Leerstellen und Atomen. Dadurch kommt es zu ungewöhnlichen DA-Doppelstufen auf verkippten Si(100)-Substraten während auf exakten Substraten ein schichtweiser Abtrag stattfindet. Unter niedrigem H2-Druck bildet sich eine energetisch bedingte Domänen- und Stufenstruktur. Während das H2-Prozessgas keinen direkten Einfluss auf die Stufen- und Domänenbildung von verkippten Ge(100)-Oberflächen zeigt, ist der Einfluss von Gruppe-V-Elemente entscheidend. Die As-terminierten Ge(100)-Oberflächen bilden eindomänige Oberflächen unterschiedlicher Dimerorientierung und Stufenstruktur abhängig von Temperatur und As-Quelle. Angebot von P an Ge(100)-Oberflächen durch Heizen in Tertiärbutylphosphin führt zu einer ungeordneten, P-terminierten Ge(100)-Oberfläche, die instabiler als die Ge(100):As-Oberfläche ist. / In this work, the atomic surface structure of Si(100) and Ge(100) surfaces prepared in metalorganic chemical vapor phase deposition (MOCVD) ambient was studied with regard to subsequent heteroepitaxy of III-V semiconductors. At the III-V/IV interface, double-layer steps on the substrate surface are required to avoid anti-phase disorder in the epitaxial film. The MOCVD process gas ambient strongly influences the domain and step formation of Si and Ge(100) surfaces. Therefore, in situ reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) and ultra-high vacuum-based (UHV) surface sensitive methods were applied to investigate the different surfaces. In situ RAS enabled identification of the surface structure and the crucial process steps, leading to complete control of Si and Ge(100) surface preparation. Both surfaces strongly interact with H2 process gas which leads to monohydride termination of the surfaces during preparation and Si removal during processing in high H2 pressure ambient. The generation of vacancies on the terraces induces a kinetically driven surface structure based on diffusion of vacancies and Si atoms leading to an energetically unexpected step structure on vicinal Si(100) substrates with DA-type double-layer steps, whereas Si layer-by-layer removal occurs on substrates with large terraces. Processing in low H2 pressure ambient leads to an energetically driven step and domain structure. In contrast, H2-annealed vicinal Ge(100) surfaces show no direct influence of the H2 ambient on the step structure. At the Ge(100) surface, group-V elements strongly influence step and domain formation. Ge(100):As surfaces form single domain surfaces with different majority domain and significantly different step structures depending on temperature and As source, respectively. In contrast, exposure to P by annealing in tertiarybutylphosphine leads to a very disordered P-terminated vicinal Ge(100) surface which is less stable compared to the Ge(100):As surfaces.

Nas últimas décadas, assistimos ao aumento da preocupação com a saúde e à consolidação da concepção de que ser saudável depende tão somente da sistematização dos hábitos cotidianos e de comportamentos considerados corretos para manter a longevidade. A adoção de um estilo de vida saudável padronizado por critérios científicos vem se tornando, aparentemente, uma obrigação que independe da escolha voluntária, tamanha é a pressão social que demanda do indivíduo autocuidado. A propalada concepção de saúde enquanto amplo bem-estar inclui a adoção de hábitos preventivos que mantenham a saúde física e mental pelo máximo número de anos, de preferência conservando a beleza, o bom humor e a disposição produtiva da juventude. Ao mesmo tempo evidencia-se uma nova moralidade pautada nos riscos de saúde, na qual a responsabilidade sobre o próprio adoecimento condena os não saudáveis à condição de irresponsáveis e desviantes. O objetivo desta tese é problematizar a retórica acerca da vida saudável, a partir do noticiário semanal veiculado em revistas brasileiras de variedades, procurando identificar o que poderia ter contribuído para a sobrevalorização da saúde como norteadora dos comportamentos. Do ponto de vista da discussão efetuada, o atual ideário de saúde e bemestar é resultado de um processo abrangente, de âmbito mundial, que envolve tanto aspectos macroeconômicos como modificações nos valores culturais que confluíram para a legitimação da responsabilidade individual por todas as condições de existência, inclusive por aquelas advindas das circunstâncias sociais. O autocuidado em matéria de saúde seria parte de uma conduta racional de gestão de si, como se o indivíduo fosse uma empresa, legitimada como ideal de bem-viver, que pressupõe a autodisciplina corporal e emocional para maximização da vitalidade ou do capital humano. O indivíduo passa a ser, ele próprio, objeto de trabalho para alcançar uma vida melhor e mais longa, que, de acordo com o noticiário, estaria apenas nas mãos de cada um / In recent decades we have witnessed the increasing concern about health and the consolidation of the view that being healthy depends solely on the systematization of daily habits and supposedly correct behaviors to maintain longevity. The adoption of a healthy lifestyle based on scientific criteria has become, apparently, an obligation that is independent of voluntary choice, such is the social pressure imposed to the individual by the self-care demand. The broad conception of health as wellness includes taking preventive habits to keep physical and mental health for as long as possible, preferably by retaining beauty, good mood and the productive energy of the youth. At the same time there is evidence of a new morality based on health risks, in which taking the responsibility for ones own illnesses condemns the unhealthy ones to be considered irresponsible and devious. The objective of this thesis is to problematize the rhetoric about healthy living, based on empirical research on the weekly news of Brazilian varieties magazines. We try in this work to identify the factors that might have contributed to the overvaluation of health in its role of determining behaviors. From the point of view of the discussion made, the current ideals of health and wellness are the result of a worldwide comprehensive process, involving both macroeconomic issues and changes in cultural values that led to the legitimization of individual responsibility for all his conditions, even those stemming from social circumstances. Self-care in health would be part of a rational conduct of self-management that extends the enterprise logic to the individual behavior and is legitimized as an ideal of good living, which presupposes the body and the emotional self-discipline to maximize vitality or human capital. The individual works on himself to achieve a better and longer life, which, according to the news, would be each ones responsibility

Depois do êxito de Cervantes, o romance na Espanha permaneceu quase dois séculos à margem de outras formas literárias até ser retomado por um de seus maiores representantes na história da literatura espanhola: Benito Pérez Galdós. Um aspecto que tem importância central no conjunto de sua obra é a construção do personagem. Fortunata y Jacinta, um de seus romances que melhor representa a escritura realista do século XIX, traz em sua estrutura a questão do processo de individualização de um personagem, Fortunata. A protagonista é apresentada na obra como um personagem-tipo representante do povo, ou mesmo de uma classe social em formação na Espanha do século XIX: o proletariado urbano. Durante grande parte de sua trajetória é um personagem espectador de si mesmo, na medida em que suas imagens são compostas por seu entorno constituído de personagens da alta e baixa burguesia, no geral protagonistas dos romances de Galdós que precederam Fortunata y Jacinta. A complexidade desse personagem se concretizará como resultado de sua assimilação das imagens objetivas de si, produzidas por distintos pontos de vista lançados pelas instâncias narrativas do romance. O ponto de apoio externo ao conhecimento objetivo de si do personagem central se constitui das diferentes perspectivas dos personagens que o rodeiam, do juízo e movimentações do narrador que se desdobra em ficcionalizador do relato, das marcas do autor na obra e da interpretação do leitor / After Cervantes\'s achievement, the novel in Spain lagged almost two centuries behind other literary forms, until its eventual retake by one of its foremost representatives in the Spanish literary history: Benito Pérez Galdós. A feature of crucial importance in the whole of his work is character construction. Fortunata y Jacinta, one of the most representative among his novels of nineteenth-century realistic writing, brings along in its structure the question about the individualisation process of a character (Fortunata). The protagonist is portrayed in this work as a type-character representative of the people, or rather of a social class which was emerging in nineteenth-century Spain: the urban working class. During a considerable portion of her course in life she is a beholder of herself, since her images are shaped by her surroundings, which comprise characters from both the high and the low bourgeoisie, generally protagonists of novels Galdós wrote before Fortunata y Jacinta. This character\'s complexity materialises as a result of her assimilating objective images of herself produced by different viewpoints cast by the novel\'s narrative instances. The outward support for the main character\'s objective self-knowledge is made up of the diverse perspectives of the characters around her, of the opinions and movements of the narrator (who ends up becoming a fictionalizer of the account), of marks left by the author in the work and of the reader\'s interpretation