Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and abdominal obesity (AbOb) increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Energy restriction (ER), highprotein (PRO) intake and high-intensity interval training (HIT) can independently improve MetS and AbOb. However, ER reduces metabolically active lean body mass (LBM) in addition to body fat (BF). Purpose: To determine the effects of a 16-wk ER diet with 2 levels of PRO (15% or 25% of energy), plus HIT, on MetS risk factors, AbOb, and body composition in women. Methods: Sedentary, premenopausal women (age=35±10y) with AbOb (waist circumference [WC] ≥80cm) were randomized to a 16-wk ER diet (-300kcals/d) with 15% (15PRO; n=17) or 25% (25PRO; n=18) of energy from PRO, plus 45min/d, 3d/wk HIT and 45min/d, 2d/wk continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME) (-200kcals/d). Diet and physical activity (PA) were assessed using 4-d weighed food and PA records, respectively; diet and exercise compliance were assessed monthly with multiple-pass 24-h recalls and weekly tracking logs. Body weight (BW), WC, DXA-assessed body composition (BF [%], BF [kg], trunk fat [kg], and LBM [kg]), blood lipids (total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], triglycerides [TG]), glycemic markers (fasting plasma glucose [FPG], insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], beta cell function [HOMA-%β] and insulin sensitivity [HOMA-%S]) and resting blood pressure (BP) (systolic BP [SBP]; diastolic BP [DBP]) were assessed pre/post-intervention. Repeated measures analysis of variance and two sample t-tests were used at analyze the date. Results are reported as means±standard deviations. Results: There were significant time, but not group, differences in BW (-5.1±2.6kg, p=0.0141), WC (- 7.3±3.6cm, p<0.0001), TC (-18.1±17.4mg/dL, p<0.0001), LDL-C (12.2± 16.2mg/dL, p<0.0001), TG (-25.3±56.2mg/dL, p=0.0064), insulin (-2.1±4.2mg/dL, p=0.0048), HOMA-IR (-0.2±0.5, p=0.0062), HOMA-%β (-12.1±35.2%, p=0.0497), HOMA-%S (28.5±78.4%, p=0.0357), and SBP (-3±9mmHg, p=0.214). There were significant group x time differences in DBP (15PRO=-5±8mmHg, 25PRO=- 2±8mmHg; p=0.0024). There were no time or group differences in FPG or HDLC. There were significant time, but not group, effects on changes in BW (-5.1kg± 2.6, p<0.0001), BF (-3.3±1.6%, p<0.0001), and LBM (-0.6kg±1.5, p=0.0283). The 15PRO group lost more absolute whole BF (-5.2kg vs. -3.9kg, p=0.0355) and trunk fat (-3.1kg vs. -2.2kg) vs. the 25PRO group. Conclusion: Both diets significantly improved BW, AbOb, MetS risk factors, glycemic control, and BF (%); LBM (kg) loss was similar in both groups. Compared to the 15PRO diet had significantly greater absolute BF-kg and trunk fat-kg losses. Increased PRO intake did not improve AbOb or MetS risk beyond ER and HIT/CME. The impact of HIT/CME and the greater (-1.3kg) changes in BW in the 15PRO group may have contributed significantly to the changes in absolute BF and trunk fat. More research is needed to separate the impact of HIT/CME and weight loss from the impact of PRO during ER. / Graduation date: 2013 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from March 28, 2013 - March 28, 2014

Les objectifs de l’étude de l’évolution du risque cardiométabolique (RCM) sur une période de quatre ans (2006-2010) chez des adultes béninois consistaient à: • Examiner les relations entre l’obésité abdominale selon les critères de la Fédération Internationale du Diabète (IFD) ou l’insulino-résistance mesurée par le Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) et l’évolution des autres facteurs de RCM, • Examiner les liens entre les habitudes alimentaires, l’activité physique et les conditions socio-économiques et l’évolution du RCM évalué conjointement par le score de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires de Framingham (FRS) et le syndrome métabolique (SMet). Les hypothèses de recherche étaient: • L’obésité abdominale telle que définie par les critères de l’IDF est faiblement associée à une évolution défavorable des autres facteurs de RCM, alors que l’insulino-résistance mesurée par le HOMA lui est fortement associée; • Un niveau socioéconomique moyen, un cadre de vie peu urbanisé (rural ou semi-urbain), de meilleures habitudes alimentaires (score élevé de consommation d’aliments protecteurs contre le RCM) et l’activité physique contribuent à une évolution plus favorable du RCM. L’étude a inclus 541 sujets âgés de 25 à 60 ans, apparemment en bonne santé, aléatoirement sélectionnés dans la plus grande ville (n = 200), une petite ville (n = 171) et sa périphérie rurale (n = 170). Après les études de base, les sujets ont été suivis après deux et quatre ans. Les apports alimentaires et l’activité physique ont été cernés par deux ou trois rappels de 24 heures dans les études de base puis par des questionnaires de fréquence simplifiés lors des suivis. Les données sur les conditions socioéconomiques, la consommation d’alcool et le tabagisme ont été recueillies par questionnaire. Des mesures anthropométriques et la tension artérielle ont été prises. La glycémie à jeun, l’insulinémie et les lipides sanguins ont été mesurés. Un score de fréquence de consommation d’« aliments sentinelles » a été développé et utilisé. Un total de 416 sujets ont participé au dernier suivi. La prévalence initiale du SMet et du FRS≥10% était de 8,7% et 7,2%, respectivement. L’incidence du SMet et d’un FRS≥10% sur quatre ans était de 8,2% et 5%, respectivement. Le RCM s’était détérioré chez 21% des sujets. L’obésité abdominale définie par les valeurs seuils de tour de taille de l’IDF était associée à un risque plus élevé d’insulino-résistance: risque relatif (RR) = 5,7 (IC 95% : 2,8-11,5); d’un ratio cholestérol total/HDL-Cholestérol élevé: RR = 3,4 (IC 95% : 1,5-7,3); mais elle n’était pas associée à un risque significativement accru de tension artérielle élevée ou de triglycérides élevés. Les valeurs seuils de tour de taille optimales pour l’identification des sujets accusant au moins un facteur de risque du SMet étaient de 90 cm chez les femmes et de 80 cm chez les hommes. L’insulino-résistance mesurée par le HOMA était associée à un risque élevé d’hyperglycémie: RR = 5,7 (IC 95% : 2,8-11,5). En revanche, l’insulino-résistance n’était pas associée à un risque significatif de tension artérielle élevée et de triglycérides élevés. La combinaison de SMet et du FRS pour l’évaluation du RCM identifiait davantage de sujets à risque que l’utilisation de l’un ou l’autre outil isolément. Le risque de détérioration du profil de RCM était associé à un faible score de consommation des «aliments sentinelles» qui reflètent le caractère protecteur de l’alimentation (viande rouge, volaille, lait, œufs et légumes): RR = 5,6 (IC 95%: 1,9-16,1); et à l’inactivité physique: RR = 6,3 (IC 95%: 3,0-13,4). Les sujets de niveau socioéconomique faible et moyen, et ceux du milieu rural et semi-urbain avaient un moindre risque d’aggravation du RCM. L’étude a montré que les relations entre les facteurs de RCM présentaient des particularités chez les adultes béninois par rapport aux Caucasiens et a souligné le besoin de reconsidérer les composantes du SMet ainsi que leurs valeurs seuils pour les Africains sub-sahariens. La détérioration rapide du RCM nécessité des mesures préventives basées sur la promotion d’un mode de vie plus actif associé à de meilleures habitudes alimentaires. / The objectives of this study on four-year trends (2006-2010) in cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in Benin adults were: • To examine whether abdominal obesity according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) waist circumference cut-offs, or insulin resistance measured by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was associated with more unfavourable changes in other CMR factors, • To examine the effects of diet, physical activity and socioeconomic status including place of residence on the evolution of CMR assessed by both the Framingham risk score for cardiovascular diseases (FRS) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We hypothesized that: • Abdominal obesity as currently defined by IDF anthropometric criteria is weakly associated with unfavourable changes in other CMR factors while IR exacerbates other CMR factors in sub-Saharan Africans, • Medium income status, less urbanized place of residence (rural or semi-urban), physical activity and healthy eating patterns (higher score of consumption of foods that may protect against CMR) contribute to more favourable evolution of CMR. The study included initially 541 apparently healthy adults aged 25-60 years and randomly selected in a large city (n = 200), a small town (n = 171) and its surrounding rural area (n = 170). After baseline survey, subjects were followed-up after two and four years. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed by two or three 24-hour recalls in baseline studies and then by short frequency questionnaires at follow-ups. Data on alcohol intake and smoking patterns were collected in personal interviews. Anthropometric data, blood pressure, insulin resistance based on homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), blood glucose and blood lipids were measured. Education, income (proxy) and place of residence were the socioeconomic variables appraised in interviews. A food score based on consumption frequency of “sentinel foods” was developed and used. Complete data at last follow-up was available in 416 subjects. Baseline prevalence of MetS and FRS ≥ 10% was 8.7% and 7.2%, respectively. The incidence of MetS, and a FRS ≥ 10% over four years was 8.2% and 5%, respectively. The CMR deteriorated in 21% of subjects. Abdominal obesity as defined by IDF thresholds of the waist circumference was associated with a higher likelihood of insulin resistance: relative risk (RR) = 5.7 (CI 95%: 2.8-11.5), high total cholesterol/HDL-Cholesterol ratio: RR = 3.4 (CI 95%: 1.5-7.3). However, abdominal obesity was not associated with a significantly increased risk of high blood pressure or high triglycerides. In the study population, the optimal cut-offs of waist circumference that predicted at least one component of MetS were 90 cm in women and 80 cm in men. Insulin resistance measured by HOMA was associated with an increased risk of hyperglycemia: RR = 5.7 (CI 95%: 2.8-11.5). However, the insulin resistance was not associated with a significant risk of high blood pressure and high triglycerides. The combination of MetS and the FRS depicted more at-risk subjects than the use of either tool alone. Diet and lifestyle mediated location and income effects on CMR evolution. Low “sentinel food” scores (foods that may reflect the protective effect of the diet against CMR): meat, poultry, milk and milk products, eggs and vegetables; and inactivity increased the likelihood of CMR deterioration: RR = 5.6 (CI 95%: 1.9-16.4) and RR = 6.3 (CI 95%: 3.0-13.4), respectively. Subjects with medium or low socioeconomic levels, and those living in the rural and semi-urban areas had a lower risk of CMR deterioration. The study showed some differences in the relationship between abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and other CMR factors in Blacks compared to Caucasians and it also highlighted the need to reconsider MetS components and their cut-offs for sub-Saharan Africans. Combining MetS and FRS might be appropriate for surveillance purposes in order to better capture CMR. The results of the present study call for urgent measures to reduce CMR deterioration focusing on more active lifestyle and dietary inadequacies.

Submitted by Claudete Queiroz (claudete.queiroz@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2015-10-19T13:11:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danielle_mattos_iff_dout_2014.pdf: 778720 bytes, checksum: 2f7d6d9a8edb3b26e86ea3c7462e9fbd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudete Queiroz (claudete.queiroz@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2015-10-19T13:11:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danielle_mattos_iff_dout_2014.pdf: 778720 bytes, checksum: 2f7d6d9a8edb3b26e86ea3c7462e9fbd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T13:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danielle_mattos_iff_dout_2014.pdf: 778720 bytes, checksum: 2f7d6d9a8edb3b26e86ea3c7462e9fbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Considerando que a faixa etária de 5 a 9 anos corresponde a 11% do total de brasileiros, e o crescente aumento da obesidade na infância, há um número expressivo de indivíduos que, no futuro, estarão propensos a desenvolver alterações cardiometabólicas e, em última análise, sobrecarregar os serviços de saúde, comprometer a força de trabalho e elevar o custo da saúde pública no país. Assim, é de interesse para a saúde pública o estabelecimento de medidas simples para identificação precoce destes indivíduos. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre medidas de localização da gordura abdominal e os fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em crianças de 6 a 9 anos em Vitória, ES. Avaliou-se a circunferência da cintura (CC), a relação cintura estatura (RCE), o índice de conicidade (IC) e a relação dobra cutânea subescapular e tricipital (RDC). Os componentes da SM foram os propostos pela International Diabetes Federation (IDF) com pontos de corte ajustados para a idade. Aplicou-se o modelo de regressão logística multinomial. A prevalência de SM foi 2% e de excesso de peso 38,4%. A presença de pelo menos um componente da SM foi detectada em 35,8%. O IC mostrou-se um preditor independente na identificação precoce de pelo menos um componente da SM, a CC foi preditora da presença de dois ou mais componentes da SM, independente do sexo. A avaliação de medidas antropométricas da gordura abdominal na população infantil podem sugerir o risco potencial da presença de alterações cardiometabólicas isoladas e simultâneas prevenindo as doenças cardiovasculares, que são a maior causa de morte no Brasil. / Considering that the age group 5-9 years old corresponded to 11% of Brazilians, and the increasing childhood obesity, there are a significant number of individuals in the future are likely to develop cardiometabolic alterations and ultimately , overburden health services, compromising the workforce and raise the cost of public health in the country. Thus, it is of interest to public health establishment of simple measures for early identification of these individuals. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between abdominal fat measures and cardiometabolic risk factors in children aged 6 to 9 years in Vitoria, ES. We evaluated the waist circumference (WC), waist to height (WH), the conicity index (CI) and the relationship subscapular and triceps skinfold (RDC). Metabolic Syndrome (MS) components were the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) proposed with cut-off points adjusted for age. We used the model of multinomial logistic regression. The prevalence of MS was 2% and 38.4% overweight. The presence of at least one component of the metabolic syndrome was detected in 35.8%. The IC was found to be an independent predictor of early identification of at least one component of MS and WC was predictive of the presence of two or more components of MS, regardless of sex. The evaluation of anthropometric measures of abdominal fat in children may suggest the potential risk of the cardiometabolic alterations preventing cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in Brazil.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta dissertação buscou uma apreciação crítica e pragmática da relação entre desigualdade socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal, em resposta a proposição internacional de monitoramento das desigualdades em saúde e a escassez de estudos desta natureza relativos à obesidade abdominal. Dois artigos foram elaborados a fim de estimar o grau de desigualdade educacional na ocorrência de obesidade abdominal e revisar os estudos de associação entre posição socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal. O primeiro artigo utilizou o índice angular de desigualdade e o índice relativo de desigualdade em dados seccionais de 3.117 participantes da linha de base do Estudo Pró-Saúde, 1999-2001, e o segundo artigo abarcou os resultados de estudos conduzidos em população adulta no Brasil. Os índices de desigualdade resumiram a tendência monotônica e inversa observada entre escolaridade e obesidade abdominal na população feminina, proporcionando estimativas quantitativas desta desigualdade (artigo 1). Em concordância, observou-se que a associação entre indicadores de posição socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal foi majoritariamente inversa entre as mulheres, principalmente com relação à escolaridade, e estatisticamente não significativa entre os homens (artigo 2). Tal cenário epidemiológico evidencia que a obesidade abdominal tem afetado desproporcionalmente as mulheres de posição socioeconômica mais baixa e que a desigualdade de gênero na prevalência de obesidade abdominal tende a aumentar com menor posição socioeconômica. Em suma, a presente dissertação visou à produção de conhecimento epidemiológico relevante ao enfrentamento das desigualdades em saúde, com o objetivo premente de subsidiar políticas públicas de fato realizáveis e individualmente aceitáveis. / This dissertation sought to a critical and pragmatic assessment of the relationship between socioeconomic inequality and abdominal obesity in response to international proposition of health inequalities monitoring and to lack of studies of this nature relating to abdominal obesity. Two articles were prepared to -estimate the level of educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity, and review the association studies between socioeconomic position and abdominal obesity. The first article used the slope index of inequality and the relative index of inequality in the sectional data of 3.117 participants in the baseline of the Pró-Saúde Study, 1999-2001; and the second article encompassed the results of the studies conducted in the adult population in Brazil. The inequality indexes summarized strictly monotonic and inverse trend between educational achievement and abdominal obesity in the female population, providing quantitative estimates of this inequality (Article 1). Accordingly, we found that the association between socioeconomic position indicators and abdominal obesity was mostly reversed among women, especially regarding education, and statistically not significant among men (Article 2). This epidemiological scenario shows that abdominal obesity has disproportionately affected women of the lower socioeconomic position, and gender inequality in the prevalence of abdominal obesity tends to increase with lower socioeconomic position. In short, this dissertation aimed at the production of relevant epidemiological knowledge to addressing health inequalities, with the targeted of subsidize public policies feasible and individually acceptable.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta dissertação buscou uma apreciação crítica e pragmática da relação entre desigualdade socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal, em resposta a proposição internacional de monitoramento das desigualdades em saúde e a escassez de estudos desta natureza relativos à obesidade abdominal. Dois artigos foram elaborados a fim de estimar o grau de desigualdade educacional na ocorrência de obesidade abdominal e revisar os estudos de associação entre posição socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal. O primeiro artigo utilizou o índice angular de desigualdade e o índice relativo de desigualdade em dados seccionais de 3.117 participantes da linha de base do Estudo Pró-Saúde, 1999-2001, e o segundo artigo abarcou os resultados de estudos conduzidos em população adulta no Brasil. Os índices de desigualdade resumiram a tendência monotônica e inversa observada entre escolaridade e obesidade abdominal na população feminina, proporcionando estimativas quantitativas desta desigualdade (artigo 1). Em concordância, observou-se que a associação entre indicadores de posição socioeconômica e obesidade abdominal foi majoritariamente inversa entre as mulheres, principalmente com relação à escolaridade, e estatisticamente não significativa entre os homens (artigo 2). Tal cenário epidemiológico evidencia que a obesidade abdominal tem afetado desproporcionalmente as mulheres de posição socioeconômica mais baixa e que a desigualdade de gênero na prevalência de obesidade abdominal tende a aumentar com menor posição socioeconômica. Em suma, a presente dissertação visou à produção de conhecimento epidemiológico relevante ao enfrentamento das desigualdades em saúde, com o objetivo premente de subsidiar políticas públicas de fato realizáveis e individualmente aceitáveis. / This dissertation sought to a critical and pragmatic assessment of the relationship between socioeconomic inequality and abdominal obesity in response to international proposition of health inequalities monitoring and to lack of studies of this nature relating to abdominal obesity. Two articles were prepared to -estimate the level of educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity, and review the association studies between socioeconomic position and abdominal obesity. The first article used the slope index of inequality and the relative index of inequality in the sectional data of 3.117 participants in the baseline of the Pró-Saúde Study, 1999-2001; and the second article encompassed the results of the studies conducted in the adult population in Brazil. The inequality indexes summarized strictly monotonic and inverse trend between educational achievement and abdominal obesity in the female population, providing quantitative estimates of this inequality (Article 1). Accordingly, we found that the association between socioeconomic position indicators and abdominal obesity was mostly reversed among women, especially regarding education, and statistically not significant among men (Article 2). This epidemiological scenario shows that abdominal obesity has disproportionately affected women of the lower socioeconomic position, and gender inequality in the prevalence of abdominal obesity tends to increase with lower socioeconomic position. In short, this dissertation aimed at the production of relevant epidemiological knowledge to addressing health inequalities, with the targeted of subsidize public policies feasible and individually acceptable.

Introdução: O consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras é pouco frequente entre os adolescentes, e o possível efeito deste consumo na saúde cardiovascular durante esta faixa etária é indefinido. Objetivo: Verificar se existe associação entre o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras e indicadores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes (obesidade abdominal, hiperglicemia, hipertrigliceridemia, dislipidemia, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, e síndrome metabólica). Métodos: Registrou-se esta revisão sistemática no PROSPERO (CRD42013004818) para realizar uma revisão sistemática em seis bases de dados eletrônicas (Biomed Central, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science). Considerou-se o período desde a criação destas bases de dados até sete de Dezembro de 2015 como data mais recente para a atualização das buscas. A estratégia de busca utilizou os seguintes grupos de descritores: faixa etária; frutas, legumes e verduras; indicadores de risco cardiovascular; estudos transversais ou coorte. Os critérios de elegibilidade foram: Artigos em Inglês, Espanhol e Português? estudos originais? amostra composta de adolescentes (dez a 19 anos de idade segundo a organização mundial de saúde); descritores de acordo com os indicadores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos para adolescentes. Artigos potencialmente elegíveis foram selecionados por dois revisores separadamente. Resultados: Foram identificados 5632 artigos. Após a leitura dos títulos e resumos, 102 artigos potencialmente relevantes permaneceram para a leitura na íntegra. Após seleção, 11 artigos preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade e foram incluídos (dez transversais, uma coorte). As principais razões para a exclusão dos estudos foram classificação da adolescência diferente da preconizada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras analisado como parte de um padrão alimentar (por exemplo, juntamente com peixes, laticínios ou cereais), e os indicadores de risco cardiovascular que não foram especificados ou que diferiram das definições estabelecidas. Os artigos avaliaram a ingestão de frutas, legumes e verduras em diversas unidades de medida, utilizando-se questionários de frequência de consumo alimentar (54.5%), recordatório alimentar de 24 horas (27.3%) e registro alimentar (18.2%). Além disso, o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras foi avaliado separadamente (54.5%), em conjunto (36.4%), apenas legumes e verduras (9.1%), e um estudo incluiu suco de frutas (9.1%). Um terço dos estudos mostraram associações significativas entre o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras e a pressão arterial sistólica, obesidade abdominal, triglicérides, HDL colesterol e síndrome metabólica. Conclusão: As associações entre o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras e indicadores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes são inconsistentes. Isto se deve provavelmente à heterogeneidade nos métodos utilizados para avaliar/classificar o consumo e/ou definir o risco cardiovascular neste grupo etário. Uma vez que os benefícios deste consumo já são bem estabelecidos na saúde cardiovascular de adultos, ainda são necessários estudos adicionais que abordem alta qualidade metodológica para melhor compreender esse fenômeno nos adolescentes / Background: Fruit and vegetable consumption is infrequent among adolescents, and the possible effect of this consumption on cardiovascular health during this age group is undefined. Aim: To investigate the association between fruit and vegetable consumption on cardiovascular risk indicators in adolescents (abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome). Methods: This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42013004818), and a systematic review searching electronic databases (Biomed Central, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science) from inception to December 7, 2015 was conducted. The search strategy used the following sets of descriptors related to: age group; fruits and vegetables; cardiovascular risk indicators; cross-sectional and cohort studies. Eligibility criteria were: Articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese; original studies; sample of adolescents (10-19 year-old according to World Health Organization); descriptors according to the cardiovascular risk indicators. Potentially eligible articles were selected by two reviewers separately. Results: A total of 5632 articles were identified. After reading the titles and abstracts, 102 potentially relevant articles remained for full reviewed. After selection, 11 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included (10 cross-sectional; 1 cohort). The main reasons for study exclusion were misclassifying adolescence, assessing fruits and vegetables as part of a food pattern (for example, together with fish, dairy, or cereal), and cardiovascular risk indicators that were not specified or that differed from the definitions established. Articles evaluated fruit and vegetable intake in diverse units, using food frequency questionnaires (54.5%), 24-hour-dietary-recalls (27.3%), and food records (18.2%). In addition, fruit and vegetable consumption were assessed separately (54.5%), together (36.4%), or only vegetables (9.1%); and 1 article included fruit juice (9.1%). A third of the studies showed significant inverse associations of fruit and vegetable intake with systolic blood pressure, abdominal obesity, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: The associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and adolescent cardiovascular risk indicators are inconsistent. Since the benefits of this consumption are well established in adult cardiovascular health, further studies are necessary, addressing high methodological quality to better understand this phenomenon in adolescents

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