Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5619556 bytes, checksum: f89abc7c11080124052c031ad8d11131 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / With the increasing use of manufactured products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and toiletries, a new category of water bodies pollutants, called emerging contaminants, is gaining prominence in the environmental issues and preservation scenario of the planet's fresh water. Among these are endocrine disruptors, such as estrogens that has concerned the scientific community that has been warning for need to establish maximum concentration levels of these types of substances in the drinking water. Parallel to the legislation s rises to control these pollutants is necessary the development of rapid analytical methodologies, robust and with low waste generation. Almost all the analytical methods for quantification of estrogens in water samples make use of liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectra associated to long chromatographic runs. In this work a fast method is presented for simultaneous quantification of four estrogens (E1, E2, E3 and EE2) in surface water samples using HPLC-DAD and multiway calibration with the purpose to exploit the potentialities of the second order advantage to circumvent the problems of sample complexities. Second order calibration models based on PARAFAC, MCR-ALS, N and U-PLS/RBL methods were constructed using individual pattern of analytes (pure standard) solutions. These models were then validated using a set of synthetic mixtures of these analytes with two potential interferences (daizein and biochanin A) to simulate the organic load and to demonstrate second order advantage. Satisfying statistical validation parameters were obtained, especially for U and N-PLS/RBL models. Finally river and sewage samples fortified with four estrogens were subjected to a pre-concentration and sample clean up using SPE-C18 cartridge followed by chromatographic analysis. The application of the calibration model to the fortified waters' samples led to, most cases, a recovery between 70 and 120%, reflecting the good accuracy of the proposed method / Com o uso cada vez maior de produtos industrializados, como os farmacêuticos, os cosméticos e os de higiene pessoal, uma nova categoria de poluentes dos corpos aquáticos, chamados de contaminantes emergentes, vem ganhando destaque no cenário das questões ambientais e preservação da água potável do planeta. Entre estes estão os alteradores endócrinos, como é o caso dos estrógenos que têm preocupado a comunidade científica que já vem alertando para necessidade de se estabelecer limite máximo de concentração dessas substâncias nas águas de abastecimento. Paralelamente ao surgimento de legislação para controle desses poluentes é necessário que ocorra o desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas rápidas, robustas e com baixa geração de resíduos. Em quase sua totalidade os métodos analíticos para quantificação de estrógenos em amostras de águas fazem de uso da cromatografia líquida ou gasosas acopladas a espectros de massa, associada a longas corridas cromatográficas. Neste trabalho é proposta uma metodologia rápida para quantificação simultânea de quatro estrógenos (E1, E2, EE2 e E3) em amostras de águas superficiais empregando HPLC-DAD e calibração multivias com propósito de explorar as potencialidades da vantagem de segunda ordem para contornar os problemas da complexidade da matriz. Modelos de calibração de segunda ordem baseados nos métodos PARAFAC, MCR-ALS, N e U-PLS/RBL foram construídos usando soluções padrão individual dos analitos (padrões puros). Estes modelos foram depois validados empregando-se um conjunto de misturas sintéticas destes analitos com mais dois potenciais interferentes (a daizeina e biochanina A) para simular a carga orgânica e demonstrar a vantagem de segunda ordem. Estas misturas sintéticas foram construídas usando planejamento Taguchi. Parâmetros estatísticos de validação satisfatórios foram obtidos, em especial para os modelos U e N-PLS/RBL. Por fim amostras de rio e esgoto fortificadas com os quatro estrógenos foram submetidas a uma pré-concentração e limpeza da amostra usando cartuchos SPE-C18, seguido da análise cromatográfica. A aplicação dos modelos de calibração as amostras de águas fortificadas levou para a maioria dos casos a uma recuperação entre 70 e 120%, refletindo a boa exatidão do método proposto

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_camila_sousa.pdf: 1105338 bytes, checksum: 6a0e449f6b57375f68a8ff703e00bf3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-04 / The objective of this research was: a) evaluate the effect of imidazolinone chemical group herbicides on the growth of plants and the injuries to the photosynthetic apparatus of three rice types (varieties) exposed to these and b) evaluate the effect of soil residual herbicides imazethapyr+ imazapic on corn, cucumber, radish and tomato are used as bioindicators. At first experiments we used the herbicide Only® and Kifix®, using a randomized split plot design in a factorial 5x3 with six replications, with the first factor rates corresponded to 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg p. c. m-2 of commercial product Only® and 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 mg p. c. m-2 of commercial product Kifix®, and factor B type of rice (cultivated rice cv. Puitá Inta CL, red rice ecotype sensitive to herbicides Imidazolinone and red rice ecotype with suspected herbicide tolerance imidazolinone). We evaluated the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence, phytotoxicity, plant height and dry mass. Analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence was performed using a portable fluorometer (HandyPEA, Hanstech). It was concluded that cv. Puitá Inta CL is tolerant to herbicides Only® and Kifix® and can be used in the Clearfield® system and the red rice ecotype with suspected tolerance was tolerant to both herbicides, suffering a low phytotoxity compared to the sensitive ecotype, even using higher doses of the commercial products. The application of chemical herbicides of the imidazolinone group in rice plants cause changes in the photosynthetic metabolism of plants that can be detected by evaluating the emission of chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. The second experiment was conducted in a randomized block experimental design (with) four replicates per treatment. The treatments were the residual effect of herbicide Only® in rice CL plants in the 2006/2007 harvest, at 0, 10, 15 and 20 mg p. c. m-2 doses of commercial product, on four bioindicators: corn, cucumber, radish and tomato. The variables evaluated were: height, dry weight of shoot and root dry mass, with the latter doesn t being performed for the corn plants. Data of biometric variables generated in both experiments were subjected to analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05) were significant in these models were tested by polynomial regression. Activity was detected in the commercial mixture of residual herbicides imazethapyr +imazapic in soil 1100 days after herbicide application, by use of bioindicators plants. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo: a) avaliar o efeito da aplicação de herbicidas do grupo químico das imidazolinonas sobre o crescimento de plantas e as injúrias causadas ao aparelho fotossintético de três tipos de arroz e b) avaliar o efeito residual no solo dos herbicidas imazethapyr + imazapic sobre as plantas de milho, pepino, rabanete e tomate, utilizadas como bioindicadoras. No primeiro ensaio foram utilizados os herbicidas Only® e Kifix®, utilizando-se para cada herbicida um delineamento experimental de parcelas subdivididas, em esquema fatorial 5x3, com seis repetições, sendo o fator A as doses do herbicida correspondentes a 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 mg p. c. m-2 do produto comercial Only® e 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 mg p. c. m-2 do produto comercial Kifix®, e o fator B o tipo de arroz (arroz cultivado cv. Puitá Inta CL, ecótipo de arroz-vermelho sensível aos herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas e ecótipo de arroz-vermelho com suspeita de tolerância aos herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas). Foram avaliados os parâmetros da fluorescência da clorofila a, fitotoxicidade, altura de plantas e massa seca da parte aérea. A análise da fluorescência da clorofila a foi realizada utilizando-se um fluorômetro portátil (HandyPEA, Hanstech).Conclui-se que a cv. Puitá Inta CL é tolerante aos herbicidas Only® e Kifix®, podendo ser utilizada no Sistema de Produção Clearfield® e que o ecótipo de arroz-vermelho com suspeita de tolerância apresentou tolerância a ambos herbicidas, sofrendo baixa fitotoxicidade em comparação ao ecótipo sensível, mesmo utilizando-se doses superiores as comerciais dos produtos. A aplicação de herbicidas do grupo químico das imidazolinonas em plantas de arroz causa alterações no metabolismo fotossintético das plantas que podem ser detectadas através da avaliação da emissão da fluorescência da clorofila a transiente. O segundo experimento foi conduzido em um delineamento experimental casualizado por bloco, totalizando quatro repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos avaliados foram o efeito residual do herbicida Only® sob as plantas de arroz CL na safra 2006/2007, nas doses de doses de 0, 10, 15 e 20 mg p. c. m-2 do produto comercial, sobre quatro espécies bioindicadoras: milho, pepino, rabanete e tomate. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: altura de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca das raízes, sendo esta última não realizada para as plantas de milho. Os dados relativos às variáveis biométricas gerados em ambos os experimentos foram submetidos à análise da variância (p≤0,05); em sendo significativos, estes foram testados por modelos de regressão polinomial. Foi detectada atividade residual da mistura comercial dos herbicidas imazethapyr+imazapic em solo após 1100 dias da aplicação dos herbicidas, pelo uso de plantas bioindicadoras.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Amyotrofisk lateral skleros (ALS) är en ovanlig sjukdom vars sjukdomsförlopp kan gå mycket fort. Det är vanligt att patienter med ALS får livsuppehållande behandlingar för att förlänga livet och för att förbättra livskvaliteten. Olika typer av behandling används för denna patientgrupp. De som beskrivs är ventilationsbehandling och nutritionsbehandling med gastrostomi. Självbestämmande, hälsa och livskvalitet är komponenter av värde för att förstå patienters perspektiv. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur det är att leva med livsförlängande behandling vid sjukdomen ALS. Metod: En litteraturöversikt utfördes med vetenskapliga artiklar inom kunskapsområdet för att belysa det aktuella kunskapsläget. Fribergs metodbeskrivning och analysmetod användes. Tolv vetenskapliga artiklar användes från flertal länder i resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i huvudteman med tillhörande subteman. Tema ett: Att ta beslut till behandling innefattar Patientens roll i beslutsfattande och Sjukvårdens betydelse vid beslutsfattande. Tema två: Att acceptera behandling är en process. Tema tre: Att vara i nuet och leva vidare med behandling innefattar Att vara i nuet och Att leva vidare. Diskussion: Den teoretiska utgångspunkten som användes var Virginia Hendersons behovsteori i grundläggande sjukvård. Uppsatsen visar vad patienter uttrycker som betydelsefullt när de står inför beslut kring livsförlängande behandling. Att ha självbestämmande, att ha kontroll och att sjukvården ska vara förtroendeingivande är betydelsefullt. Acceptansprocessen, stöd och möjligheter till att leva vidare har betydelse för meningsfullheten hos patienter. / Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an unusual disease where the disease progress can be very fast. It is common for patients with ALS to receive life-sustaining treatments to prolong their lives and improve their quality of life. Different types of treatment are used for this group of patients, those described are ventilation and nutritional treatment with gastrostomy. Self-determination, health and quality of life are components of value to understand the patient's perspective. Aim: The aim was to describe how it is to live with life-prolonging treatment with the disease ALS. Method: A literature review was conducted with scientific articles to highlight the current state of knowledge in the field. Friberg's methodology and method of analysis were used. Twelve scientific articles were used from several countries in the result. Results: The results are presented in main themes with associated subthemes. Theme one: Decision making for treatment includes the role of the patient in decision making and the meaning of health care in decision making. Theme two: Accepting treatment is a process. Theme Three: Being in the present and continuing on with treatment includes being in the present and living on. Discussion: The theoretical basis used was Virginia Henderson and her theory of needs in the basic healthcare. This essay shows what patients express as important when they are faced with decisions about life-prolonged treatment. Having self-determination, having control and that the care must be trustworthy are important. The acceptance process, support and the opportunity to live on are important for the meaningfulness of patients.

In many applications that deal with high dimensional data, it is important to not store the high dimensional object itself, but its representation in a data sparse way. This aims to reduce the storage and computational complexity. There is a general scheme for representing tensors with the help of sums of elementary tensors, where the summation structure is defined by a graph/network. This scheme allows to generalize commonly used approaches in representing a large amount of numerical data (that can be interpreted as a high dimensional object) using sums of elementary tensors. The classification does not only distinguish between elementary tensors and non-elementary tensors, but also describes the number of terms that is needed to represent an object of the tensor space. This classification is referred to as tensor network (format). This work uses the tensor network based approach and describes non-linear block Gauss-Seidel methods (ALS and DMRG) in the context of the general tensor network framework. Another contribution of the thesis is the general conversion of different tensor formats. We are able to efficiently change the underlying graph topology of a given tensor representation while using the similarities (if present) of both the original and the desired structure. This is an important feature in case only minor structural changes are required. In all approximation cases involving iterative methods, it is crucial to find and use a proper initial guess. For linear iteration schemes, a good initial guess helps to decrease the number of iteration steps that are needed to reach a certain accuracy, but it does not change the approximation result. For non-linear iteration schemes, the approximation result may depend on the initial guess. This work introduces a method to successively create an initial guess that improves some approximation results. This algorithm is based on successive rank 1 increments for the r-term format. There are still open questions about how to find the optimal tensor format for a given general problem (e.g. storage, operations, etc.). For instance in the case where a physical background is given, it might be efficient to use this knowledge to create a good network structure. There is however, no guarantee that a better (with respect to the problem) representation structure does not exist.

In der Dissertation wird die Frage nach einer überfachlichen Zuhörkompetenz, ihrem Verhältnis zu Kompetenzen religiöser Bildung sowie nach Möglichkeiten beides im Religionsunterricht zu fördern, gestellt. Bezugspunkte bilden dabei die Lernkompetenz nach Czerwanski et al. sowie der Orientierungsrahmen der EKD für die Sekundarstufe I. Nach der Darstellung des Forschungsstandes wird Hören/Zuhören in Beziehung zu Wahrnehmung, Ästhetischer Bildung sowie Evangelischer Bildungstheorie gesetzt und damit der bildungstheoretische Bezugsrahmen der Thematik beschrieben. An praktischen Beispielen aus dem Unterricht können anschließend die verschiedenen Zuhörarten in ihrer Relevanz für den Religionsunterricht gezeigt werden, bevor die besondere Bedeutung des Hörens im religiösen Kontext untersucht wird. Die in den vorherigen Kapiteln erarbeiteten Ergebnisse werden schließlich in Form von Thesen anhand einer per Video aufgezeichneten und transkribierten Unterrichtseinheit einer Lerngruppe der Klassenstufe 5 überprüft. Dabei steht die Frage nach konkret in dieser Unterrichtseinheit geförderten Teilkompetenzen einer überfachlichen Zuhörkompetenz sowie Kompetenzen religiöser Bildung im Vordergrund. Den Abschluss bildet der Entwurf eines Kompetenzmodells, das die systematische Förderung des Zuhörens im Religionsunterricht möglich macht. Im Abstract genannte Literatur: Czerwanski, Annette/ Solzbacher, Claudia/ Vollstädt, Wittloff (Hg.): Förderung von Lernkompetenz in der Schule. Bd. 1. Recherche und Empfehlungen, Gütersloh (Verlag Stiftung Bertelsmann) 2002. Kirchenamt der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland (Hg.): Kompetenzen und Standards für den Evangelischen Religionsunterricht in der Sekundarstufe I. Ein Orientierungsrahmen, Hannover 2010.:Tabellen, Abbildung- und Abkürzungsverzeichnis 4 Einleitung: Ziele und Aufbau der Arbeit – Stand der Forschung 6 1 Das Thema und die Diskussion um Kompetenzen 10 1.1 Verortung des Themas in der religionspädagogischen und allgemeindidaktischen Diskussion um Bildungsstandards und Kompetenzen 10 1.2 Die Leitbegriffe Wahrnehmung und Hören in der Kompetenzdebatte 13 1.2.1 Wahrnehmung 14 1.2.2 Hören im Rahmen von Kommunikativer Kompetenz und Dialogfähigkeit sowie allgemeiner Kompetenz 19 1.3 Zusammenfassung Kapitel 1 21 2 Wahrnehmung als Ausgangspunkt für Hören und Zuhören 23 2.1 Wahrnehmung als Grundbegriff in Philosophie und Psychologie 23 2.1.1 Die philosophische Perspektive 23 2.1.2 Die wahrnehmungspsychologische Perspektive 26 2.1.3 Die lernpsychologische Perspektive 28 2.2 Von der Wahrnehmung zur Ästhetik in Theologie und Didaktik 31 2.2.1 Praktisch-theologische Perspektive 31 2.2.2 Wahrnehmung als elementarer Bestandteil Ästhetischer Bildung 34 2.2.3 Zum Begriff der Ästhetischen Bildung 37 2.2.4 Ästhetische Bildung im Religionsunterricht 39 2.2.5 Wahrnehmung und Ästhetische Bildung im Rahmen einer evangelischen Bildungstheorie 47 2.3 Zusammenfassung Kapitel 2 54 3 Die didaktische Funktion des Hörens: (Zu-) Hören als überfachliche Kompetenz 58 3.1 Der physiologische Hörprozess und Zuhören als Prozess der Verarbeitung auditiver Informationen 58 3.2 „Comprehensive listening“ - Verstehensorientiertes Zuhören in Schule und Unterricht 65 3.2.1 Sprachverstehen 66 3.2.2 Textverstehen 72 3.2.3 Resultierende Anforderungen an den Zuhörer 76 3.2.4 Überblick: Zuhörkompetenz für das Verstehen gesprochener Sprache 81 3.2.5 Didaktische Konsequenzen für die Gestaltung von Lernprozessen im Unterricht 84 3.3 „Appreciative listening“ – Würdigendes Zuhören in Schule und Unterricht am Beispiel von Musik 87 3.3.1 Musikwahrnehmung 87 3.3.2 Wirkungen von Musik 91 3.3.3 Schlussfolgerungen für einen ästhetisch orientierten Religionsunterricht und die Frage nach Kompetenzen 93 3.4 Empathisches und Relationales Zuhören in Schule und Unterricht 95 3.4.1 Eine Beispielsituation aus dem Schulalltag 95 3.4.2 Aktives Zuhören als Haltung und Kommunikationstechnik im Schulalltag 97 3.4.3 Zur didaktischen Funktion Aktiven Zuhörens im Rahmen Empathischen und Relationalen Zuhörens 99 3.5 Kritisches Zuhören 105 3.5.1 Zur Notwendigkeit einer Erziehung zum Kritischen Zuhören 107 3.5.2 Zum Begriff „Kritisches Zuhören“ 108 3.5.3 Bedeutung für den Religionsunterricht 111 3.5.4 Unterrichtsskizze „Mauretania Gregor deutet Ihre Urlaubsauguststerne“ 114 3.5.5 Fazit und Ausblick 116 3.6 Zusammenfassung Kapitel 3: Zuhören als Teilkompetenz überfachlicher Kompetenz sowie Teil von Kompetenzen religiöser Bildung 118 4 Theologische Aspekte des Hörens in der jüdischen und christlichen Tradition - Hören als Teil prozessbezogener Kompetenz religiöser Bildung 122 4.1 Theologische Aspekte des Begriffs Hören - der biblisch-theologische Befund 122 4. 2 Hören und Religiöses Lernen im Alten und Neuen Testament 134 4.2.1 Hören und religiöses Lernen im Alten Testament 134 4.2.2 Hören und religiöses Lernen im Neuen Testament 139 4.3 Zusammenfassung Kapitel 4: Hören als Teil prozessbezogener Kompetenz religiöser Bildung 143 5 Anwendung der Ergebnisse auf eine Unterrichtseinheit der Klasse 5 zum Thema Psalmen 147 5.1 Die Unterrichtseinheit 148 5.1.1 Begründung für die Auswahl der Unterrichtseinheit 148 5.1.2 Lernziele und Verlauf der Unterrichtseinheit im Überblick 148 5.2 Überprüfung der Thesen durch Interpretation der Schüleräußerungen 152 5.2.1 Gesprächssequenz 1: 1. Stunde – Gespräch nach Antonio Vivaldis „Frühling“ 153 5.2.2 Gesprächssequenz 2: 1. Stunde – Gespräch nach dem Hören des Psalms 104 154 5.2.3 Gesprächssequenz 3: 1. Stunde – Gespräch nach dem wiederholten Hören des Psalms 104 155 5.2.4 Schriftliche Äußerungen zu Psalm 104 157 5.2.5 Erkenntnisse aus den Stunden 2 und 3 157 5.2.6 Gesprächssequenz 4: 4. Stunde – Gespräch nach dem Hören des Psalms 121 158 5.2.7 Gesprächssequenz 5: 4. Stunde – Gespräch nach dem wiederholten Hören des Psalms 121 159 5.3 Zusammenfassung Kapitel 5 162 6 Zusammenfassung 163 7 Literaturverzeichnis 169 8 Anhang 178 Gedächtnisprotokoll – Doppelstunde: Das Kreuz von San Damiano, Klassenstufe 9, Gymnasium zu Kapitel 2.2.4 178 Transkript des Augusthoroskops der Astrologin Mauretania Gregor zu Kapitel 3.5.4 182 Unterrichtsprotokolle zu Kapitel 5 183 Unterrichtsstunde 1 183 Unterrichtsstunde 2 190 Unterrichtsstunde 3 196 Unterrichtsstunde 4 204 Schriftliche Ergebnisse der Kinder aus Stunde 1 der Unterrichtseinheit zu Kapitel 5 211 Schriftliche Ergebnisse der Kinder aus Stunde 4 der Unterrichtseinheit zu Kapitel 5 214

In this thesis project, the main objective is to compare and evaluate different surveying methodsfor volume determination; Photogrammetry, Terrestrial Laser Scanning(TLS) and Aerial LaserScanning (ALS) based on time consumption, efficiency and safety in the mining industry. In addition,a volumetric computational method based on coordinates would be formulated to estimatethe volume of stockpiles using lidar data captured with a laser scanner. The use of GNSS receiver, UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) equipped with a LiDAR sensor as wellas a camera, and terrestrial laser scanner were adopted for making measurements on stockpiles. Trimble Business Center and Trimble RealWorks were used in processing LiDAR data from TLSand ALS. Two volume computational approaches were also explored using both TLS and ALSLiDAR data. Agisoft Photoscan was used in processing the images captured adopting the structurefrom motion principle. These softwares were used to estimate the volume of the stockpile. Matlabwas used to estimate the volume of stockpile using LiDAR data. A volume computational methodbased on coordinates of point cloud was implemented. Analysis based on time taken to captureand process all data types till the fi nal product was done. The results obtained from each datacapturing methods were evaluated. Simulated data technology is also adopted in this project asit can be modeled in different ways to study the effect of surface roughness (point density) onvolume estimated. A part of this project explores the use of MATLAB to  filter out unwantedpoint clouds coming from the weeds that grow on the surface of an abandoned stockpile and alsosurface areas that were to be excluded from the volume computation, as in this case. From the results obtained, TLS and ALS do not differ much in the  final volume estimated. Photogrammetry on the other-hand estimated a higher volume as compared to the other surveymethods. MATLAB in estimating the volume of stockpile achieves approximately an equal estimate as that of the TLS and ALS within a short period of time. The point density and fi ltering algorithm playsa critical role in volume computation which helps in providing a good estimate of the stockpile. Findings from this project show that is it time consuming to estimate the volume of stockpileusing TLS and Photogrammetric approach. In terms of safety on an active mining site, these twosurvey method have high risk probability as compared to the ALS approach. The accuracy forthe data captured and processed can be said to be satisfactory for each survey method. / I detta avhandlingsprojekt var huvudmålet att jämföra och utvärdera tre kartläggningsmetoder för volymbestämning: Fotogrammetri, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) och Aerial Laser Scan-ning (ALS) baserat på tidsförbrukning, effektivitet och säkerhet i gruvindustrin. Dessutom formulerades en volymetrisk beräkningsmetod baserad på koordinater för att uppskatta volymen av lager med hjälp av lidardata som fångats med en laserskanner. Användningen av GNSS-mottagare, UAV (obemannad flygbil) utrustad med en LiDAR-sensor samt en kamera och markbunden laserscanner antogs för att göra mätningar på lager. Trimble Business Center och Trimble RealWorks användes vid bearbetning av LiDAR-data från TLS och ALS. Två volymberäkningsmetoder undersöktes också med både TLS- och ALS LiDAR-data. Agisoft Photoscan användes vid bearbetning av de bilder som tagits och antagit strukturen från rörelseprincipen. Denna programvara användes för att uppskatta volymen på lagret. Matlab användes för att uppskatta volymen av lager med LiDAR-data. En volymberäkningsmetod baserad på koordinater för punktmoln implementerades i Matlab. Analys baserad på den tid det tar att fånga och bearbeta alla datatyper tills den slutliga produkten var klar. Resultaten från varje datafångstmetod utvärderades. Simulerad datateknik antas också i detta projekt eftersom den kan modelleras på olika sätt för att studera effekten av ytjämnhet (punkttäthet) på den uppskattade volymen. En del av detta projekt utforskar användningen av MATLAB för att filtrera bort oönskade punktmoln som kommer från ogräset som växer på ytan av ett övergivet lager och även ytarealer som skulle uteslutas från volymberäkningen, som i detta fall. Från de erhållna resultaten skiljer sig TLS och ALS inte mycket i de slutliga volymuppskattningarna. Fotogrammetri å andra sidan uppskattade en högre volym jämfört med de andra undersöknings-metoderna. MATLAB vid uppskattning av lagervolymen uppnår ungefär lika stor uppskattning som TLS och ALS inom en kort tidsperiod. Punkttätheten och filtreringsalgoritmen spelar en viktig roll i volymberäkning som hjälper till att ge en bra uppskattning av lagret. Resultat från detta projekt visar att det är tidskrävande att uppskatta lagervolymen med TLS och fotogram-metrisk metod. När det gäller säkerhet på en aktiv gruvplats har dessa två undersökningsmetoder hög risk sannolikhet jämfört med ALS-metoden. Noggrannheten för de insamlade och bearbetade uppgifterna kan sägas vara tillfredsställande för varje undersökningsmetod.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable late onset neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the specific loss of motor neurones (MNs). It has been recently demonstrated that Transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) is the dominant disease protein in both ALS and a sub-group of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLDTDP). Moreover, the identification of TARDBP mutations in familial ALS confirms a mechanistic link between the observed mis-accumulation of TDP-43 and neurodegeneration but also provides an opportunity to establish an in vitro platform to model these diseases, based on patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This study presents the optimization of an iPSC-based platform to study the consequences of TDP-43 M337V mutation in human functional populations of MNs and astrocytes in isolation as well as in co-culture. To develop this platform, two protocols to differentiate patient-derived iPSCs into functional MNs and astrocytes were first optimized, and the obtained cellular populations were then used to characterize the behaviour of mutant TDP-43 and its effect on the different cell types. This study show that it is possible to use iPSC-based platforms to recapitulate in vitro key aspects of TDP-43 proteinopathies such as MN cell autonomous toxicity and TDP-43 accumulation, but they can also be used to highlight previously unrecognised disease specific mechanisms and to test novel therapeutic approaches. Moreover, by performing co-culture experiments it was possible to evaluate the effects of M337V astrocytes on the survival of wild-type and M337V TDP-43 motor neurons, showing that mutant TDP-43 astrocytes do not adversely affect survival of co-cultured neurons. This iPSC-based platform represents an in vitro model to study both the effect of somatic mutations on isolated patient-specific cultures, but also to investigate cellular autonomy and neurodegeneration in the context of TDP-43 proteinopathies.

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit syntaktischen Strukturen des gesprochenen Gegenwartsdeutschen. Ausgehend von einem Korpus von spontaner Sprache, u.a. aus Talkshows und Reality-TV-Sendungen, wird Videomaterial aus Lehrwerken für Deutsch als Fremdsprache auf gesprochensprachliche syntaktische Strukturen hin analysiert. Es soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, inwieweit Unterrichtsmaterialien die Sprachwirklichkeit angemessen widerspiegeln.

La sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative fatale de l'âge adulte, caractérisée par une perte de motoneurones, conduisant à une atrophie et une faiblesse musculaires. Des mutations de la superoxyde dismutase-1 (SOD1) provoquent une forme génétique de SLA. Comme chez les patients atteints de SLA, le modèle animal de SLA, SOD1 mutant, révèle que tous les motoneurones sont inégalement sensibles à l'évolution de la maladie. Les mitochondries, centrales énergétiques des cellules, sont des organelles précocement touchées dans la pathologie de la SLA. Un mécanisme attrayant qui sous-tend la susceptibilité différentielle est la nécessité bioénergétique variable de sous-ensembles distincts de motoneurones. Cela implique que dans le système nerveux central, la demande bioénergétique pourrait moduler le seuil pathologique. Même en l'absence de perte bioénergétique, on peut imaginer une situation dans laquelle une contrainte pathologique modifie le niveau à partir duquel la production ou la livraison de l'ATP devient insuffisant, précipitant la chute des neurones les plus vulnérables. Dans les neurones, la majorité de l'ATP est produite par les mitochondries et l'homéostasie des gradients d'ions est le procédé le plus énergivore. La fonction mitochondriale est moindre pour modifier les propriétés électriques des motoneurones si la disponibilité en ATP devient insuffisante pour permettre aux pompes ioniques de maintenir des gradients appropriés. Nous avons démontré que la concentration intracellulaire basale d’ATP dans des cultures de neurones moteurs est diminuée dans les cellules mutées SOD1 par rapport au type sauvage. Paradoxalement à ce résultat, le taux de consommation d'oxygène des mitochondries est augmenté dans les motoneurones SOD1m et il n'existe aucune preuve d'une augmentation de la consommation. Nos résultats appuient l'hypothèse intéressante qu'il y a un découplage entre la chaîne respiratoire et la production d'ATP. Ce découplage peut être utilisé comme une stratégie pour minimiser les propriétés toxiques des mitochondries hyper stimulées. / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of motor neurons, leading to muscle wasting and weakness. Mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) cause a form of ALS. As in ALS patients, the mutant SOD1 animal model of ALS reveals that not all motor neurons are equally susceptible to the disease process. An attractive mechanism underlying differential susceptibility is the variable bioenergetics need of distinct subsets of motor neurons. This implies that within the CNS, bioenergetics can modulate the pathological threshold. Even in the absence of loss in bioenergetics, one can envision a situation in which a pathological stress alters the level at which either the production or delivery of ATP becomes insufficient, precipitating the demise of the most vulnerable neuron types. In neurons, majority of ATP is produced by mitochondria and the homeostasis of ion gradients is the most energy-consuming process. Reduced mitochondrial function will modify the electrical properties of motor neurons if ATP availability becomes insufficient to allow ion pumps to maintain appropriate gradients. We demonstrated that the basal ATP intra-cellular concentration in motor neuron cultures lower in SOD1 mutated cells compared to wild type. Paradoxically to this result, the oxygen consumption rate of mitochondria is increase in mSOD1 cells and there is no evidence for an increase of consumption. Our results support the interesting hypothesis that there is an uncoupling between the respiratory chain and the ATP production. This uncoupling might be used as a strategy to minor the toxic properties of hyper stimulated mitochondrion.