Bakgrund: Forskning- och utvecklingsarbete är något som bedrivs på många håll inom hälso- och sjukvården. Detta innebär att många patienter som söker vård och behandling kan komma att tillfrågas om att delta i forskning. En person som är sjuk, och i behov av vård, kan uppleva att man i patientrollen hamnar i en beroendeställning i förhållande till vårdpersonalen. Patienten är den hjälpsökande och vårdpersonalen är de som på grund av kunskap och förmåga att hjälpa patienten har en starkare ställning. Att vara patient och medverka i forskning kan innebära att patienten får ökad uppmärksamhet men patienten kan också uppleva att beroendeställningen gentemot vårdpersonalen förstärks. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av att delta i forskning. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har gjorts där tio vetenskapliga, kvalitativa artiklar, med begränsning vuxna patienter, har utgjort grunden till resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra kategorier, vilka är; Överväganden inför beslut om att delta i forskning, Meningsfullhet av att delta i forskning, Upplevelse av hinder i samband med forskning samt Från känslan av stöd – till känslan av övergivenhet. Diskussion: Resultatet har diskuterats i relation till livsvärldsperspektivet enligt Dahlberg och Segesten. Tre aspekter av resultatet kommer särskilt att diskuteras: Barriärer för ett forskningsdeltagande kontra viljan att delta, Beroendeställningen till vårdpersonal -en riskfaktor för både patienten och forskningen samt Patientens delaktighet och autonomi i samband med beslutsfattande om att delta i forskning. / Background: Research and development is conducted in many areas of health care. This means that many patients seeking care and treatment may be asked to participate in research. A person who is ill and in need of care can experience him/herself, in the role of patient, ending up in a position of dependence in relation to health care professionals. The patient is seeking help and health care staff are those who by virtue of knowledge and ability to help patients have a stronger position. Being a patient and participating in research may thus imply receiving increasing attention, but also inferiority or dependency. Aim: The aim was to describe patients’ experiences of participating in research. Method: A literature review was performed based on results from ten qualitative articles, limited to adult patients with experience of participating in research. Results: The results are presented in four categories; exploring the decision to participate in research, Meaningfulness of participating in research, Perception of barriers related to research and from the feeling of support – to the feeling of abandonment. Discussion: The result has been discussed in relation to the life-world perspective according to Dahlberg and Segesten. Three main aspects of the results will be discussed; Barriers for participating in clinical trials versus willingness to participate, dependency on health care professionals – a risk factor both for the patient and the research trial, and the patient’s autonomy and participation in the decision-making about research.

This thesis aims to gain a deeper understanding of relationships and sexuality of women at risk of social exclusion in Sri Lanka and the risk of violations of their sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) that they might face. Individual qualitative interviews with migrant women workers (n=18) and men (n=18) in the Free Trade Zone (FTZ), women facing single motherhood (n=28) and women formerly involved in prostitution (n=15) were conducted. Conceptual approaches included gender, social navigation and SRHR. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, qualitative content analysis and discourse analysis. Findings revealed that the migrant women workers negotiated norms of respectability in a society that highly stigmatizes FTZ women workers, while the men identified conflicting constructions of masculinity existing in the FTZ. The women facing single motherhood navigated oppressive and stigmatizing social forces, and the women in prostitution constructed themselves as respectable in opposition to their societal disvalue and marginalization. In order to retain an image of sexual innocence, unmarried women are likely to refrain from demanding or demonstrating SRHR knowledge and accessing services. Furthermore, gender power imbalances leave the women vulnerable to sexual persuasion, coercion and violence. Once pregnant, social, legal, and knowledge barriers hinder or delay them in accessing abortion services. Unmarried pregnant women are thus left with the alternatives of adoption, infanticide, and suicide or become stigmatized single mothers with risks of health and social exclusion for mother and child. Extreme marginalization and limited power make women in prostitution vulnerable to unsafe sex, rape and violence. In conclusion, these women are likely to face numerous and serious SRHR hazards. The complexity of gendered social circumstances and the SRHR implications demonstrated in this thesis, add to the SRHR knowledge in Sri Lanka, and should inform politicians and policy makers about the need to improve the situation of all women in Sri Lanka.

Healthy dietary changes would be beneficial for society, as the economic burden of diet-related diseases is massive, and for the individual, who would reduce their risk of ill health. However, it is not easy to change dietary habits. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to better understand dietary change, focusing on the barriers to and facilitators of healthy dietary change by i) examining changes in food choices when dietary change is imposed by a medical diagnosis, ii) examining experiences related to dietary change and its sustainability after participation in a study where healthy dietary changes were required, and iii) examining diet cost in relation to healthiness of the diet. Methods Eighty children aged 13 who were diagnosed with celiac disease (CD) by a screening study reported their food intake in a food frequency questionnaire before and 1,5 years after commencing a gluten-free diet. Changes in food intake and the healthiness of the diet were examined, controlling for societal changes through the use of an age- and sex-matched control group. Diet healthiness was assessed using the National Food Administration’s (NFA) food index and the Diet Quality Index-Swedish Nutritional Recommendations. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 individuals who participated in an intervention study five years earlier where they had been randomly selected to adhere to a Mediterranean-like diet for three months. Analyses of the transcribed interviews focused on their experiences of barriers to and facilitators of dietary change and its sustainability. The costs related to healthy diets were examined by comparing consumer food prices with dietary intake data collected in two separate studies. The first study collected dietary intake data through a diet history interview with participants who had been randomized to either a Mediterranean-like diet or to continue their normal diet. The second study collected dietary intake data from 4-, 8-, and 11-year-old children by means of food diaries and was conducted by the NFA. Diet healthiness was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index 2005. Results The screened CD group made relatively few changes to their diets. They decreased their intake of certain gluten-containing products, including pizza, chicken nuggets, fish sticks, and pastries. There were no changes in the healthiness of their diet. The narratives of the individuals changing their diets showed that social relationships were the main barrier to sustainability. Social relationships within the household were especially troublesome, and various coping strategies were required on an everyday basis. Dietary change also increased the burden of food work (e.g., planning, shopping, cooking), which was another major barrier to dietary change. Comparisons between consumer costs of healthy and less healthy diets showed that those consuming the healthier diets also had consumed more expensive diets. Conclusion More barriers to healthy dietary changes were found than facilitators of these transitions. For instance, the impact of social relationships on sustainability of dietary change was found to be high, indicating the importance of participation of other household members when dietary changes are implemented. The higher cost of the healthier diets may be another barrier for healthy dietary changes, especially for those with limited resources. Even though it is possible to eat healthily at a lower cost, such a diet would likely require both cooking skills and time, thus making the task more difficult. However, the finding that children diagnosed with CD only made minor changes in their consumption of, for instance, bread and pasta, indicates that one way of increasing the healthiness of a diet is to substitute healthier alternatives within the same food group for less healthy food items.

The study aimed at giving a thick description of African families' experiences, views, cultural beliefs and interpretations of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and making recommendations for rehabilitation. It was conducted from the qualitative research paradigm, adopting a phenomenological research method. Twenty-two pairs of participants (patients and their caregivers )were interviewed about their perception of TBI. The semi-structured interviews were conducted at the participants' homes in Sesotho, and where necessary in their home languages. The consequences of TBI were found to follow universal trends (Oddy, 1984). However, participants' perceptions, as shaped by their experiences, views and cultural beliefs, were found to be unique. On analysing the gathered data, using inductive data analysis, it was found that African families' interpretations of TBI were based on beliefs about witchcraft, thwasa, Satanism, ancestral anger and God's wish. Based on these findings, rehabilitation services in the form of education, advocacy, networking and family therapy are recommended. / Psychology / M.A.(Clinical Psychology)

Syftet med vår studie var att synliggöra befintliga diskurser gällande våld i nära relation utifrån utredarnas resonerande inom polisen för att i nästa led synliggöra dess konsekvenser. Metoden som valdes var av kvalitativ karaktär, intervjuer hölls med tre utredare från en mellanstor stad i Sverige. Materialet bearbetades sedan med hjälp av en Foucault-inspirerad diskursanalys samt tidigare forskning som gjorts kring ämnet. Tre diskurser identifierades vilka var diskursen om könstillhörighet, normaliseringsprocessen och inställningen till teoretisk kunskap. Resultatet visar att utredarnas inställning till teoretisk kunskap är något som på flera olika sätt påverkar deras arbete vilket riskerar att leda till att utredarnas arbete bygger på otillförlitlig kunskap. / The purpose of our study was to identify existing discourses of violence in close relationships based on investigators' reasoning within the police in order to visualize its consequences in the next step. The method chosen was of a qualitative nature, interviews were held with three investigators from a medium-sized city in Sweden. The material was then processed using a discourse analysis inspired by Foucault, as well as previous research on the subject. Three discourses were identified which were the discourse of gender, the normalization process and the attitude to theoretical knowledge. The result of the study shows that the investigators' attitude towards theoretical knowledge is something that affects their work in different ways, which may adventure the fact that investigators' work is based on unreliable knowledge.

Creator or billboard? An interview study based on influencers’ participation and impact in a clothing company’s campaign. The purpose of this study is to examine six influencers’ experiences of participating in a clothing company's campaign. The aim is to acquire a deeper understanding of what impact the influencers have in the campaign. The method used is qualitative interviews with six of fifteen influencers who participated in a clothing company's campaign in October 2017. The influencers were given the ability to freely interpret what the company’s lifestyle meant for them by creating movies, pictures and text.  The People’s Choice and two-step flow theory are used to mark the influencers’ impact on their networks, where they are working as opinion leaders. The Theory of Practice gives an understanding for how the influencers are positioning themselves with the company and also contributes with the concept of “social capital”. Trust in today's society shows a world which is changing quickly and the importance for companies to create relationships. Impression management helps with an understanding about the creation of oneself, and branding, identity, image and reputation gives an understanding about the creation of the company. The results are that they are given the opportunity to interpret and put their own interpretations on the company’s campaign even though there are implicit power structures who control the campaign. The influencers get to create freely - as long as they make a material that corresponds with the company's impression management, branding, identity, image and reputation.

Background: In recent years, the population has become increasingly sedentary. Studies show that the majority of young people have a sedentary lifestyle and move too little. A sedentary behavior with little PA in everyday life has contributed to a worse health and well-being. Aim: The purpose of the study is to investigate sedentary and opportunities for increased physical activity based on secondary school student’s perspectives. Method: The study uses a qualitative method with semi structured interviews as a method of data collection. The participants in the study consist of a total of six adolescents in secondary school, of which one girl and remaining boys. Two municipal upper secondary schools were chosen in a medium-sized city in Sweden. The analysis consists of a qualitative content analysis. Results: The results of the study show that secondary school student’s have a sedentary everyday life where environmental impact determines the amount of sedentary. To be motivated for more physical activity and reduced sedimentary sessions, an internal driving force, ability to move, and is considered to be fun. Conclusion: The environment has an impact on motivating upper secondary school students to reduce sedentary and increased physical activity. Motivation for more physical activity comes from the desire to improve their health, that physically stressful leisure is considered to be enjoyable or through an external influence.

Syfte och frågeställningar  Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka upplevelser hos vårdnadshavare som har barn i åldrarna 2-17 år med övervikt eller fetma som i övrigt är friska. Frågeställningarna var följande: 1) Vilka strategier har vårdnadshavarna för att jobba med sitt/sina barns vikt? 2) Hur upplever vårdnadshavarna sitt/sina barns psykiska mående kopplat till dess vikt? 3) På vilka sätt kan politiker och barnhälsovården/skolhälsovården hjälpa familjer att främja hälsa? 4) Hur upplever vårdnadshavarna att familj och vänner ser på barnets/barnens vikt? Metod  Studien genomfördes i form av kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer. En intervjuguide arbetades fram och fyra pilotintervjuer genomfördes. Deltagare rekryterades via sociala medier, internetforum och uppsatta lappar på barnavårdscentraler och överviktsenheter. Intervjuerna transkriberades och bearbetades i en induktiv manifest innehållsanalys där meningsbärande enheter plockades ut och sedan kondenserades, kodades och delades in i subkategorier och kategorier.  Resultat  Totalt genomfördes intervjuer med fem deltagare. Analysen resulterade i sju subkategorier som grupperades in i de två kategorierna Nationellt och regionalt ansvar för hälsa och Individens tankar och förutsättningar för en hälsosam livsstil. Vårdnadshavarna hade strategier gällande kost och fysisk aktivitet för att hantera barnens övervikt. Samhällets förbättringsmöjligheter sågs i form av utökad information från barnavårdscentraler, fler gratisaktiviteter och bättre utbud av hälsosam mat. Vikten verkade inte påverka barnens allmänna mående, men snäva kroppsideal sågs som problematiskt och flera barn eftersträvade en muskulös kropp. Flera vårdnadshavare upplevde bristfälligt stöd från släktingar kring förhållningsregler gällande sötsaker. Slutsats Denna studie lyfter vårdnadshavarnas perspektiv för att belysa upplevda utmaningar och utvecklingsområden. De önskade framförallt bättre strukturer i samhället för att underlätta för en hälsosam livsstil samt stöd och förståelse från vänner och familj. Kommande studier bör undersöka familjer till barn med fetma och låg socioekonomisk status.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how opinion-forming journalists in Västerbotten experience threats and hate and if these things vary depending on if the affected journalist is a woman or a man. This study also aims to examine how these threats and the hate affect the opinion-forming journalists in both an emotional and a professional way. To strengthen the analysis this study is based on four theoretical frameworks. Strömbäcks theories support analyzes about self-censorship and the opinion-forming journalists' importance for democracy. Butler's theories about hate-speech describe how hate-speech can be expressed and affect the receiver. Lazarus and Folkman contribute with a psychological perspective with coping strategies, how they cope with the threats and hate. The theories from Hanitzsch presents various perspectives about the journalistic cultures and supports analysis connected to the journalistic role. The method used to gather the material was qualitative interviews with six opinion-forming journalists in Västerbotten. For the analysis meaning condensation was used. The result presents a total of ten themes, sorted in three chapters based on the issues. The result and analysis indicates that threats and hate is common for opinion-forming journalists in Västerbotten to be exposed by. At the same time, a majority of the participating opinion-forming journalists state that they feel spared. Furthermore, it is very common for the opinion-forming journalist who receives threats or hate to be affected emotionally, mainly with negative emotions such as fear, sadness and discomfort. The biggest professional effect that threats and hate can lead to is self-censorship. Finally, this study can show that there are differences in threats and hate between female and male opinion-forming journalists in Västerbotten. The biggest difference is that women receive more threats and hatred based on sexism and containing sexual allusions.

The purpose of this reception study is to increase the understanding of how perceptions correspond between communicators and recipients regarding which feeling is perceived to engage the most in the context of sustainability communication. The theoretical frame stretches from Sara Ahmed's theory about how actions are reactions of feelings, the green gap, living in denial, Tim Jensen’s theory about environmental guilt and theories in politics that include subactivism and Chantal Mouffe's theory about the importance of an “us and them” in opposition political movements. The study also includes theories within semiotic analysis, reception analysis and Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model. The reception study is divided into two methods. The first method is a visual semiotic analysis that made it possible to find the preferred reading of the commercials. The second method is qualitative interviews which made it possible to analyse the way recipients interpret the message of the commercials. Analysing tools within reception analysis were applied to the material from the interviews with the recipients. The study also utilized a comparative analysis of interview responses between the communicators and recipients to locate possible differences in perceptions of sustainability communication.   The study's results show that positive emotions encourage recipients to maintain the already sustainable lifestyle they consider themselves to have but it also make them feel skeptical to the message. The negative emotions encourage them to make a behavior change but it also makes the recipients feel hopeless. The analysis however shows that the target group do not believe that they will make any further changes as they already believe that they are acting sustainably. The study has also identified some of the challenges that communicators face when it comes to sustainability communication. One is that the recipients respond best to the communication that they tend to avoid and another challenge is to find the balance between positive and negative emotions so that the recipient feels that the message is trustworthy. The study has also shown the importance of giving the recipients sustainable tools they feel they can act on. Dissonance between recipients and communicators regarding the sense of community has been located.